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Disturbance in cell cycle regulatory genes is a common finding among many types of cancers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of cyclin D1 and DJ-1 in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC).

Background: Recurrent high-grade glioma patients exhibited poor survival. Chemotherapy such as cisplatin and Etoposide may overcome tumor cell resistance. Multiple phases I and II trials have revealed the safety and efficacy of Temozolomide (TMZ) combined with interferon, nitrosoureas, bevacizumab and other chemotherapeutic agents such as irinotecan, pegylated doxorubicin and cisplatin given in progressive as well as recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We aimed to evaluate the impact of cisplatin plus TMZ versus Carboplatin plus Etoposide in treating recurrent high-grade glioma on clinical outcomes. Methods: 40 patients were enrolled in this study, where 25 patients diagnosed with recurrent high-grade glioma received cisplatin plus TMZ versus, the other 15 patients received Carboplatin and Etoposide to evaluate toxicity and survival in both groups. Results: Both studied arms have shown tolerable toxicity findings with no statistical difference. Progression was observed more in patients who received Carboplatin + Etoposide protocol than cisplatin + TMZ. However, of no statistical significance (P = 0.44), the median PFS of both arms were 5 ± 0.63 and 7 ± 1.87 months, median OS was 9 ± 1.54, and 11 ± 1.66 months, respectively, without any significant difference. Conclusions: Cisplatin plus TMZ combination had shown an accepted toxicity profile and survival outcome in terms of PFS and OS compared to Carboplatin plus Etoposide protocol without significance. MGMT, EGFR, and PI3K molecular studies could promise survival gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurogenic locus notch homology 4 (Notch-4) is crucial in maintaining stem cells. Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB-2) is a transcription factor that binds to the nuclear matrix and serves various functions, including brain development. Glutaminase-1 (GLS-1) plays a pivotal role in cancer cell metabolism, growth, and proliferation. This study aims to assess the expression of these markers in colorectal cancer, establishing correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival. Method: In this retrospective study, we retrieved and analyzed 68 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of primary colorectal adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified cases, and adjacent normal mucosa. Notch-4, SATB-2 and GLS-1 expressions were analyzed using immunohistochemistry at the Zagazig School of Medicine, Egypt. Results: High expressions of Notch-4 and GLS-1 and low expression of SATB-2 were observed in colonic adenocarcinoma but not in adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa (P < 0.001). High expressions of Notch-4 and GLS-1, along with low expression of SATB-2, were associated with a higher tumor grade, advanced stage (P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor disease-free survival and overall survival rates (P < 0.001). Conclusion: High expression of Notch-4 and GLS-1 is correlated with a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer, while high expression of SATB-2 is associated with a favorable prognosis for colorectal carcinoma. These markers can aid in predicting tumor prognosis and guiding targeted therapy for colorectal carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The basis of cancer management is understanding its underlying molecular abnormalities. To improve the survival of ovarian cancer patients, new therapeutic targets and prognostic markers are needed. SMYD3 and CDK9 are two markers that play an important role in epigenetic regulation and promotion of the oncogenic process. They have to be under investigation to be used as targets for therapy. This study aims at evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of the immunohistochemical expression of SMYD3 and CDK9 in serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC). Methods: 50 cases of SOC and 50 benign ovarian lesions cases were included in this study. The morphological classification was assessed according to the World Health Organization criteria. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CDK9 and SMYD3 was performed. Results: SMYD3 and CDK9 was highly expressed in cancer compared with benign lesions (p <0.001 and <0.05 respectively). High CDK9 and SMYD3 expression were significantly associated with vascular invasion and advanced stage disease (p <0.001 for both). Patients who exhibited high SMYD3 and CKD9 expression showed poor treatment response, drug resistance and higher frequency of relapse and mortality. Conclusion: The immunohistochemical staining of SMYD3 and CDK9 is higher in serous ovarian carcinoma compared with benign ovarian lesions and represents a worse prognostic factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is a common and a serious condition. Breast conserving surgery followed by radiation therapy is the recommended course of treatment for early breast cancer. While preserving comparable results, hypofractionation advances the treatment's cost-benefit ratio and reduces the waiting list. The study's goal was to determine whether hypofractionated whole breast irradiation with sequential boost and 15 treatment days was successful in treating early breast cancer. Methods: Patients were allocated into 2 Arms, Arm A (standard hypofractionation arm, whole breast irradiation HF-WBI 40Gy/15fractions followed by boost 10Gy/5 fractions) and Arm B (short hypofractionated arm, HF-WBI 36.63Gy/11followed by boost of 13.32Gy/4 fractions), with a same dose to the regional lymph nodes if there is indication in both arms. Patients were followed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment and acute and chronic toxicity were recorded. Results: One hundred and twenty female patients were involved in the study. Between both groups, there was no statistically significant difference regarding acute toxicity (skin was the most frequently affected in both groups). Patients with grade 2 toxicity showed improvement over 3 months' period (from 23.33% to 10% in arm A and from 26.67% to 16.67% in arm B). Arm A had significantly lower skin toxicity than arm B over 12 months' follow up. No patients had any chronic laryngeal, cardiac or lung toxicity symptoms at 6, 9 and 12 months of follow-up. Conclusions: A shortened 3-week HF-WBI schedule has cost, and time benefit and it is as secure and effective with low toxicity as standard 4-weeks HF-WBI and can be a sensible treatment after breast conservation surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynecological cancer ranks as fifth cancer worldwide and the tenth common cancer in Egypt. Termed DEL-1 (EGF like repeats and discoid domains 3), is an embryonic endothelial cell protein. EDIL3 was associated with regulation of angiogenesis. SOX (sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor). SOX4 expression was altered in many human cancers. This research aimed to study the expression of EDIL3, SOX4 in EC in atrial to explore their relationship with clinicopathological parameters prognostic and treatment outcome. Method: This retrospective study included 50 paraffin blocks of cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma (endometroid type) with different grades which were selected from the archives of the Pathology Department, Zagazig University, Egypt during a period from January 2015 to last of December 2019. The expression of EDIL3, SOX4 was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: 56% of the studied patients were >45 years old. 54% had well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, and 56% absent lymph node metastasis. EDIL3 and SOX4 expression is found in 70% and 84% of the studied patients. A statistically significant relation was detected between EDIL 3 and tumor grade, stage, lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), and lymph node metastasis (P value was 0.001, <0.001, 0.002, and 0.005, respectively). SOX4 was significantly correlated with tumor grade, stage, lymph node metastasis, and LVI (P value was 0.039, 0.002, 0.006, and 0.015, respectively). Conclusion: expressions are associated with advanced clinicopathological parameters, unfavorable prognosis, and poor treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: stimulation of the PPAR-γ axis was efficient in inhibiting the propagation of human bladder cancer cells through various pathways, in part joining to Cyclin D1, so this study aimed to evaluate the role of PPAR-γ and Cyclin D1 expressions in both non-invasive and invasive muscle urothelial carcinoma patients. Methods: This study was carried out using 80 paraffin-embedded specimens of urothelial carcinoma of them non-muscle invasive carcinoma (N=44) and invasive muscle carcinoma (N=36). Non-invasive carcinoma shown (65.9%) with low grade and (34.1%) with high grade while invasive carcinoma showed (33.3%) with low grade and (66.7%). According to staging, non-invasive reported (75%) Ta, (25%) T1 while invasive carcinoma reported (61.1%) T2, (27.8%) T3, (11.1%) T4.Immunohistochemical staining was achieved to study the association between PPAR-γ and Cyclin D1 expressions with the clinicopathological parameters and its prognostic outcomes. Results: positive expression of PPAR-γ and Cyclin D1 were significantly related to the higher tumor grade, further lymph node metastasis, and progressive tumor stage. Both positive PPAR-γ and Cyclin D1 expression were significantly connected with overall survival and disease-free survival . A significant positive association between PPAR-γ and Cyclin D1 expressions were found (p<0.001). Conclusion: the expressions of PPAR-γ and Cyclin D1 are related to the progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma, as well as advanced-stage and presence of lymph node metastasis. Evaluation of PPAR-γ and Cyclin D1 expression could help is assessment of infiltrative detection ability of urothelial carcinoma and benefitted as prognostic factors for patients with bladder tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Programmed death- ligand 1(PD-L1) acts as an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a somatically mutated tumor suppressor gene in numerous types of human cancer. The current study aimed to assess the prognostic value of PD-L1 and PTEN expression in prostatic cancer patients, as well as their relationship with the clinicopathological features of the disease. Method: A total of 55 needle biopsy specimens were retrospectively diagnosed as prostatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining with PD-L1 and PTEN were evaluated in all the cases. The patients were followed up for 5 years in order to detect disease recurrence and survival. Results: PD-L1 expression in Prostate cancer was positively correlated with high prostatic specific antigen (PSA), higher Gleason score, advanced stage, higher tumor relapse, and worse disease-free and overall survival (P < 0.001). PTEN loss was significantly associated with high PSA, higher Gleason score < 7, advanced tumor stage, tumor relapse, and worse disease-free and overall survival (P < 0.001). We observed a significant negative correlation between PTEN and PD-L1. Conclusion: PDL-1 and PTEN are prognostic markers for prostate cancer, which can differentiate between the patients who are at a high risk of disease progression and may successively provide novel targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known to be the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In Egypt, colorectal carcinoma is considered the 7th prevalent cancer, accounting for 3.47% of male cancers and 3% of female malignancies. A localized CRC can be entirely cured via surgical resection. Metastasis remains the leading cause of cancer mortality. IMP3 is an independent prognostic biomarker that expects metastasis and poor prognosis in CRC. The upregulation of nuclear cyclin D1 plays an essential role in pathogenesis and metastases of CRC. We aimed to investigate the expression of IMP3 and cyclin D1 in colorectal carcinoma and their correlation with other clinicopathological features. Method: In this retrospective cohort study, 80 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks of CRC were obtained from the subjects. The immunohistochemical expression of IMP3 and cyclin D1 were examined and found to be correlated with clinical- pathological parameters and the outcome of the patients. Results: Overexpression of IMP3 and cyclin D1 was noted in 68.75% and 56.25%, respectively. IMP3 expression was significantly correlated with tumor grade (P < 0.001), tumor, node, and metastases (TNM) stage (P = 0.040), and lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.005); cyclin D1 was significantly associated with TNM stage (P < 0.001), lymph node (LN) metastasis (P < 0.001), and distant metastasis (DM) (P = 0.004); cyclin D1 was significantly correlated with TNM stage (P < 0.001), LN metastasis (P < 0.001), and DM (P = 0.004). Conclusion: IMP3 and cyclin d1 were associated with poor prognosis in CRC, which makes them attractive targets for anticancer drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bladder cancer can be clinically classified by stage as either muscle invasive or non-muscle invasive based on involvement of the detrusor muscle. Radical cystectomy and selective bladder preserving therapy are bothconsidered standard of care treatment options for non-metastatic, muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Purpose: To decrease the toxicity of concurrent chemoradiation in old age non metastatic bladder cancer patients. Patients and method: 24 Patients ineligible for radical cystectomy or high-intensity chemoRT underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour followed by capecitabine (median 850 mg/m2/d BID) and hypofractionatedradiotherapy (total dose of 55 Gy was given in 25 fr) at the Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine department, Zagazig University Hospitals from August 2019 to August 2021. Results:A total of 24 patients (with a median age of 67 years) were treated. Only grade 1 (anaemia in one patient (4.2 %), leucopenia in three patients (12.5%), hyperbiliribinemia in two patients(8.3 %), grade 2 (diarrhea in two patients (8.3 %), skin toxicity in one (4.2 %) of patients, hand foot syndrome in two patients (8.3 %), and acute urogenital toxicity were present;G1 dysuria was reported by 58.3%, G1 frequency by 45.8%, G1 urgency by 37.5 %, and G1 hematuria by 29.1%.Conclusions: For elderly patients, Hypofractionated chemo-RT with capecitabine is a tolerable regimen with effective local control that may increase the utilization of definitive treatment for bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As the genetic and molecular profiles of triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) are elucidated, multiple therapeutic targets have been produced. TNBC with less than 1% androgen receptor (AR) expression may respond to enzalutamide with greater response association in higher levels. A metronomic dose of capecitabine and docetaxel are effective developed drugs for angiogenic process inhibition. We aimed to demonstrate the treatment outcome of triple-negative breast cancer patients in correlation to their clinicopathological features. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 80 TNBC patients was conducted. The patients underwent proper observation with the reporting of their treatment and follow-up data. Patients with a metastatic disease, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, follow-up drop or data shortage were excluded from the survival analysis. Results: The study results revealed a significant association between negative androgen expression and younger age ≤35 years, premenopausal status, higher grade, extracapsular extension, lymphovascular invasion, Ki 67, and CA15-3 (p=0.003, 0.02, <0.001, 0.001, 0.027, 0.005, 0.009 respectively). The three-year overall survival (OS) in patients who received bicalutamide was better than those patients who received capecitabine or docetaxel but of no significance (p=0.46). The three-year disease free survival (DFS) was significantly better in the bicalutamide arm versus the other two groups (p=0.012). Conclusions: We concluded that extended adjuvant antiandrogen such as bicalutamide and metronomic capecitabine are well tolerated with accepted compliance and affordability compared to docetaxel and are warranted for problem-solving and better DFS and OS in some TNBC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The preponderance of breast cancer-related deaths are the result of local invasion and distant metastasis; therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors underlying invasion and metastasis in order to develop novel treatment strategies and improve the survival of patients. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression and prognostic impact of aquaporin-3 (AQP3) and certain markers associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition concerning invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. Method: Immunohistochemical expressions of AQP3, vimentin and E-cadherin were performed in 50 paraffin embedded specimens of such cases. We also assessed the relationship of their expressions with the clinicopathological variables and patients' disease-free survival and overall survival. Results: There were significant associations between positive AQP3 and positive vimentin expressions and high tumor grade, large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and advanced tumor stage. On other hand, negative E-cadherin expression had a significant correlation with high tumor grade, large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and advanced tumor stage. A significant association also existed between positive AQP3, positive vimentin and negative E-cadherin expressions and high tumor recurrence, short 'three-year' disease-free survival and overall survival. Conclusion: Positive AQP3, positive vimentin, and negative E-cadherin expressions are known as adverse prognostic markers and may predict survival in invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. It is proposed that AQP3 might play a role in breast cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]