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This study aims to optimize the operational variables influencing the incorporation of Hesperidin nanoparticles (HSP NPs) into poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) for manufacturing mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for oily wastewater treatment. An optimization method was employed to determine the optimal values for key process factors to achieve specific flux and rejection rates exceeding required levels. Statistical techniques such as response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to enhance performance on a larger scale. This research investigated the impact of operating parameters on the flux and oil rejection of PLA/PBAT/HSP membranes across all samples. The variables studied included HSP NPs content (0-0.05 wt.%), oil concentration (100-300 ppm), and transmembrane pressure (1.5-3.5 bar). A mathematical model for calculating flux and rejection (%) was developed. The findings indicated that the PLA/PBAT/HSP-based MMMs demonstrated optimal efficiency, achieving a flux of 121 LMH and oil rejection of 98.53%. The optimal conditions for the HSP MMMs were 0.03 wt.% HSP, an oil concentration of 158.28 ppm, and a pressure of 3.5 bar yielded the best response. The results show that the PLA/PBAT/HSP membranes exhibited enhanced flux and separation properties, making them suitable for treating oily wastewater in various applications.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive acumen of food spoilage mechanisms, foodborne diseases, and the commercial dimensions of food preservation and processing. It begins with an exploration of the processes contributing to food degradation, such as enzymatic reactions, microbial growth, and chemical changes, emphasizing their impact on food safety and quality. The review highlights the dangers posed by foodborne diseases caused by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and stresses the importance of proper handling, storage, and preparation techniques to mitigate these risks. Key findings reveal the evolving commercial strategies in food preservation and processing, including innovative packaging solutions, advanced storage methods, and state-of-the-art technologies like nanotechnology and smart packaging. These advancements not only extend shelf life but also enhance safety and marketability. Food preservation remains an essential practice to ensure food availability, safety, and quality in a dynamic world. Integrating traditional methods with modern technologies offers promising solutions to address global challenges such as food security, waste reduction, and sustainability. Emerging innovations, such as nanotechnology and real-time monitoring through smart packaging, present exciting opportunities for reducing waste and improving safety, ultimately contributing to a sustainable and efficient food industry.

The aim of this study was to assess the acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous and methanol extracts of the root of Tetracera alnifolia as well as the effects on some biochemical parameters in albino rats as many plants used in traditional medicine lack scientific and clinical evidence to support a better understanding of their safety and efficacy. Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of the pulverised root of Tetracera alnifolia was carried out using previously reported protocol. Sub-acute toxicity study of each extract was done for 28 days followed by organs function tests and histopathology studies of the liver, kidney and heart. Evaluation of lipid profile and oxidative stress marker to ascertain the effect of each extract on lipid peroxidation and their antioxidant property was done after administration of 200 mg/Kg body weight of each extract for a period of thirty-five days. Acute toxicity study of each extract gave oral LD50 (rat) of greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight with no signs of toxicity. Sub-acute toxicity study showed both extracts were non-toxic to the liver, kidney, heart and blood at doses between 200 and 3000 mg/Kg body weight assessed by the respective organ function tests, hematological parameters, and histopathology study. However, higher doses seem toxic to the liver particularly at 5000 mg/kg B. W due to increase in plasma AST, ALT and ALP activities accompanied with reduced protein and albumin concentrations. Effects of each extracts at 200 mg/Kg body weight on some biochemical parameters revealed no significant difference in lipid profile parameters and no lipid peroxidation. Each extract may possess antioxidant property due to increase in catalase activity. The result from this research may help validate the safety of the oral use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Studies on the antibacterial effects of natural compounds, particularly those derived from medicinal plants, have garnered a lot of attention because of the enhanced resistance of germs to antibiotics. The resistance of bacteria to plant-derived chemicals may develop much slower if not at all, which enhances the potential for future research in this area. This study investigates the antibacterial effect of Equisetum arvense extract combined with TiO2 nanoparticles and embedded in Polymethacrylic acid films on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The prepared material was characterized via X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy to understand the physicochemical merits of it, and the antibacterial properties were then examined. The results indicate that Equisetum arvense exhibits antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. At modest dosages, this plant may offer a novel treatment option for disorders associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, or hypertonic conditions.

The influence of different nitrogen sources, initial pH, and varied inoculum size on the fermentation capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sorghum wort substrate was investigated. The parameters analyzed included ethanol concentration, pH, specific gravity, and total soluble sugars after 72 h fermentation period using standard methods such as specific gravity (bottle) method, refractometer method, and pH meter. Four different nitrogen sources which included urea, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate, were tested individually using two different concentrations of 0.025% w/v, and 0.05% w/v, to study their influence on the fermentation capacity of the yeast strain. The pH and sugars decreased while the alcohol concentration and acidity increased during the fermentation period (p < 0.05). Ammonium sulfate resulted in the highest alcohol and acidity yield (4.47% ± 0.02%, and 3.65% ± 0.03% respectively) at 0.5% w/v after 72 h fermentation period. The yeast strain performed best at an initial pH of 5.5 and gave an optimum alcohol and acidity yield (4.43% ± 0.01%, and 3.88% ± 0.01% respectively) while inoculum size of 1.24 × 108 cells/ml produced the highest alcohol and acidity yield (4.60% ± 0.01%, and 4.18% ± 0.01% respectively) after 72 h. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising candidate for the fermentation of sorghum wort under optimized conditions of nitrogen, initial pH, and yeast cell number.

Different polylactic acid (PLA) thin films containing clarithromycin and a number of metal oxide nanoparticles (magnesium, titanium, zinc, and nickel) dioxides were created. Low dosages of metal oxides (0.01% by weight) and clarithromycin (0.5% by weight) were used to make transparent films. The role of metal oxide nanoparticles and clarithromycin as UV blockers for PLA photodegradation was looked at. The durability of polymeric materials is improved more by clarithromycin in combination with metal oxides than by clarithromycin alone in PLA films. An analysis of the weight loss, surface morphology, and changes in infrared spectra of irradiated polymeric blends revealed that nickel oxide and clarithromycin together function as effective UV blockers and offer PLA a high degree of protection. Nickel oxide nanoparticles were the best addition for PLA stability. Highly alkaline metal oxides are present. Contrarily, the heteroatom and aromatic nature of clarithromycin enables it to absorb damaging radiation and function as an ultraviolet absorption. Thus, the adaptability of PLA to photodegradation was significantly improved by using a mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles and clarithromycin.

One͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ the͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ most͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ significant͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ parts͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ physical͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ evidence͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ at͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ a͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ crime͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ scene͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ is͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ a͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprint,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ which͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ can͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ be͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ used͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ to͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ directly͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ identify͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ a͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ person.͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ The͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprint͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ has͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ long͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ been͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ regarded͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ as͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ the͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ "head͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ physical͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ eνidence"͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ is͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ crucial͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ to͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ forensic͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ science͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ criminal͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ investigations.͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Typically,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ three͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ kinds͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ are͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ discovered͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ at͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ crime͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ scenes:͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ plastic͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ visible͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints/patent,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ invisible͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints/latent.͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Invisible͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ or͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ latent͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ require͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ special͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ examination͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ because͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ they͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ cannot͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ be͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ seen͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ by͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ the͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ naked͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ eye.͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Latent͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ can͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ be͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ discovered͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ on͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ a͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ variety͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ surfaces,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ whether͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ they͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ are͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ porous͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ (like͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ wood,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ clothing,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ or͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ paper)͏ ͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ or͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ not͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ (plastic,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ metal,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ or͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ glass).͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Some͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ persons͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ were͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ unaware͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ latent͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ until͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ forensic͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ investigators͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ enhanced͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ them͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ using͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ physical͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ or͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ chemical͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ techniques.͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Additionally,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ the͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ latent͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprint͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ contained͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ water,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ amino͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ acids,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ oils,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ other͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ materials͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ found͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ in͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ the͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ human͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ body.͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Chemical͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ aspects͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Ninhydrin,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ cyanoacrylate,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Fluorescent͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Organic͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ materials͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ (curcumin,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ benzazole͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ dyes,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ rhodamine͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ B,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ rhodamine͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ 6͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ G,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fluorescein͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ brilliant͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Blue͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ G-250)͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ having͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ a͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ high͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ affinity͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ or͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ strong͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ attraction͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ to͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ amino͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ acids,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fatty͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ acids͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ proteins͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ in͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ a͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprint͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ the͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ vapors͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ of͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ the͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ super͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ glue͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ adhere͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ to͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ these͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ components.͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ Therefore,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ it͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ can͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ capture͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ clearly,͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ making͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ it͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ possible͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ to͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ verify͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ fingerprints͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ quickly͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ and͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ accurately.

As the combustibles are almost in contact with the oxidizers and mostly all conditions are available to start a fire, this review covers the fire scene which could be intentionally or unintentionally started using a combustible liquid. The first step in the way of investigation is identifying the starting point of the fire, followed by knowing the causes of the fire and collecting fire debris samples to determine the presence of ignitable liquid residues. The fire debris collected from the crime scene is subjected to different extractions that including solvent extraction, distillation, headspace, and solid phase micro-extraction. Among the commonly used extraction methods, headspace and solid phase micro-extraction are on top because they are fast, solvent-less, and have no loss of sample concentration. The sample is usually analyzed by the gas chromatography technique, which is the most sensitive and effective method for detecting and characterizing ignitable liquid residues, to identify the components.

Improving the stability of PVC became a task for many research groups to improve its properties and lower plastic pollution. An invented Schiff base was applied as a heat-resistant agent to alter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) behavior under varying temperatures. The efficacy of the Schiff base-treated PVC films in terms of thermal stability was assessed through weight-loss analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, an optical microscope, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The outcomes demonstrated that incorporating the altered PVC extended the polymer's stability duration, consequently lowering its inclination towards degradation. Furthermore, the Schiff base led to a marked decrease in the presence of PVC's conjugated double bonds, consequently reducing weight loss. The enhancement observed can be credited to the Schiff base's strong ability to neutralize HCl and its effectiveness in protecting unstable chlorine atoms within the polymer chains. These alterations, when combined, resulted in a prolonged delay in thermal degradation and alterations in color, affirming the success of the modification method in improving the thermal stability of PVC.

Chemical precisionists must continuously develop and enhance their cognition and general awareness through research, innovation, teamwork, collaboration, and community outreach. Through their knowledge, chemists may act as roll model and advisors to benefit societies and protect the environment for next generations. Transparency which is widely considered by researchers as a pillar for moral interaction through all work related subjects, moreover, in chemistry it has been considered as a research subject in many categories including chemical lab environment, safety regulation, honesty and clearance in data management, in addition to decision making and handling moral responsibility. This article is going to discuss some examples of luck of transparency, openness, and honesty in regard to data management and publishing and the impact they have on providing safe working laboratories and healthy environment.Chemical precisionists must continuously develop and enhance their cognition and general awareness through research, innovation, teamwork, collaboration, and community outreach. Through their knowledge, chemists may act as roll model and advisors to benefit societies and protect the environment for next generations. Transparency which is widely considered by researchers as a pillar for moral interaction through all work related subjects, moreover, in chemistry it has been considered as a research subject in many categories including chemical lab environment, safety regulation, honesty and clearance in data management, in addition to decision making and handling moral responsibility. This article is going to discuss some examples of luck of transparency, openness,

Three complexes ([CuL2(H2O)2], [NiL2(H2O)2], and [ZnL2Cl2]) have been synthesized through the reaction of metal salts and levofloxacin and characterized by spectrophotometers. The morphology of the complexes was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The physicochemical properties of these complexes were evaluated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) techniques. Furthermore, the storage capacity of these complexes was verified using the H-sorb 2600 analyzer at a temperature of 323 K and varying pressure conditions. The obtained data substantiates that the synthesized complexes exhibit favorable attributes for CO2 absorption. The surface area reaches 24.97 m2/g with capacities of 123.073 m3/g and 34.400 m3/g to adsorb CO2. The escalating levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, primarily resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels to meet the surging energy requirements, pose a pressing environmental challenge. Consequently, there has been a surge in research focused on the development of novel materials aimed at facilitating CO2 storage.

The unprecedented impact of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic on society and the global economy has highlighted the urgent need for an effective and safe vaccine. One of the very rare side effects of this vaccine is myocarditis, which was realized to be a terrible complication of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. A recent study showed an increase in 1824 events of myocarditis reported to VAERS, 383 (21.00%) reported after receiving a single dose of vaccine, then 956 (52.41%) after injection of the second dose. The most common complaint is chest pain that appears within 1 week after the injection. Young and male patients have a high incidence. The pathophysiology of post-mRNA vaccination myocarditis remains unclear, with one study hypothesizing it to be due to hypersensitivity myocarditis and another study suggesting another possible mechanism is molecular mimicry. The main aim of this literature review is to improve knowledge, prevention, and management, as well as determine the incidence between the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and myocarditis.

In a survey conducted by the Department of Chemistry on the reality of e-learning, which became widespread in most international universities during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, up to 50 students participated to express their thoughts and confirm observations. This survey was crucial in determining the importance of e-learning for the continuity of education and its potential drawbacks. The students’ opinions were collected using specific questions designed for a questionnaire. The survey's key findings can be summarized as follows: Both students and teaching staff played pivotal roles in the success of e-learning. Additionally, the availability of logistical tools and infrastructure that facilitated communication between students and lecturers proved vital to the effectiveness of online learning.

This review paper provides an overview of inorganic corrosion inhibitors, including their types, mechanisms of action, applications, recent advances, and future directions. Inorganic corrosion inhibitors have been widely used to protect metals and alloys from corrosion in various industries, such as oil and gas, chemical, and construction industries. The different types of inorganic corrosion inhibitors discussed in this review include metal-based, metal oxide-based, phosphate-based, silicate-based, and other inorganic inhibitors. The mechanisms of action of inorganic corrosion inhibitors are mainly related to their adsorption on metal surfaces, formation of protective films, and cathodic and anodic polarization. The paper also highlights the applications of inorganic corrosion inhibitors in different industries and discusses their effectiveness and limitations. Recent advances in the field of inorganic corrosion inhibitors, such as nanotechnology-based inhibitors, green inhibitors, combination inhibitors, and computational studies, are also reviewed. In conclusion, this paper summarizes the key findings of the review and provides a future outlook for the development of inorganic corrosion inhibitors. The review concludes that further research is needed to develop more effective, environmentally friendly, and economical inorganic corrosion inhibitors for various industrial applications.

For practical application, it is crucial to ensure that polymeric materials are protected against degradation due to aging and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. A range of advancements in developing novel photostabilizers has been made in the last few years. Another approach is the alteration of polymer structures to enhance their ability to resist photodegradation and photooxidation on exposure to UV light for extended periods in harsh conditions. Polymeric chain modifications have proved to be efficient in increasing the photostability of materials. The current work deals with the surface functionalization of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by incorporating organotin moieties on the polymer backbone. PMMA reacts with ethylenediamine to attach amino groups to the polymer chains. The amino group reacts with 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde to produce the corresponding Schiff base. Adding trisubstituted (methyl, butyl, and phenyl) tin chloride led to the addition of organometallic residence to the polymeric chains. Thin films of the modified PMMA were made and irradiated with ultraviolet light for long durations to test the effect of chain modification on the photostability of polymeric materials. The effect of the substituent on the tin atom on the photostability of PMMA has been analyzed. Various methods were used for assessment, including infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, surface morphology, and roughness factor. The modified polymers showed increased resistance to photodegradation and had lower roughness factor, weight reduction, surface damages, and small fragments generated compared to the blank PMMA. The polymer containing phenyl substituents showed the most apparent photostabilization effect and the least destructive changes in the PMMA surface on photoirradiation.

The use of agricultural and biomass waste to treat pollutants is a fruitful sector as it resolves a major problem by a low-cost and eco-friendly source. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of Pomegranate (P. granatum) peel extract and Copper Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs), evaluating their efficacy against various bacterial strains. The P. granatum extract displayed notable bactericidal activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). CuO NPs induced reactive oxygen species, disrupting bacterial mechanisms and altering cellular morphology. Even at lower concentrations, both agents exhibited efficiency comparable to a higher concentration of the pharmaceutical standard (Ciprofloxacin 250 mg/10 ml, 2.5 %). These findings align with previous research, underscoring the antimicrobial properties of P. granatum and the potential of CuO NPs as alternative agents. The study highlights the significance of the ongoing quest for effective and sustainable antimicrobial solutions.

The field of materials science has witnessed remarkable developments in recent years, particularly in the realm of flexible, durable materials. Among these advancements, polyacrylamide hydrogels have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in soft-conducting and sensing technologies. This mini-article explores the importance of developing such materials, highlighting their unique properties and the various ways they are revolutionizing the landscape of soft electronics and sensors. The article draws upon a wide range of references to provide a comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field.

Considerable research is currently being undertaken to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels, and a promising approach is capturing and storing the gas using adsorbents. In this regard, the synthesis and investigation of the potential use of new materials as CO2 storage media has attracted attention from both industry and academia. Metal-organic frameworks have a range of unique chemical and physical properties with many applications. Reported here is the synthesis of three new sulfamethoxazole-metal complexes and their use as models for investigation of the influence of the metal on their ability to absorb CO2. A new Schiff base was first synthesized, in 89 % yield, from the condensation of sulfamethoxazole and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde under acidic conditions. The reaction of the Schiff base with metal (nickel, copper, and cobalt) chlorides in ethanol under reflux gave the corresponding sulfamethoxazole-metal complexes in 71–80 % yield. Several experiments were conducted to assess the uptake of CO2 under different conditions. The complexes have low surface areas (1.36–5.82 m2/g) and average pore volume and diameters of 0.008–0.018 cm3/g and 2.17–4.08 nm, respectively. They showed some ability to adsorb CO2 (323 K and 40 bars), and the storage capacity was 11.2–26.1 cm3/gm. The cobalt-containing complex had the highest CO2 storage capability (26.1 cm3/g) due to its relatively high surface area (5.82 m2/g), pore volume (0.018 cm3/g), pore diameter (4.08 nm), and surface roughness (11.6) compared to the nickel and copper complexes.

The high concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment, including from the burning of fossil fuels to meet our energy requirements, is a pressing environmental concern that requires urgent attention. As a result, the development of novel materials for storing gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen has garnered greater attention in research. The current work reports the synthesis of a Schiff base derived from methyldopa and its metal complexes. In addition, their effectiveness as carbon dioxide storage materials were assessed. The reaction of methyldopa and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in boiling ethanol under acidic conditions for four hours gave the corresponding Schiff base in excellent yield. The reaction of metal (copper, cobalt, and nickel) chlorides and Schiff base in boiling ethanol for three hours gave the corresponding metal complexes in high yields (77–83%). The surface morphology and surface area of the synthesized metal complexes were evaluated. The mesoporous complexes have a surface area that ranges from 3.59 to 7.36 m2/g. The average pores diameter was 7.75–12.27 nm, and the pores volume was 0.0.11–0.014 cm3/g. The carbon dioxide storage capacity of the synthesized mesoporous complexes was 27.4–30.6 cm3/gm. The complex containing nickel was the most efficient towards carbon dioxide uptake (30.6 cm3/cm) possibility due to its relatively high surface area (7.36 cm2/g) and pores volume (0.014 cm3/g) compared to the copper and cobalt complexes.

To date, many approaches have been made to stabilize the chemical structure of PVC when exposed to sunlight in outdoor usage. This work includes utilizing mefenamic acid (1 % per polymer weight) as a new photo stabilizer unit to adjust PVC to enhance resistance to change under UV exposure. Modification by attaching a new unit that contains an aromatic substance could protect the polymer from UV light due to its ability to absorb it. Positive results were obtained, as the interaction between mefenamic acid and PVC succeeded, using the FTIR technique to characterize the chemical structure of the product. FTIR spectrum of modified PVC shows the disappearance of (OH) band in the region above 3200 cm−1 which is clear evidence that the connection between the polymer and mefenamic acid has happened through the OH group. In addition, we have investigated the influence of microparticle metallic oxides such as TiO2, and Cr2O3, using only 1 % per modified polymer weight, on the photodegradation process of PVC materials. Several approaches have been utilized to investigate the photo-stability of studied materials which are FTIR functional group indices, weight-loss percentage, microscopic images, SEM, and AFM. They demonstrated that modified PVC gives better stability after exposure to UV in comparison to unmodified PVC. It's interesting to note that adding titanium dioxide to modified PVC has increased the amount of UV protection by acting as a UV shielding agent and blocking the light's path to the polymer. Thus, chromium oxide has demonstrated the opposite findings because it functions as a photo-catalytic reagent that accelerated the photo-degradation process. This result may be interpreted as the decomposition of waste PVC, which poses a major threat to the marine ecosystem.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was mixed with silicon carbide nanoparticles in various quantities to create thin films. Long-term UV light exposure to the PTFE films was used to study the effects of SiC NPs as a photo-stabilizer by assessing changes in weight loss and surface shape. Comparing PTFE films with various SiC NP concentrations to the blank film, very little variation was seen. AFM and optical microscopy were also used to analyze the surface morphology of films. When PTFE films with additives were compared to blank film, there were hard to observe any negative changes brought due to photo-degradation. Additionally, the surfaces appeared more uniformly smooth hence SiC NPs work well as photo-stabilizers to impede photo-degradation, particularly 0.0005 gm weight. Silicon carbide nanoparticles absorb ultraviolet light, bind polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and degrade peroxide residues.

One of the earliest manufactured and most frequently used resins is phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. Even with lesser loadings, their characteristics can be enhanced by the addition of nano-ZnO. The novel PF/ZnO Nanocomposites synthesis by ultrasonic process. The optical properties of materials modified with wide-band gap semiconductor described via UV–vis spectroscopy. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) one of the possible tool to measure the reflected light from powders and rough surfaces clearly. Spectra obtained by DRS treated with Kubelka-Munk function in order to describe the energy band gap accurately for modified and pure para hydroxy benzoic acid polymer. The band gap of para hydroxy benzoic acid is about 4.5 eV and in modified samples range from 3.4 to 3.3 eV; the lowest band gap value corresponds to the higher ZnO concentration (0.005gm). The surface morphology characterize by SEM and AFM m where obtain the effected nanostructure as increase on the surface morphology and the roughness which is increase according the aggregation occur. EDX mapping appearance increase the distribution and present of zinc nanostructured in modified polymer. It was discovered that this was because of the ZnO NPs' good dispersion in the polymer matrix and their robust interfacial interaction with the PF matrix.

In the current study, cephalexin and two beta-lactam antibiotics were combined with four distinct aldehydes: 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 4-bromobenzaldehyde, to synthesize Schiff bases. The reaction between the free amino group of the acylamino side chain and the aldehydes resulted in the formation of four Schiff bases within the medication. Comprehensive characterization and surface examination were performed on each Schiff base. The biological activity of the synthesized compounds against Bacillus Pumilus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Candida albicans (fungus) was evaluated using the agar diffusion disc method. The antibacterial screening tests revealed that the Schiff bases exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against these microorganisms, indicating superior efficacy compared to the parent drugs. However, no significant inhibitory effect on the tested fungus was observed.

Recent research on the biological activity of polyacrylamide represents a significant advance in science. Long-standing applications for the chemical compound polyacrylamide include wastewater treatment and food production. Recent research has revealed that this substance has a biological activity that may be exploited to control the functioning of other biological systems. According to certain studies, polyacrylamide may interact with proteins and other molecules to change their function. For instance, it may have an impact on proteases' ability to degrade proteins. Receptors, which are molecules that react to outside signals, can also be affected by their activity. Additionally, the study group discovered that polyacrylamide can function as a scaffold for cells, offering a framework for the synthesis of new tissue and organs.

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) could be considered as one of the highly manufactured plastics with a production capacity of multiple millions tons per year. Fillers are recently added to PVC in an attempt to increase its applications in various sectors, especially at tough exposing conditions. Therefore, the current work reports the morphological studies of PVC sheets that contain trimethoprim-tin complexes as additives. The PVC was blended with a low concentration of trimethoprim-tin complexes and thin films have been prepared from the homogenous mixtures. The ultraviolet irritation impact on the morphology and physicochemical properties of the films was studied. It was found that the photodecomposition and photo-oxidation levels of PVC films were lower than the blank film’s ones. The TEM images showed that the undesirable changes in the surface of irradiated PVC films, such as the appearance of dark spots, cracks, and roughness, were minimized once the tin complexes were filled compared with the blank PVC.

We synthesized and designed four new modified poly(vinyl chloride) structures to develop various polymer derivatives to enhance their photo-stability. Commercially available poly(vinyl chloride) was synthetically modified into a polymer containing aromatic Schiff base moieties. First, the PVC polymer was reacted with ethylene diamine from one side by using an equivalent of extra ethylene diamine to increase the probability of preventing cross-linking versus a two-sided reaction. In the second step, the corresponding aldehydes were reacted with an amino group to create the Schiff base new molecules. Different approaches were applied to confirm the structures of synthesized modified polymers such as FTIR, 1H NMR, and EDX. Using these methods, the structures and the percentage of modification for the studied materials were demonstrated. The percentage of modification exhibited between 30–35% using integration in the 1H NMR spectra and EDX analytical composition percentage of elements. In order to lessen the photo-degradation of the PVC polymeric chains, synthetic compounds have been employed as photo-stabilizers of the PVC films. In order to assess the effectiveness of modified PVC as a photo-stabilizer, a variety of techniques were used, including the weight loss method and monitoring the development of different functional groups while being exposed to radiation using FTIR spectra. Utilizing atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and microscope pictures, the surface morphology of produced polymers was also investigated. These experiments demonstrated that novel modified Schiff base polymers perform as excellent photo-stabilizers in comparison to pure PVC. As a result, after being exposed to UV light for 300 h, PVC films exhibit less photo-degradation than blank PVC, so that light in the UV range may be absorbed by the connected units’ high conjugation mechanism.

Three arms Schiff base unit based on melamine moiety was synthesized and introduced to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to produce a modified PVC polymer. The polymer composite of new modified PVC polymer was blended with micro copper oxide as a reflecting mirror of UV light to enhance the photostability of PVC. Three different concentrations of micro copper oxide (0.01–0.03 wt.%) were mixed with the modified PVC and cast as a thin film. The photostability test has shown high resistance to photodegradation upon exposure to UV light. In this work, different approaches were applied to examining doped modified PVC's thin film efficiency against photodegradation after exposure to UV light for 300 h in an ambient atmosphere. The exhibited studies, such as infrared spectroscopy and weight loss percentage, have demonstrated the improvement of photophysical properties for modified PVC and blended modified films in comparison to blank PVC polymeric films. These outcomes are so interesting as they could contribute to reducing the consumption of PVC around the world hence its waste causing huge environmental problems for the marine ecosystem.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C25H19N5O3, is composed of two independent molecules with slightly different conformations. The extended structure features N—H...O hydrogen bonds as well as π–π interactions.

Many chemical changes have been made to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in order to enhance its photo-stability features, the use of PVC in new applications, and the study of PVC-related phenomena. The chemical modification of PVC using captopril as a modifying agent is described in this paper. Infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to characterize the modified polymer. Metal salts (HgCl2, CoCl2, ZnCl2, NiCl2, and CdCl2) were used to react with the modified film and form polymeric complexes. FTIR, weight loss percentage, AFM, EDX, and SEM approaches were used to analyze polymeric films that had been exposed to UV radiation for 300 hrs. The modified PVC complexes films have shown excellent stability against photo-degradation even after 300 h of irradiation by UV light. Thermogravimetry (TGA) was used to evaluate the thermal characteristics of the modified polymers, which demonstrated that the synthesized polymer complexation showed good thermal stability.

In this work it was used extracted lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunch by kraft delignification process as environmentally friendly photo-stabilizer of Poly (vinyl chloride) thin films. Up to date writing this paper, nobody has used this type of extracted lignin as PVC photo-stabilizer. Therefor this significant application was exhibited in this study by utilizing lignin as eco-friendly photo-stabilizer of PVC. Many approaches have been applied to test the efficiency of it as natural additive of PVC. Infrared spectra shows the growing of two specific bands during irradiation belong to carbonyl (CO) and alkene (CC) groups due to the photo-degradation. It was demonstrated that using lignin inhibits the formation of these two peaks substantially and stabilize the polymer. Various other experiments were done such as weight loss percentage, average molecular weight and surface study by AFM and SEM. All the results were in agreements and proved that lignin could be used as an excellent photo-stabilizer of PVC. Moreover it was demonstrated that increasing the concentration of lignin from 0.5% to 1% per polymer weight has increase the stability of PVC. It was also suggested the mechanism of stability hence lignin is highly aromatic and has a lot of phenolic hydroxyl groups which make it a very good UV-blocker and excellent free radical scavenger.

The growing of fossil fuel burning leads to increase CO2 and H2 emissions, which cause increasing of global warming that, has brought big attention. As a result, enormous researches have been made to reduce CO2 and H2 build up in the environment. One of the most promising approaches for managing CO2 and H2 gases percentage in the atmosphere is capturing and storage them inside proper materials. Therefore, the design of new materials for carbon dioxide and hydrogen storage has received increasing research attention. Four derivatives of coumarine linked to thiazolidinone were synthesized in good yields by reacting 3-(2-Phenylamino-acetyl)coumarine and 2-phenylimino thiazolidinone-4-one in a solution of anhydrous sodium acetate/ glacial acetic acid at 120° for 5–6 h. The synthesised organic compounds were identified by using different techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, and energy dispersive X-ray spectra. The agglomeration, shape and porosity of the particles were determined utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microscopy images analysis. The capacity of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) adsorption on the prepared organic materials at 323 K, 50 bar ranged from 22 to 31 cm3/g, and hydrogen from 4 to 12 cm3/g for the four synthesised compounds which contain phenyl substituted with chloro, nitro and bromo groups was found to be the most active adsorbent surfaces for carbon dioxide and hydrogen storage.

New four coumarin derivatives (9–12) compounds have been successfully synthesized from the reaction of salicyaldehyde and ethylacetoacetate yielding 3-acetyl coumarine, which on further treatment with bromine/chloroform gave 3-(2-Bromoacetyl) coumarine. Substituted 4-(Benzylidene-amino)-]triazole-3-thiol reacted with 3-(2-Bromoacetyl) coumarine to give 3-sulfanyl-acetyl-4-(Benzylidene-amino)-triazol related coumarin derivatives. The newly synthesized products were characterized with FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, and energy dispersive X-ray spectra to confirm their chemical structures. All above used techniques demonstrated the formation of target products with high percentage of purity. The synthesised compounds (9–12) have been investigated as organic additives to protect poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) from photo-degradation at (λmax = 313 nm) and irradiation period 300 h in the atmosphere. The stabilizing efficiencies of blended PVC films were examined by detecting changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and average molecular weight viscosity. A light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph were all used to examine the surface morphology of the films. The additives enhanced considerable resistance of films against irradiation and the polymeric surface was significantly smoother in the presence of the coumarine derivatives compared with the blank film. The strongest photo-stabilization effect was seen in coumarine derivative (12) containing 2-hydroxy naphthol the most effective as UV absorber, free radical scavenger, and quencher. This phenomenon appears to allow energy to be transported through resonant aryl rings and various intersystem crossover mechanisms.

The high quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which has been steadily increasing year after year, has had a significant influence, particularly on the environment, resulting in climate change and global warming. As a result, numerous approaches, like the Schiff bases, have reported extensive investigation into storing this gas. We synthesized four new Schiff bases containing the amlodipine medication and tested them as CO2, CH4 and H2 storage. In boiling methanol as a solvent, amlodipine reacts with (p-Chlorobenzaldehyde, p-hydroxy benzaldehyde, vanillin, terphthaldehyde) to generate COFs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were utilized to study the features of the surface for synthesized compounds. Schiff bases have surface areas, pore volumes cm3/g, and pore widths, according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) test. At temperature (313 K) and pressure (40 bars), the produced Schiff bases obtained reasonable CO2 (26.3 cm3/g) CH4 (30.1 cm3/g) and H2 (2.5 cm3/g) absorption values.

Schiff base compounds are called relative to the scientist who first prepared them (Hugo Schiff). They are synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carbonyl group –C=O– of the aldehyde or ketone compound with a primary amine. This leads to the formation of azomethine or imine group –C=N– plus water molecule. Schiff base molecules have gained special importance due to their biological activity, such as anti-inflammatory and antibiotic. Schiff base compounds are also utilized in the industry as corrosion inhibitors, dyes, and photo-stabilizers of plastic polymers. This short review includes highlighting of recent approaches of synthesis novel Schiff base molecules. It also discusses the mechanism of the reaction and why it is a reversible condensation reaction.

Dimethyl-organotin(IV) valsartan (Me2SnL2) and dichlorostannanediyl valsartan (SnL2Cl2) complexes were synthesized, characterized, and applied as Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photo-stabilizers. The complexes were loaded within the PVC films in a weight ratio of 0.5%, and the modified films were irradiated to a UV light of 313 nm wavelength for 300 h at room temperature. The efficiency of the complexes-filled films was compared with the plain one and evaluated before and after irradiation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, gel content, change in viscosity, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The SnL2Cl2 complex had higher activity than the Me2SnL2 complex to retard the PVC’s photodegradation by several mechanisms.

In this work, sugarcane bagasse waste (SBW) was used as a lignocellulosic precursor to develop a high-surface-area activated carbon (AC) by thermal treatment of the SBW impregnated with KOH. This SBW activated carbon (SBWAC) was characterized by crystallinity, porosity, surface morphology and functional groups availability. The SBWAC exhibited Type I isotherm which corresponds to microporosity with high specific surface area of 709.3 m2/g and 6.6 nm of mean pore diameter. Further application of SBWAC as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal demonstrated that the adsorption process closely followed the pseudo-second order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. Conversely, a thermodynamic study revealed the endothermic nature and spontaneity of MB dye adsorption on SBWAC with high acquired adsorption capacity (136.5 mg/g). The MB dye adsorption onto SBWAC possibly involved electrostatic interaction, H-bonding and π–π interaction. This work demonstrates SBW as a potential lignocellulosic precursor to produce high-surface-area AC that can potentially remove more cationic dyes from the aqueous environment. HIGHLIGHTS Microporous activated carbon was prepared from sugarcane bagasse via KOH activation.; The activated carbon was used for adsorption of methylene blue dye.; The adsorption capacity for methylene blue dye was 136.5 mg/g.; The adsorption thermodynamic indicates spontaneous and endothermic process.;

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was prepared and the photo-stabilization of polymer films was studied using ultraviolet (UV) light. The efficiency of the synthesized polymer complex of ibuprofen-tin which is the photo-stabilizer in this study afterward of 300 hours of irradiation were evaluated by calculate the constant of PVC degradation rate. The outcome of this research has shown that the additives (ibuprofen-tin complexes) effect significantly on the decreased degradation constant compare to blank PVC, without additives the rate of degradation constant of PVC is greater than when the additives are added. The surface morphologies of the irradiated polymer film with additives were researches utilizing Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). It can be seen that the polymer film with added additives is less roughness than the irradiated PVC (blank). The organotin complexes behave in this study as a photostabilizer to maintain the PVC from any decomposition by absorbing the incident light and convert it over the time as a heat to the polymeric chain.

Tetra Schiff bases were used as thermal stabilizers to enhance the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) when operated at high temperatures. The thermal stability of PVC films doped with Schiff bases was tested by the weight-loss method, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal aging test, optical microscope, and atomic force microscope (AFM). Results showed that embedding these additives increased the stability time of the polymer, which decreased the degradation reaction tendency. Furthermore, the primary color of PVC was improved by adding the Schiff bases using oven-aging. In addition, these Schiff bases resulted in a significant reduction in PVC’s conjugated double bonds and, hence, the weight loss.

There is an increase demand for materials that can be reused or last for longer time to achieve a more sustainable environment, not only in terms of chemical and energy required to produce these products but also the energy required to dispose these materials. In this study, a Schiff base was used as anti-aging compound to reduce the effect of UV light on polystyrene. Schiff base compound 1 was dispersed within polystyrene matrix. The obtained materials were subjected to an accelerated aging process under continuous UV radiation. The effectiveness of the polystyrene film containing Schiff base was compared to a polystyrene (blank) film. Weight loss, scanning electron microscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy tests were performed to confirm that the new polymers had more resistant to UV light.

Thirteen samples of esters based on dodecanedioic acid with different chemical structures were synthesized. Among these were di-2-octyl dodecanedioate, didecyl dodecanedioate, di-2-ethylhexanol dodecanedioate, di-2-ethylbutyl dodecanedioate, dioctyl dodecanedioate, dihexyl dodecanedioate, and dioleyl dodecanedioate. Diesters were synthesized through the esterification of dodecanedioic acid with selected long-chain and branched alcohols with acid catalyst of H2SO4. These esters were tested in terms of their suitability for application as lubricants. The results showed that the lubricity properties, based on their pour point, flash point, and oxidation stability of the esters were significantly affected by the linear and branched alcohols used. An excellent pour point property of di-2-ethylbutyl dodecanedioate and di-2-ethylhexanol dodecanedioate at −55 °C and −50 °C was observed compared to their respective same linear carbon number esters of dihexyl dodecanedioate at 10 °C and dioctyl dodecanedioate at 20 °C. These are due to the presence of the branched group in their molecule vicinity structure. However, the esters flash points were insignificantly affected by the presence of branched structure. The selected esters could be used for biolubricants or engine oil.

Atenolol is used with or without other medications to help patients with hypertension (high blood pressure) by reducing their blood pressure. High blood pressure causes heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure. Moreover, atenolol is also utilized to treat chest pain and to help patients to stay survival after they have a heart attack. It’s chemical structure sometimes called a benzene acetamide. It is known as a cardio-selective drug and beta1-selective medication too. Scientists have proven in long term investigations for five years that oral administration of atenolol has no effect on hemodynamic. In addition to its role in the medical field, may also introduce several industrial fields, such as water treatment, and also complications with transitional metals.

On the 31st of December 2019, China reported several pneumonia-like infections in Wuhan's Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Ten days later, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was announced by the Chinese center for disease control (CCDC). At that time, the genome sequence was publicly made available. The genome sequence analysis of the newly identified virus was found similar to 75-80% of the SARS-CoV clade and more than 88% of bat corona viruses. On January 30th, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 epidemic. In March 2020, the WHO raised a state of emergency and declared that COVID-19 has become a pandemic. Unfortunately, Iraq confirmed the first cases of COVID-19 in February 2020. On April 25th, 46,135 tests were conducted in Iraq with 1763 positive cases. Although Iraq is making great efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic stimulating all the available capabilities, such as having a full lockdown and teaching people about the sickness danger, the numbers of cases and deaths started to dramatically increase in June. Now, on the 2nd of July, the infection and death cases were around 54 K and 2.2 K, respectively. Herein, we outline the challenges that the Iraqi health sector is facing to control the spread of COVID-19 with procedures followed so far. This could assist in understanding the severity of the situation and end up with a realistic understanding of it.

In this work, three Ibuprofen tin complexes were synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 119Sn-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies to identify the structures. The complexes were mixed separately with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to improve its photo-stability properties. Their activity was demonstrated by several approaches of the FTIR to exhibit the formation of new groups within the polymer structure due to the exposure to UV light. Moreover, the polymer’s weight loss during irradiation and the average molecular weight estimation using its viscosity before and after irradiation were investigated. Furthermore, different techniques were used to study the surface morphology of the PVC before and after irradiation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and optical microscope demonstrated that applying Ibuprofen tin complexes keeps the surface of PVC smoother, with fewer cracks and spots after irradiation comparing to the blank PVC. Finally, It seems possible that such synthesized Ibuprofen tin complexes can work as excellent photo-stabilizers of PVC. In particular, complex 1 showed the best results among other stabilizers due to the large conjugation system of the stabilizer.

In the last few decades, the chemistry of organotin (IV) complexes of many biologically important compounds, has received significant interest in the preparation, identification and application of organotin units which are employed as photo-stabilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and fire retardants. Biological properties of the system are modified by changing the organic ligands in organotin(IV) complexes. Using organotin (IV) materials in medications has brought significant attention by researchers recently. This is due to these compounds have demonstrated an excellent biological activity as well as organotin (IV) compounds are considers as anti-oxidant molecules as they work free radical scavengers. On the other hand, organotin (IV) complexes were used as photo-stabilizers for different types of plastic polymers. In this paper will review the most important potential work using organotin (IV) in both medicine and industrial applications.

The present study was made to observe the effect of phenolic extract isolated from the green alga Chara vulgaris on the larval stage (Cysticercus) of Taenia taeniaeformis in mice infected in the laboratory compared with two sets of control and Albendazole drug. It found The phenolic extract, after 3 days of treatment has more effect on the larval stage of T.taeniaeformis from Albendazole drug.The lowest average number of live larvae was 3.75 larvae at concentrations of 0.065 and 0.115 mg/kg of the phenolic extract and the highest average was5 larvae at the concentrations of 0.015 and 0.2 mg/kg of phenolic extract and Albendazole, respectively, while the lowest average number of dead larvae reached 2.5 larva by the same two concentrations.The highest average reached 6 larvae at the concentration of 0.115 mg/kg of phenolic extract, while the lowest percentage of dead larvae was 33.33% at the concentration of 0.015 and 0.2 mg/kg of phenolic extract and Albendazole, respectively.The highest percentage (61.53%) at the concentration of 0.115 mg/kg of the phenolic extract.The higher therapeutic efficiency was (63.96%) at the concentrations 0.065 and 0.115 mg/kg of the phenolicextract and the lowest the rapeutic efficiency (51.59%) was at the concentration of 0.015 and 0.2 mg/kg of the phenol and Albendazole, respectively.

Poly(vinyl chloride) photodecomposition films that contains melamine Schiff base (0.5% by weight) as photostabilizers upon preservation with an ultraviolet light (UV) was investigated. The photodecomposition rate constant was reduced significantly in existence of melamine Schiff base compared to PVC (blank). The Schiff base 1 was found to most effective additive in PVC photostabilization films. Photodecomposition rate content for PVC films containing Schiff base 1 was found to be 5 × 10-3 sec-1 compared to 8.7 × 10-3 sec-1 for blank film. Ultraviolet radiation aging behaviors of PVC films were studied through leaching test by measuring the degree of migration. The surface morphology of PVC films was inspected by scanning electron microscope.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen with various virulence factors that give it the capability to invade a host. Nevertheless, the treatment of bacterial infection is gradually complicated as the bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. As nanotechnology is a prosperous field for researchers, we employed zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) on isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, we studied the effect of three NP concentrations—0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM—on the gene expression of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsules in isolates collected from different samples. After conducting an anti-bacterial test, the highest nine types of bacteria that resisted the antibacterial agent were chosen for further examination. The gene expression of four genes responsible for capsule manufacturing, namely magA, k2A, rmpA, and kfu, were investigated. When the NP concentration was 0.25 mM, the lowest efficiency was obtained. However, when the concentration increased to 0.50 mM, a noticeable effect on gene expression was detected; consequently, at a concentration of 0.75 Mm, the highest impact was achieved and the gene expression was stopped.

Modified poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films with organic groups (amino group from ethylene di-amine (en) and a suitable aromatic aldehyde from benzaldehyde (BEN)) were synthesized by casting using tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. The films were doped with four metal oxides nanoparticles (NPs), namely: CuO, Cr2O3, TiO2, and Co2O3, to improve the anti-photodegradation property. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and morphological techniques. These techniques included FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopies that were used to examine the chemical structure, while another set of devices, namely optical microscope, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to examine the morphology. In order to confirm that modified PVC acts as PVC photostabilizers, the roughness factor (Rq) was measured for the irradiated PVC films. The average Rq for irradiated blank PVC, modified PVC, modified PVC/CuO NPs, modified PVC/TiO2 NPs, modified PVC/Co2O3 NPs, and modified PVC/Cr2O3 NPs films were 368.3, 76.1, 62.6, 53.2, 45.8, and 33.8, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporated with additives showed less damage and fewer surface changes compared to the blank film. All mentioned additives acted as UV screeners against the UV light. The modified PVC/Cr2O3 NPs film showed the highest ability to resist the photo-degradation process based on the results data of FTIR spectra, weight loss, and surface morphology. In addition, after 300 h of irradiation, the weight percentage of modified PVC/Cr2O3 NPs film was 0.911 in contrast to the blank PVC, 2.896. Among the tested films, modified PVC/Cr2O3 NPs film showed the best results.

Background: The world has watched with growing alarm as scientists in the U.K. Identified a new coronavirus variant that appears to be more contagious than, and genetically distinct from, other established variants. The scientists keep collecting the facts about the new variant and its impact on symptom, severity, mortality, and vaccine efficacy. Objective: This review shed light on the SARS-CoV-2 2020 virus that appeared in Britain and South Africa in December 2020, known as B.1.1.7. Furthermore, it highlights the main differences between the new COVID-19 version (B.1.1.7) and the other strains of the virus. Conclusion: Mutations are still happening in the SARS-CoV-2 virus as the RNA viruses cause many changes in the proteins of the spikes of the virus and other parts. The British variant has 23 mutations, compared with the version that erupted in Wuhan, that renders the virus more contagious; however, these mutations do not change the disease's severity.