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BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the primary therapeutic procedure for the treatment of diseases affecting the biliary tree and pancreatic duct. Although the therapeutic success rate of ERCP is high, the procedure can cause complications, such as acute pancreatitis [post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP)], bleeding and perforation. AIM To assess the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in preventing PEP during follow-up. METHODS Databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Library were searched. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of NSAIDs and placebo for the prevention of PEP were included. Outcomes evaluated included the incidence of PEP, severity of pancreatitis, route of administration, types, dose, and timing of administration of NSAIDs. RESULTS Twenty-six RCTs were considered eligible with a total of 8143 patients analyzed. Overall, 4020 patients used NSAIDs before ERCP and 4123 did not use NSAIDs (control group). Ultimately, 298 cases of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis were diagnosed in the NSAID group and 484 cases in the placebo group. The risk of PEP was lower in the NSAID group risk difference (RD): -0.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.07 to - 0.03; number needed to treat (NNT), 25; P < 0.05. NSAID use effectively prevented mild pancreatitis compared to placebo use (2.5% vs 4.1%; 95%CI: -0.05 to -0.01; NNT, 33; P < 0.05), but information on moderate PEP and severe PEP could not be fully elucidated. Only rectal administration reduced the incidence of PEP with RD: -0.06; 95%CI: -0.08 to -0.04; NNT, 17; P < 0.05). Furthermore, only the use of diclofenac or indomethacin was effective in preventing PEP, at a dose of 100 mg, which must be administered before performing ERCP. CONCLUSION Rectal administration of diclofenac and indomethacin significantly reduced the risk of developing mild PEP. Additional RCTs are needed to compare the efficacy between NSAID routes of administration in preventing PEP.

Background Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (R-NET) represent the most frequent of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN-GEP) according to the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. With an annual percentage of occurrence increasing to 8.2% of all rectal neoplasms, R-NET affect less than 2% and are reported in only 0.05% to 0.07% of patients undergoing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. The primary objective of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with R-NET greater than 10 mm. As a secondary objective, it was also aimed to evaluate the response to endoscopic treatment. Methods This was a retrospective study, using data collected through the analysis of medical records of colonoscopies performed from January 2008 to December 2014. Records of polypectomies were identified, and the results were searched for pathological findings of R-NET. We also gathered epidemiological data and outcomes as risk factors for lesions greater than or equal to 10 mm, with local and distant recurrence. Results During the study period, 18 218 colonoscopies were performed and 10 865 polypoid lesions were detected and removed, 20 with R-NET anatomopathology. The detection rate was 0.1%. The risk factors associated with major lesions were Japanese ethnicity, the lack of previous cancer diagnosis, and a Ki67 index > 2%. The mean follow-up was 56.6 months, and there was no local lymph node recurrence or distant relapse. Conclusion This study concludes that endoscopic resection is a good and effective method for treatment of Grade 1 rectal NET smaller than 11 mm, with high cure rates and low rates of local or distant relapse.

BACKGROUND: Duodenal papilla neuroendocrine tumors (DP-NET) are rare. Surgical therapy may be recommended for their treatment. However, they have high rates of morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) is safe and effective for complete resection of tumors at this site. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe a case series of DP-NETs resected by EP and perform a literature review. METHODS: A series of patients with DP-NETs underwent EP as primary treatment between Jan/2008 and Mar/2020 at a tertiary referral center. A comprehensive search was made on the MEDLINE primary electronic database. The search strategy was designed to find all articles related to DP-NETs published in the literature. RESULTS: Six patients underwent EP for presenting DP-NETs, four of whom were women (mean age, 63 years). The mean diameter of DP-NETs was 1.6±0.3 cm. Four of six patients were followed up, one of whom suffered relapse at the resection site after 3 months and was referred to surgery (pT3n1b) and the remaining three patients experienced no endoscopic or histological recurrence during follow-up periods of 10, 7, and 4 years, respectively. Eighteen articles were found in the literature search in MEDLINE. The articles included case reports of endoscopically treated DP-NETs. CONCLUSION: EP is safe and effective for DP-NETs that are ≤20 mm, confined to the submucosal layer, well-differentiated, and without local or remote metastasis. Adequate endoscopic follow-up and definitive surgical treatment in the presence of relapse are necessary. RESUMO CONTEXTO: Tumores neuroendócrinos da papila duodenal (TNE-PD) são raros. A cirurgia deve ser recomendada para o tratamento. No entanto, apresentam altas taxas de morbimortalidade. A papilectomia endoscópica (PE) é segura e eficaz para a ressecção completa de tumores nesta região. OBJETIVO: Descrever uma série de casos de TNEs-PD ressecados por PE e realizar uma revisão da literatura. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com TNEs-PD submetidos a PE como tratamento primário com intenção curativa entre jan/2008 e mar/2020 em um centro de referência terciário foram estudados. Uma pesquisa abrangente foi feita no MEDLINE. A estratégia de busca foi desenhada para encontrar todos os artigos relacionados a TNEs-PD publicados na literatura, que haviam sido submetidos a PE. RESULTADOS: Seis pacientes foram submetidos a PE por apresentar TNEs-PD, sendo quatro mulheres, com média de idade de 66 anos (22-96). O diâmetro médio dos TNEs-PD foi de 1,8±0,4 cm. Quatro dos seis pacientes foram acompanhados, um dos quais sofreu recidiva no local da ressecção após 3 meses e foi encaminhado para cirurgia (pT3n1b), e os três pacientes restantes não apresentaram recorrência endoscópica ou histológica durante os períodos de acompanhamento de 10, 7 e 4 anos, respectivamente. Dezoito artigos foram encontrados no MEDLINE. Os artigos incluíram relatos de casos de TNEs-PD tratados pela PE. CONCLUSÃO: A PE é segura e eficaz para TNEs-PD ≤20 mm, confinados à camada submucosa, bem diferenciados e sem metástases locais ou remotas. Acompanhamento endoscópico adequado e tratamento cirúrgico definitivo na vigência de recidiva são necessários.

Background: Gastric and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma are responsible for approximately 13.5% of cancer-related deaths. Given the fact that these tumors are not typically detected until they are already in the advanced stages, neoadjuvancy plays a fundamental role in improving long-term survival. Identification of those with complete pathological response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a major challenge, with effects on organ preservation, extent of resection, and additional surgery. There is little or no information in the literature about which endoscopic signs should be evaluated after NAC, or even when such re-evaluation should occur. Aim: To describe the endoscopic aspects of patients with gastric and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas who underwent NAC and achieved pCR, and to determine the accuracy of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in predicting the pCR. Methods: A survey was conducted of the medical records of patients with these tumors who were submitted to gastrectomy after NAC, with anatomopathological result of pCR. Results: Twenty-nine patients were identified who achieved pCR after NAC within the study period. Endoscopic responses were used to classify patients into two groups: G1-endoscopic findings consistent with pCR and G2-endoscopic findings not consistent with pCR. Endoscopic evaluation in G1 was present in an equal percentage (47.4%; p=0.28) in Borrmann classification II and III. In this group, the predominance was in the gastric body (57.9%; p=0.14), intestinal subtype with 42.1% (p=0.75), undifferentiated degree, 62.5% (p=0.78), Herb+ in 73.3% (p=0.68). The most significant finding, however, was that the time interval between NAC and EGD was longer for G1 than G2 (24.4 vs. 10.2 days, p=0.008). Conclusion: EGD after NAC seems to be a useful tool for predicting pCR, and it may be possible to use it to create a reliable response classification. In addition, the time interval between NAC and EGD appears to significantly influence the predictive power of endoscopy for pCR. RESUMO Racional: O adenocarcinoma gástrico e da junção esofagogástrica é responsável por aproximadamente 13,5% das mortes relacionadas ao câncer. Dado que esses tumores não são normalmente detectados até que já estejam em estágios avançados, a neoadjuvância desempenha um papel fundamental na melhoria da sobrevida em longo prazo. A identificação daqueles com resposta patológica completa (pCR) após a quimioterapia neoadjuvante (NAC) é um grande desafio, com efeitos na preservação do órgão, extensão da ressecção e cirurgia adicional. Há pouca ou nenhuma informação na literatura sobre quais sinais endoscópicos devem ser avaliados após a NAC, ou mesmo quando essa reavaliação deve ocorrer. Objetivo: Descrever os aspectos endoscópicos de pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico e da junção esofagogástrica que foram submetidos à quimioterapia neoadjuvante e alcançaram pCR, e determinar a acurácia da esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) em predizer a pCR. Métodos: Foram revisados os prontuários de pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia subtotal e total após NAC, com resultado anatomopatológico de pCR. Resultados: Vinte e nove pacientes que alcançaram pCR após NAC foram identificados no período estudado. As respostas endoscópicas foram usadas para classificar os pacientes em dois grupos: G1- achados endoscópicos consistentes com pCR, G2 - achados endoscópicos não consistentes com pCR. A avaliação endoscópica no G1 esteve presente em igual percentual (47,4%; p=0,28) na classificação de Borrmann II e III. Nesse grupo, a predominância foi no corpo gástrico (57,9%; p=0,14), subtipo intestinal com 42,1% (p=0,75), grau indiferenciado, 62,5% (p=0,78), Herb+ em 73,3% (p=0,68). O achado mais significativo, no entanto, foi que o intervalo de tempo entre NAC e EGD foi maior para G1 do que G2 (24,4 vs. 10,2 dias, p=0,008). Conclusão: A EGD após NAC, nessa pesquisa, sugeriu ser método útil para prever pCR, mediante uma classificação de resposta confiável. Além disso, o intervalo de tempo entre NAC e EGD parece influenciar significativamente a sua capacidade preditiva de diagnosticar a pCR.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic papillectomy has been conceived as a less invasive therapeutic option for treatment of early neoplastic lesions located at the major duodenal papilla. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating patients with early ampullary lesions who underwent curative intent endoscopic papillectomy related to technical success (histopathological tumor margin assessment) and safety (adverse event rate). METHODS: A retrospective study including consecutive patients who underwent curative intent endoscopic papillectomy for demographic, histopathological and pre-/post-procedural clinical assessment. Endpoints were technical success (histopathological residual tumor assessment) and adverse events rates. RESULTS: A total of 21 medical records patients with a female predominance (13 cases, 61.9%) were included. The tumor was incidental in 8 (38%) cases. Negative residual tumor resection margin rate was 72% (15 cases); three of these cases confirmed high-grade dysplasia in the resected specimen, and six cases were invasive neoplasia. Tumoral recurrence was seen in two cases, and median follow-up time was 12 months, with a 23% loss rate (five patients). Six (28.5%) patients had adverse events, all of them early (bleeding and pancreatitis); none of them required surgical intervention and there was no mortality. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic papillectomy allowed for technical successful procedure with complete removal of ampullary neoplastic lesions in the majority of cases with acceptable adverse event rates. Recurrence rate should be carefully assessed in further studies. There was a recent increase in the number of procedures. There was also a low correlation between pre- and post-histopathological assessment regarding the presence of invasive carcinoma and adenoma with high grade dysplasia, with a predominance of superficial neoplastic adenomatous lesions. RESUMO CONTEXTO: A papilectomia endoscópica tem sido a opção terapêutica menos invasiva no tratamento de tumores precoces que acometem a papila duodenal maior. OBJETIVO: Avaliar pacientes com tumores ampulares precoces submetidos a papilectomia endoscópica com finalidade curativa, com relação ao sucesso técnico (avaliação histopatológica da margem tumoral) e sua segurança (taxa de eventos adversos [EAs]). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente dados demográficos, exame histopatológico e evolução clínica pré e pós-procedimento de pacientes consecutivos submetidos a papilectomia endoscópica. Os desfechos avaliados foram o sucesso técnico (avaliação histopatológica de tumor residual) e taxa de EAs. RESULTADOS: Um total de 21 prontuários de pacientes com predominância feminina (13 casos, 61,9%) foi incluído no estudo. O diagnóstico tumoral foi incidental em 8 (38%) casos. A taxa de margem de ressecção negativa foi 72% (15 casos); três destas lesões confirmaram displasia de alto grau (DAG) no espécime ressecado e seis casos de neoplasia invasora. Houve recorrência tumoral em dois casos e a mediana de seguimento foi de 12 meses, com 23% de taxa de perda de seguimento (cinco casos). Seis (28,5%) pacientes apresentaram EAs, todos precoces (hemorragia e pancreatite aguda); nenhum destes necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica e não houve mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A papilectomia endoscópica permitiu sucesso técnico, com a completa remoção de lesões neoplásicas ampulares na maioria dos casos com taxa de EAs aceitáveis. A taxa de recorrência tumoral deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada em estudos futuros. Houve um aumento recente do número de procedimentos realizados. Também houve baixa correlação entre o diagnóstico histológico pré e pós-procedimento para a presença de adenocarcinoma invasor e adenoma com DAG, com predomínio de lesões adenomatosas superficiais.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common adverse event (AE) of endoscopic papillectomy (EP). Prophylactic plastic pancreatic stent (PPS) placement appears to prevent AP. We evaluated factors associated with post-EP AP by a retrospective analysis of patients with tumors of the duodenal papilla who underwent EP from January 2008 to November 2016 at 2 tertiary care centers. Clinical, laboratory, endoscopic ultrasound parameters, and PPS placement were evaluated. Seventy-two patients underwent EP (37 men), with mean age of 60.3 (31–88) years. Mean main pancreatic duct (MPD) diameter was 0.44 (0.18–1.8) cm. Mean tumor size was 1.8 (0.5–9.6) cm. Tumors were staged as uT1N0, uT2N0, and uT1N1 in 87.5%, 11.1%, and 1.4%. Thirty-eight AEs occurred in 33 (45.8%) patients, with no mortality. Total bilirubin, tumor size, MPD diameter, and PPS placement had odds ratios (ORs) of 0.82, 0.14, 0.00, and 6.43 for AP. Multivariate analysis (PPS placement × MPD diameter) showed ORs of 4.62 (95%CI, 1.03–21.32; p = 0.049) and 0.000 (95%CI, 0.00–0.74; p = 0.042) for AP. In conclusion, patients with jaundice, large tumors, and dilated MPD seem less likely to have post-EP AP. PPS placement was associated with a higher risk of AP, which may question its use.

Escalating an indication of EUS for diagnosis and treatment justifies the evaluation of the conditions associated with the adverse events (AE) and related deaths. The aim is to evaluate and compare the incidence of AE and deaths after diagnostic-EUS (D-EUS) and interventional-EUS (I-EUS).This retrospective study included patients undergoing D-EUS and I-EUS, in two centers for 28 years (03/1992 to 12/2019). Were noted parameters such as: age, gender, indication of EUS, modality, time of occurrence and severity of AE, type of treatment imposed and whether there was death. Descriptive analysis was performed using means, standard deviation and frequencies of the variables of interest.13,196 procedures performed, 9843 D-EUS and 3353 I-EUS. Thirty-seven (0.3%) had AE with six deaths (0.04%). The overall rate of AE for D-EUS and I-EUS was 0.08% and 0.86%, respectively (Despite the low incidence of AE and mortality after EUS, the occurrence of severe complications, especially perforation in D-EUS, may support the review of therapeutic protocols, aiming to ensure that a quality and safety process is implemented in the practice of EUS.

Pancreatic fluid collections are common pancreatitis complications that frequently require drainage. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided placement of expandable lumen apposing metallic stents has recently emerged as an effective and less invasive treatment option. It is associated with less morbidity, lower costs, and faster clinical recovery than other therapeutic modalities. Nevertheless, this procedure may result in severe complications such as bleeding, buried stent syndrome, and prosthesis dislodgement (with perforation and peritoneal leakage). We performed 108 EUS-guided drainages with lumen apposing metallic stents for the treatment of pancreatic fluid collections with 8 complications and only two cases that required urgent surgical procedures resulting in one fatality. We present this two severe complications submitted to surgical treatment and discuss potential signs of alarm that must be taken under consideration before choosing a treatment modality.

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is considered a pre-malignant lesion difficult to identify by imaging methods. EUSFNA is an effective technique to obtain material for histopathological study of pancreatic cystic tumors, but it is not free of adverse events. We report a case of a 56 years old patient, with chronic abdominal pain (early 1994). MRI showed pancreatic cystic images. The etiologic diagnosis was doubtful and EUS-FNA was performed. Immediately after a FNA, patient had an episode of acute pancreatitis, requiring hospitalization. During one year after FNA he had five episodes of AP. A new EUS suspected of PanIN, which was confirmed by surgery. After surgery the patient is well and has no more episodes of AP. Although the risk of AP, EUS-FNA should be performed to determine the best treatment for these patients with chronic abdominal pain who have cystic changes of pancreatic gland.

This paper presents a retrospective comparison of plastic versus metallic stents in the drainage of malignant distal biliary obstructions. We compared single plastic stents (SPS), multiple plastic stents (MPS), and metallic stents (SEMS) regarding clinical decrease of TB p<0.003 and of the SEMS group (p<0.01). There was no statistical difference between the use of MPS, despite the small number of patients compared to the use of SEMS (p<0.13) to reach the satisfactory levels of bilirubin.