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Abstract Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are members of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors superfamily that exhibit different responses based on the nature of stimulating ligand type. FPRs have been shown to be present in platelets and regulate their function. However, the effect of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) lipid ligands on platelets has not yet been addressed. Hence, we sought to study the role of FPR2/ALX ligand and lipoxin A4 lipid analogue, BML-111, in the modulation of platelet function and thrombus formation. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed subcellular distribution and peripheral mobilisation of FPR2/ALX in stimulated platelets. This variation in distribution was further confirmed using flow cytometry. BML-111 inhibited a range of platelet activities in a dose-dependent manner in response to several platelet agonists. This included aggregation, fibrinogen binding to integrin αIIbβ3, α-granule secretion, dense granule secretion, Ca2 + mobilisation and integrin αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling. The selectivity of BML-111 for FPR2/ALX was confirmed using FPR2/ALX deficient mice in flow cytometry assays. In vitro thrombus formation was also inhibited by various concentrations of BML-111. Moreover, the levels of vasodilator stimulated phosphorylation (VASP-S157) increased significantly after BML-111 treatment in resting and stimulated platelets via protein kinase A (PKA) independently of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Together, our findings demonstrate the significance of BML-111 as a modulator of platelet function via FPR2/ALX and unravel the thrombo-protective potentials of BML-111 induced signaling against thrombo-inflammatory diseases.

Objectives: Workplace safety is essential to occupational health practices among healthcare providers, especially for nurses vulnerable to work-related hazards such as needle stick and sharp injuries. In Yemen, the underestimation and absence of reporting system and lack of health supplies in a collapsed health system exacerbated the needle stick and sharp injuries. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of needle stick and sharp injuries among nurses in Taiz, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 151 nurses working in three public hospitals in Taiz City. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed and delivered to the participants. Results: The prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries among nurses was very high (95.36%), and around half were injured more than five times. Female nurses and those in an emergency department were more likely to be subjected to needle stick and sharp injuries ( p = 0.018 and 0.021, respectively). Needle stick was the most common cause of injury (62.77%), and the fingers were the most exposed injury site (79.17%). Non-reporting injuries were very high (73.61%), and only one-third (34.21%) of them proceeded in the process of management, and less than one-quarter (23.68%) had been vaccinated. Conclusion: The prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries among nurses in Taiz was very high, and determined by gender and place of work. Post-injury reporting and precautions were poor, which may increase the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections among clients and healthcare providers.

This work aimed to synthesize an effective material having greater potential to reduce water pollution caused by industrial waste and exhibit efficient antibacterial potential. The transition metals (Manganese-Mn, Zinc-Zn) and post transition metal (Tin-Sn) reacted with TeO2 in a stoichiometric ratio by adopting a solid-state reaction. The crystallite size of the synthesized compounds MnTeO3 (D1), ZnTeO3 (D2), and SnTe3O8 (D3) was measured by the Debye-Scherrer formula by extracting data from the FWHM. D1 and D2 exhibit the orthorhombic structure whereas D3 has a simple cubic structure and crystalline size was measured by FWHM i.e., 221 nm, 458 nm, and 153 nm. Catalytic degradation efficiency for the removal of MB dye was found to be in the range of 66%-73%. Additionally, these substances have strong antimicrobial action alongside both bacteria and fungi, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus with maximal zone inhibitions of 35.0 mm and 12.5 mm for each kind of bacterium. The highest antifungal activity of Mn integrated was estimated to be 37.2 mm versus Aspergillus niger and 15.1 mm alongside Coccidioides. According to the findings, the manufactured material has effective photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities.

Metal-organic frameworks have been used as antibacterial agents because of their effective antibacterial properties. In this research, nanocomposites of copper (II)- benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid metal–organic framework with iron oxide [Cu-MOF@Fe3O4] were prepared via a simple hydrothermal route. X-ray analysis reveals the crystallinity of the structure while FTIR analysis confirms the existence of Cu-based MOFs functional group. Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 scans using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reveal irregular clusters of cubic particles fused with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 provides the evidence of elemental composition by showing the peaks of iron, oxygen, copper and carbon. Using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition assays, the antimicrobial activity of the Cu-MOF and Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 against E. coli and B. subtilis were evaluated. The antibacterial results have shown that the Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 has higher antibacterial performance against E. coli as compared with B. subtilis as compared to Cu-MOF, Fe3O4 and ligands only. On the other hand, the Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 composites exhibit excellent antifungal potential when compared to the ligand, commercial nanoparticles, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, iron oxide, Cu-MOF. The exploration of antibacterial mechanism revealed that the Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 composite favors slow release of metal ions and prolonged biocidal effect.

Objective. This study aims to highlight the low birth weight (LBW) in Taiz City (Yemen), as LBW is one of the public health challenges experiencing a profound effect on newborns. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study since the interview and medical records were the sources of data to be analyzed by SPSS. Results. The findings of this study include; a high prevalence of LBW (39.11%), the maternal age was not associated with LBW ( P = .68), and education level, economic status, residence place, and health status were not associated with LBW ( P

The wastewater released from industries contains many harmful materials like organic dyes and toxic metal ions which badly affect our environment. Nanotechnology is one of the unique approaches to reducing these chemicals. In current research work monometallic ZnO and Co-ZnO bimetallic NPs were synthesized from Brassica rapa leave’s extract and then these were employed for the elimination of methylene blue (MB) and metal ions of Cu (II). Characterization was done by several analytical techniques such as EDX, FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, SEM and XRD. The average diameter of ZnO and Co-ZnO BMNPs was found to be 32.94 nm and 13.82 nm assessed by XRD analysis. The SEM investigation revealed that the produced NPs had a spherical shape. Three distinct methods have opted to determine the antioxidant potential of synthesized NPs. Different factors like pH, contact time, NPs conc., dye conc. and temperature were studied for the elimination of dye while for the eradication of Cu (II) ions; pH, contact time, NPs conc. and adsorbate doses were studied. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were employed for MB and Cu (II) ions elimination while thermodynamic studies were also done for the elimination of MB.

This research work includes the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) by green construction approach using Wisteria sinensis leaves extract. Due to its eco-friendly approach, the synthesis of iron oxide NPs (Fe2O3 NPs) using various plant sources, such as plant parts, and microbial cells have gained a lot of attention in recent years. Cost-effectiveness and ease of availability make Wisteria sinensis leaves extract a potential candidate for the construction of iron oxide NPs. The various key features like biocompatibility, non-toxicity capping, and stabilizing agents present in biological sources are advantageous for usage in a variety of applications. The phytoconstituents present in the leaf extract of Wisteria sinensis serve as reducing and stabilizing agents. The biologically fabricated (Fe2O3 NPs) were analyzed using FT-IR, XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy, and SEM. In the present work, the antioxidant and photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency of Fe2O3 NPs has been studied. The dye degradation efficiency of methylene blue dye was found to be 87% at 180 min upon exposure to sunlight. The capacity of Fe2O3 NPs to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free radicals (DPPH) was examined using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The study compared the radical scavenging activity (RSA) of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) with that of the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The results demonstrated that Fe2O3 NPs have a greater ability to scavenge radicals than ascorbic acid. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Fe2O3 NPs was observed to range from 0.12 to 0.17. Furthermore, Fe2O3 NPs displayed the highest antifungal activity, with an inhibition zone of 26.8 mm against F. oxysporum. These findings suggest that the biologically synthesized Fe2O3 NPs possess potent antimicrobial and dye degradation properties.

A well-known direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drug called daclatasvir may be used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Herein, we reported a selective, precise, and a cost-effective analytical method for the measurement of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of daclatasvir dihydrochloride in drug substances as well as drug products via the reversed-phase RP-HPLC technique. To obtain greater separation, the majority of the chromatographic conditions were improved. Best separation findings were achieved under chromatographic conditions with an HPLC column of USP L1 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) by utilizing a combination of acetonitrile and buffer solution of KH2PO4 (30 : 70, v/v) as a mobile phase at a stream rate of 1 mL.min−1 with a finding at 300 nm and a column temperature of 40°C. Linearity was examined in the range of 90–210 ppm (R2 = 0.999) for daclatasvir dihydrochloride. The new technique has been verified using industry-recognized criteria, including applicability, system precision, accuracy, robustness, specificity, range, linearity, quantification limit, reagent stability, and detection limit. All the measured metrics were determined to be within acceptable limits using the criteria of the Worldwide Council for Harmonisation (ICH). In pharmaceutical labs, daclatasvir dihydrochloride may be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the well-established RP-HPLC technique. Our study also highlights the need to evaluate the greenness of the method developed using a recognized tool ,i.e., Analytical Greenness Metrics (AGREE).

Twenty-five analogs were synthesized based on 1,3,4-thiadiazole-fused-[1,2,4]-thiadiazole incorporating 1,4-benzodioxine moiety (1–25) and then tested for the antidiabetic profile. The entire afforded derivatives showed varied inhibition profiles ranging between 0.70 ± 0.01 and 30.80 ± 0.80 μM (against α-amylase) in comparison to standard acarbose (12.80 ± 0.10 μM). Similarly, synthetics analogs also displayed a varied range of α-glucosidase activity ranging from 0.80 ± 0.01 μM to IC50 = 29.70 ± 0.40 μM (against α-glucosidase) as compared to standard acarbose (IC50 = 12.90 ± 0.10 μM). Among synthesized analogs, compound 22 showed excellent potency due to the presence of di-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,3-position of the aryl ring. For all analogs, the structure–activity relationship was carried out based on the pattern of substitutions around the aryl ring, and further, the potent analogs were subjected to a molecular docking study to analyze how active residues of targeted enzymes interact with active parts of newly prepared analogs. The result obtained shows that these compounds furnish several key interactions with enzyme active sites and, hence, enhanced their enzymatic activities.

Graphical Abstract

The 7-quinolinyl-bearing triazole analogs were synthesized (1d–19d) and further assessed in vitro for their inhibitory profile against α-amylase andα-glucosidase. The entire analogs showed a diverse range of activities having IC50 values between 0.80 ± 0.05 µM to 40.20 ± 0.70 µM (α-amylase) and 1.20 ± 0.10 µM to 43.30 ± 0.80 µM (α-glucosidase) under the positive control of acarbose (IC50 = 10.30 ± 0.20 µM) (IC50 = 9.80 ± 0.20 µM) as the standard drug. Among the synthesized scaffolds, seven scaffolds 12d, 10d, 8d, 9d, 11d, 5d, and 14d showed excellent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials with IC50 values of 4.30 ± 0.10, 2.10 ± 0.10, 1.80 ± 0.10, 1.50 ± 0.10, 0.80 ± 0.05, 5.30 ± 0.20, and 6.40 ± 0.30 µM (against α-amylase) and 3.30 ± 0.10, 2.40 ± 0.10, 1.20 ± 0.10, 1.90 ± 0.10, 8.80 ± 0.20, 7.30 ± 0.40, and 5.50 ± 0.10 µM (against α-glucosidase), respectively, while the remaining 12 scaffolds 19d, 8d, 17d, 16d, 15d, 7d, 4d, 3d, 1d, 2d, 13d and 6 d showed less α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials than standard acarbose but still found to be active. Structure–activity connection studies also showed that scaffolds with electron-withdrawing groups like -Cl, -NO2, and -F linked to the phenyl ring had higher inhibitory potentials for -amylase and -glucosidase than scaffolds with -OCH3, -Br, and -CH3 moieties. In order to better understand their binding sites, the powerful scaffolds 11d and 9d were also subjected to molecular docking studies. The results showed that these powerful analogs provide a number of important interactions with the active sites of both of these targeted enzymes, including conventional hydrogen bonding, pi–pi stacking, pi–sulfur, pi–anion, pi–pi, pi–sigma, T-shaped, and halogen (fluorine). Furthermore, various techniques (spectroscopic), including 1H, 13C-NMR, and HREI-MS mass, were used to explore the correct structure of newly afforded hybrid scaffolds based on quinoline-bearing triazole ring.

A potential method for removing toxins from contaminated wastewater, especially organic pollutants, is photo-catalysis. Here, a simple technique for producing zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4 NPS) with varying quantities of sulphur doped graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites (ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 NCs) has been described. Then, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM, EDX, XPS, photocurrent response, EIS, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the photo-catalytic activity of the produced nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs) was examined and evaluated. The photo-catalytic activity of ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 NCs was compared to a model pollutant dye, methylene blue, while degradation was evaluated spectrophotometrically (MB). Solar light has been used through irradiation as a source of lighting. The photocatalytic behaviour of the ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 NCs photocatalyst was superior to that of genuine ZnFe2O4 and S-g-C3N4, which was attributed to synergic effects at the ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 interconnection. Antimicrobial activity of ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under visible light was performed. In addition, these ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 NCs show a lot of promise as an antibacterial agent.

There is a growing potential use of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets loaded in polyvinylidene fluoride (MoS2/PVDF) in the fields of optoelectronics, ion batteries, and energy storage applications. The one-pot hydrothermal route was used to obtain exfoliated MoS2. The MoS2 nanoflakes were used to obtain MoS2/PVDF nanocomposite films by the solution casting process. The weight percent of MoS2 were 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 wt% of the total weight of PVDF in the nanocomposite films. After annealing of the PVDF and MoS2/PVDF samples at 160 °C, the FTIR study showed many spectral changes including the spectral shift to high wavenumbers and the appearance of new peaks. These spectral changes indicate increasing of crystallinity, strong molecular bonds, and some crystal phase transition from γ to the β phase. Using Davis Mott's relation, the bandgap of MoS2/PVDF nanocomposites before and after annealing was determined. As the concentrations of MoS2 increase, the values of the optical bandgap decrease from 5.72 to 1.83 eV. Annealing the MoS2/PVDF nanocomposite at 160 °C resulted a remarkable decrease in the values of the bandgap energies from 5.64 to 1.16 eV. Tuning the bandgap energy could be achieved by a polynomial fitting to the experimental results. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that PVDF/MoS2 nanocomposite films are amorphous, upon annealing at 160 °C partial crystallization occurred; however, the incorporation of MoS2/PVDF obstructs the crystallization of the MoS2/PVDF nanocomposite films.

The chlorinated tetracyclic 1,5-dichloro-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracen-12-yl)-N-methylmethanamine 1, a maprotiline analog, has been synthesized via reduction and the Diels–Alder reaction followed by reductive amination of aldehyde 2.1D-NMR (DEPT) and 2D-NMR (HSQC, DQF-COSY) techniques were recruited for structural elucidation in addition to HRMS. Density functional theory calculations were performed to identify the possible isomers of the intermediate compound aldehyde 2; these calculations were in good agreement with experimental results where aldehyde 2 could exist in three isomers with comparable energies. In addition, the side chain of this aldehyde 2 was extended via the Wittig reaction to obtain the unsaturated ester 5 that was subjected to selective olefinic catalytic hydrogenation to obtain the corresponding saturated ester 6. Molecular docking simulation showed that all the compounds (1, 2, 5, and 6) have high antidepressant activities and form stable complexes with LeuT by inhibiting the neurotransmitter reuptake at the synapse and hence are good candidates as antidepressant drugs.

Immobilization of microbial cells for the production of industrially important enzymes has been reported to offer the advantages of recyclability, higher yields and cost effectiveness. The search for an appropriate matrix that is affordable and easy to prepare is a significant topic in microbial biotechnology. Here, an abundant type of agro-industrial waste—corncob—was utilized as an immobilization matrix for the production of xylanase from an indigenous yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae MK-157. This is the first report describing xylanase production from immobilized S. cerevisiae. To render the corncob matrix more porous, alkaline pretreatment was undertaken and yeast cells were immobilized on the matrix by cultivating at 30 °C for 48 h in Sabouraud dextrose broth. After incubation, the immobilized matrix was transferred to mineral salt medium containing 1% xylan and incubated at 30 °C for 24 h. Xylanase production was determined in cell-free culture supernatant and the matrix was recycled for up to seven cycles. Moreover, xylanase-mediated saccharification was carried out using sugarcane bagasse as a substrate and the release of reducing sugars was monitored. The results showed that the immobilized yeast produced 4.97 IU mL−1 xylanase in the first production cycle, indicating a >tenfold increase compared to the free cells. Xylanase production further increased to its maximum levels (9.23 IU mL−1) in the fourth production cycle. Nonetheless, the cells retained 100% productivity for up to seven cycles. The volumetric and specific productivity of xylanase were also the highest in the fourth cycle. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the rough surface of the untreated corncob, which became more porous after alkaline pretreatment. Immobilized yeast cells were also visible on the corncob pieces. The saccharification of a natural resource—sugarcane bagasse—using xylanase preparation yielded 26 mg L−1 of reducing sugars. Therefore, it can be concluded that yeast strains can yield sufficient quantities of xylanase, allowing possible biotechnological applications. Moreover, corncob can serve as a cost-effective matrix for industrially important yeast strains.

In the present work, sulfur-doped manganese ferrites S@Mn(Fe2O4) nanoparticles were prepared by using the sol-gel and citrate method. The concentration of sulfur varied from 1 to 7% by adding Na2S. The samples were characterized by performing Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Visible). The synthesized sulfur-doped manganese ferrites were applied to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation of the dyes. Further, the degradation studies revealed that the nanoparticles successfully degraded the methylene blue dye by adding a 0.006 g dose under the sunlight. The sulfur-doped manganese ferrite nanoparticles containing 3% sulfur completely degraded the dye in 2 h and 15 min in aqueous medium. Thus, the ferrite nanoparticles were found to be promising photocatalyst materials and could be employed for the degradation of other dyes in the future.

The current study was conducted to obtain hybrid analogues of indole-based thiadiazole derivatives (1–16) in which a number of reaction steps were involved. To examine their biological activity in the presence of the reference drug Donepezil (0.21 ± 0.12 and 0.30 ± 0.32 M, respectively), the inhibitory potentials of AChE and BuChE were determined for these compounds. Different substituted derivatives showing a varied range of inhibitory profiles, when compared to the reference drug, analogue 8 was shown to have potent activity, with IC50 values for AchE 0.15 ± 0.050 M and BuChE 0.20 ± 0.10, respectively, while other substituted compounds displayed good to moderate potentials. Varied spectroscopic techniques including 1H, 13CNMR and HREI-MS were used to identify the basic skeleton of these compounds. Furthermore, all analogues have a known structure–activity relationship (SAR), and molecular docking investigations have verified the binding interactions of molecule to the active site of enzymes.

The synthesis of a photo-catalyst with a narrow bandgap and efficient capability to degrade contaminants in the presence of sunlight is currently challenging but exciting. In this work, an efficient photocatalytic ternary nanocomposite g-C3N4/Cu@CdS has been synthesized successfully by using the co-precipitation method. The synthesized composite was then characterized by SEM, XRD studies, EDX analysis, and ultra-violet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy. The catalytic efficiency for the methylene blue (MB) dye and drug degradation (ciprofloxacin) was assessed by UV-visible absorption spectra. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were used to test the fabrication composite’s antibacterial properties. Various compositions (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) of/Cu@CdS nanocomposite (NCs) and 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% of g-C3N4 NCs were prepared. Results reveal that 5%Cu@CdS and 40%g-C3N45%Cu@CdS showed maximum antibacterial activity and photocatalytic degradation of dye and drug. The X-ray pattern showed no remarkable change in doped and pristine CdS nanoparticles (NPs). The efficient photocatalytic degradation activity of the fabricated ternary nanocomposite against MB dye and ciprofloxacin an antibiotic drug makes it a viable contender for solving environmental problems.

In this work, green synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were prepared by bioreduction of metallic salts with Cymbopogan citratus plant extract. Biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were characterized using diverse techniques such as FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and EDX analyses. UV-visible spectra for green-synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were in the range between 300 to 350 nm, which confirmed the formation of stable monometallic and bimetallic NPs. The average particle size of CoNPs calculated by XRD analysis was found to be 22.77 nm and that of Co-Zn BMNPs was 14.8 nm. Different functional groups in the Cymbopogan citratus plant extract, which served as a reducing and stabilizing agent for NPs, were identified by FTIR spectra. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were used in the evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and dye degradation activity. Green-synthesized cobalt monometallic NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with the scavenging of DPPH free radicals. Green synthesized cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were utilized for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. Different parameters such as the effect of temperature, pH, and dye concentration on adsorbent doses were analyzed and optimized. The best dye removal percentage was obtained with Co-Zn BMNPs compared with CoNPs. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs did not display good anti-inflammatory activity because of the presence of secondary metabolites which inhibited them to react with proteins.

Currently, organic dyes and other environmental contaminants are focal areas of research, with considerable interest in the production of stable, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly photocatalysts to eliminate these contaminants. In the present work, bismuth-doped zinc ferrite (Bi-ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and bismuth-doped zinc ferrites supported on sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Bi-ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4) (BZFG) photocatalysts were synthesized via a hydrothermal process. SEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques were used to examine the morphological, structural, and bonding characteristics of the synthesized photocatalysts. The photocatalytic competence of the functional BZFG nanocomposites (NCs) was studied against MB under sunlight. The influence of Bi (0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 wt.%) doping on the photocatalytic performance of ZnFe2O4 was verified, and the 9%Bi-ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibited the maximum MB degradation. Then, 9%Bi-ZnFe2O4 NPs were homogenized with varying amounts of S-g-C3N4 (10, 30, 50, 60, and 70 wt.%) to further enhance the photocatalytic performance of BZFG NCs. The fabricated Bi-ZnFe2O4/30%S-g-C3N4 (BZFG-30) composite outperformed ZnFe2O4, S-g-C3N4 and other BZFG NCs in terms of photocatalytic performance. The enriched photocatalytic performance of the BZFG NCs might be ascribed to a more efficient transfer and separation of photo-induced charges due to synergic effects at the Bi-ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 interconnection. The proposed modification of ZnFe2O4 using Bi and S-g-C3N4 is effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe.

This study used a supported liquid membrane system (SLM) using Celgard 2400 polypropylene as the support, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the carrier, and kerosene as the diluent. To obtain the best carrier concentration, D2EHPA concentrations between 0.04 and 0.6 M were used. The Cr (III) solutions used in the feed phase had various ionic strengths and were adjusted with NaCl at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.75 M. To maintain a constant pH (4) in the feed phase, a 0.2 M acetic acid–sodium acetate buffer was utilized. Because the rate of Cr (III)-carrier complex formation at the interface of the feed solution and membrane increased up to 20 × 10−4 mol/L, it was discovered that transport of Cr (III) rose with an increase in chromium content in the feeding phase. For the optimization of the various stripping agents, HCl concentration was employed, from 0.25 M to 1.75 M. It was observed that Cr (III) transport increased with the increase in HCl concentration because the transport was at a pH gradient, which was the main driving force. Because of the fact that at the feed phase-membrane contact, D2EHPA combined with chromium ions to form the Cr (III)-carrier complex and released H+ protons, in the feed phase, the Cr (III)-carrier complex was diffused into a stripping phase, wherein Cr (III) ions were stripped and the carrier was reversibly protonated again.

The most well-known, effective medicines for acne therapy are clindamycin phosphate and tretinoin. For the first time, we have developed and validated a reversed-phase HPLC stability-indicating technique for the detection of clindamycin phosphate (CLP), tretinoin (TRN), and two preservatives, methylparaben (MP) and imidazolidinyl urea (IU), simultaneously in this work. Most of the chromatographic conditions in the present study were optimized to achieve better separation. The best separation results were obtained using gradient elution on a C-18 (250 × 4.6 mm), 5 µm column, with a mobile phase consisting of solution A (1 mL/L ortho-phosphoric acid in water) and solution B (methanol), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with UV detection at wavelengths of 200 nm and 353 nm. Standard parameters such as system suitability, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness, linearity, range, detection limit, quantification limit, and reagent stability were used to validate the developed technique. According to the standards of the International Council for Harmonization, all of the experimental parameters were found to be within allowable bounds (ICH). The simultaneous concentrations of clindamycin phosphate, tretinoin, methylparaben, and imidazolidinyl urea in pharmaceutical formulations were successfully determined using the suggested approach. The proposed RP-HPLC method detected no interfering peaks in the chromatogram. We may conclude from the data that the new RP-HPLC method can be utilized in pharmaceutical laboratories to simultaneously assess clindamycin phosphate, tretinoin, and two preservatives, methylparaben and imidazolidinyl urea, for both qualitative and quantitative analyses.

The disposal of dyes and organic matter into water bodies has become a significant source of pollution, posing health risks to humans worldwide. With rising water demands and dwindling supplies, these harmful compounds must be isolated from wastewater and kept out of the aquatic environment. In the research presented here, hydrothermal synthesis of manganese-doped zinc ferrites’ (Mn-ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and their nanocomposites (NCs) with sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Mn-ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4) are described. The samples’ morphological, structural, and bonding features were investigated using SEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques. A two-phase photocatalytic degradation study of (0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 wt.%) Mn-doped ZnFe2O4 NPs and Mn-ZnFe2O4/(10, 30, 50, 60, and 70 wt.%) S-g-C3N4 NCs against MB was carried out to find the photocatalyst with maximum efficiency. The 9% Mn-ZnFe2O4 NPs and Mn-ZnFe2O4/50% S-g-C3N4 NCs exhibited the best photocatalyst efficiency in phase one and phased two, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the Mn-ZnFe2O4/50% S-g-C3N4 NCs could be attributed to synergistic interactions at the Mn-ZnFe2O4/50% S-g-C3N4 NCs interface that resulted in a more effective transfer and separation of photo-induced charges. Therefore, it is efficient, affordable, and ecologically secure to modify ZnFe2O4 by doping with Mn and homogenizing with S-g-C3N4. As a result, our current research suggests that the synthetic ternary hybrid Mn-ZnFe2O4/50% S-g-C3N4 NCs may be an effective photocatalytic system for degrading organic pollutants from wastewater.

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is mainly studied as an electrochromic material and received attention due to N-type oxide-based semiconductors. The magnetic, structural, and optical behavior of pristine WO3 and gadolinium (Gd)-doped WO3 are being investigated using density functional theory. For exchange-correlation potential energy, generalized gradient approximation (GGA+U) is used in our calculations, where U is the Hubbard potential. The estimated bandgap of pure WO3 is 2.5 eV. After the doping of Gd, some states cross the Fermi level, and WO3 acts as a degenerate semiconductor with a 2 eV bandgap. Spin-polarized calculations show that the system is antiferromagnetic in its ground state. The WO3 material is a semiconductor, as there is a bandgap of 2.5 eV between the valence and conduction bands. The Gd-doped WO3’s band structure shows few states across the Fermi level, which means that the material is metal or semimetal. After the doping of Gd, WO3 becomes the degenerate semiconductor with a bandgap of 2 eV. The energy difference between ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) configurations is negative, so the Gd-doped WO3 system is AFM. The pure WO3 is nonmagnetic, where the magnetic moment in the system after doping Gd is 9.5599575 μB.

A unique series of sulphonamide derivatives was attempted to be synthesized in this study using a new and effective method. All of the synthesized compounds were verified using several spectroscopic methods, including FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HREI-MS, and their binding interactions were studied using molecular docking. The enzymes urease and α-glucosidase were evaluated against each derivative (1–15). When compared to their respective standard drug such as acarbose and thiourea, almost all compounds were shown to have excellent activity. Among the screened series, analogs 5 (IC50 = 3.20 ± 0.40 and 2.10 ± 0.10 µM) and 6 (IC50 = 2.50 ± 0.40 and 5.30 ± 0.20 µM), emerged as potent molecules when compared to the standard drugs acarbose (IC50 = 8.24 ± 0.08 µM) and urease (IC50 = 7.80 ± 0.30). Moreover, an anti-microbial study also demonstrated that analogs 5 and 6 were found with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the presence of standard drugs streptomycin and terinafine.

Amylase and glucosidase enzymes are the primary harmful source in the development of the chronic condition known as diabetes mellitus. The main function of these enzymes is to break the macromolecules into simple sugar units which are directly involved in the solubility of blood, hence increasing blood glucose levels. To overcome this effect, there is a need for a potent and effective inhibitor that inhibits the conversion of macromolecules of sugar into its smaller units. In this regard, we synthesized thiazolidinone-based indole derivatives (1–20). The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Different substituted derivatives were found with moderate to good potentials having IC50 values ranging, for α-amylase, from 1.50 ± 0.05 to 29.60 ± 0.40 μM and, for α-glucosidase, from IC50 = 2.40 ± 0.10 to 31.50 ± 0.50 μM. Among the varied substituted compounds, the most active analogs four (1.80 ± 0.70 and 2.70 ± 0.70), five (1.50 ± 0.05 and 2.40 ± 0.10, respectively) of the series showed few folds better inhibitory activity than standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 10.20 ± 0.10 and 11.70 ± 0.10 μM, respectively). Moreover, structure–activity relationship (SAR) was established and binding interactions were analyzed for ligands and proteins (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) through a molecular docking study.

Common methodologies such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are applied for the extraction of opioids from biological specimens i.e., blood and urine. Techniques including LC-MS/LC-MSMS, GC-MS, etc. are used for qualitative or quantitative determination of opioids. The goal of the present work is to design a green, economic, rugged, and simple extraction technique for famous opioids in human blood and urine and their simultaneous quantification by GC-MS equipped with an inert plus electron impact (EI) ionization source at SIM mode to produce reproducible and efficient results. Morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, nalbuphine, tramadol and dextromethorphan were selected as target opioids. Anhydrous Epsom salt was applied for dSPE of opioids from blood and urine into acetonitrile extraction solvent with the addition of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6) and n-hexane was added to remove non-polar interfering species from samples. BSTFA was used as a derivatizing agent for GC-MS. Following method validation, the LOD/LLOQ and ULOQ were determined for morphine, codeine, nal-buphine, tramadol, and dextromethorphan at 10 ng/mL and 1500 ng/mL, respectively, while the LOD/LLOQ and ULOQ were determined for 6-acetylmorphine at 5 ng/mL and 150 ng/mL, respectively. This method was applied to real blood and urine samples of opioid abusers and the results were found to be reproducible with true quantification.

In the present work, copper oxide nanoparticles have been fabricated by using a biological method. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have received more attention than other metal oxides due to their distinctive properties and applications. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has gained the attention of researchers because of its simple and ecologically sustainable approach. The biosynthesis of CuO NPs included the use of Passiflora edulis leaf extract that acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent. A non-toxic, cost-effective, and ecologically acceptable method was the use of plant leaf extract in the biogenesis of nanoscale materials. UV-vis, SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques were used to examine the biologically produced copper oxide nanoparticles. The findings of the SEM examination, which gives morphological information, demonstrate that the synthesized NPs have a spherical shape and have an average particle size of between 60 and 65 nm. CuO has been further investigated in the current study as a photo-catalyst in the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation and as an antioxidant in free radical scavenging activities. The decolorization efficiency was approximately 93% after 160 min. Furthermore, CuO nanoparticles were tested for antioxidant performance by scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free radicals (DPPH) and evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The result showed that biologically synthesized CuO NPs can be used as an effective antioxidant. The half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 of copper oxide nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 0.13–0.20.

Bombax ceiba L. (Family: Malvaceae) was rightly called the “silent doctor” in the past as every part of it had medicinal value. For centuries, humans have used this plant according to the traditional medicinal systems of China, Ayurveda, and tribal communities. Recently, with an emerging interest in herbals, attention has been paid to scientifically validating medicinal claims for the treatment of diabetes using secondary metabolites of B. ceiba L. flowers. In the present study, specific secondary metabolites from the flowers of B. ceiba L. were isolated in good yield using the solvent extraction methodology, and their in vitro anti-diabetic efficacy was examined. Extraction efficiency of each solvent for secondary metabolites was found in following order: water > ethanol> methanol > chloroform > petroleum ether. Quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites showed 120.33 ± 2.33 mg/gm polyphenols, 60.77 ± 1.02 mg/g flavonoids, 60.26 ± 1.20 mg/g glycosaponins, 0.167 ± 0.02 mg/g polysaccharides for water extract; 91.00 ± 1.00 mg/g polyphenols, 9.22 ± 1.02 mg/g flavonoids, 43.90 ± 0.30 mg/g glycosaponins, 0.090 ± 0.03 mg/g poly saccharides for ethanol extract; 52.00 ± 2.64 mg/g polyphenols, 35.22 ± 0.38 mg/g flavonoids, 72.26 ± 1.05 mg/g glycosaponins, 0.147 ± 0.01 mg/g polysaccharides for methanol extract; 11.33 ± 0.58 mg/g polyphenols, 23.66 ± 1.76 mg/g flavonoids, 32.8 ± 0.75 mg/g glycosaponins, 0.013 ± 0.02 mg/g polysaccharides for chloroform extract; and 3.33 ± 1.53 mg/g polyphenols, 1.89 ± 1.39 mg/g flavonoids, 21.67 ± 1.24 mg/g glycosaponins, 0.005 ± 0.01 mg/g polysaccharides for petroleum ether extract. Glucose uptake by yeast cells increased 70.38 ± 2.17% by water extract.

In this study, a stepwise reaction afforded thiazolidinone-based benzothiazole derivatives 1–15, and the synthesized derivatives were then screened for biological significance and found to be the leading candidates against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Almost all derivatives showed excellent to good activity ranging against α-amylase, IC50 = 2.10 ± 0.70 to 37.50 ± 0.70 μM, and α-glucosidase, IC50 = 3.20 ± 0.05 to 39.40 ± 0.80 μM. Some analogues such as 4 (2.40 ± 0.70 and 3.50 ± 0.70 μM), 5 (2.30 ± 0.05 and 4.80 ± 0.10 μM), and 6 (2.10 ± 0.70 and 3.20 ± 0.70 μM) were found with folds better activity than that of the standard drug acarbose (9.10 ± 0.10 and 10.70 ± 0.10 μM), respectively. Moreover, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) has been established for all compounds. A molecular docking study has been carried out to explore the binding interactions against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.

In the proposed method, microwave-assist heating and AgNO3/trisodium citrate were used to create the polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) sensor. This sensor had a peroxidase-like activity that could catalytically oxidize O-phenylenediamine (OPD, colourless) into 2,3-diaminophenazine (ox-OPD, greenish-yellow colour) in the presence of H2O2, otherwise, in the presence of Hg2+, this pass has been effectively inhibited. The degree of colour fading was directly correlated with Hg2+ concentration. These results indicated the selectivity of Hg2+ ions toward PVP-AgNPs after establishing the PVP-AgNPs/OPD/H2O2 system. This selectivity was proved by the negative results obtained from other mon-, di-, and trivalent ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+, instead of Hg2+. Consequently, a reliable, selective, and eco-effective spectrophotometric approach was designed for the detection of Hg2+ in various types of water samples. LOD was extended to lower than 0.1 µM, and a fading in the obtained colour was shown by the naked eye at a concentration higher than 1.5 µM of Hg2+. The elemental details for preparing the used PVP-AgNPs, such as particle size, morphology, polydispersity index (PdI), and their UV-visible spectrum, were identified by SEM technique, TEM, UV-visible spectrophotometer, and zeta-sizer device. Thus, the peroxidase mimicking the activity of OPD/H2O2 was confirmed by a fluorescence technique. The greenness profile of this work was confirmed after applying a reported assessment tool.

By using the chemical bath deposition approach, binary bismuth sulphides (Bi2S3) and chromium-doped ternary bismuth sulphides (Bi2−xCrxS3) thin films were effectively produced, and their potential for photovoltaic applications was examined. Structural elucidation revealed that Bi2S3 deposited by this simple and cost-effective method retained its orthorhombic crystal lattice by doping up to 3 at.%. The morphological analysis confirmed the crack-free deposition, hence making them suitable for solar cell applications. Optical analysis showed that deposited thin films have a bandgap in the range of 1.30 to 1.17 eV, values of refractive index (n) from 2.9 to 1.3, and an extinction coefficient (k) from 1.03 to 0.3. From the Hall measurements, it followed that the dominant carriers in all doped and undoped samples are electrons, and the carrier density in doped samples is almost two orders of magnitude larger than in Bi2S3. Hence, this suggests that doping is an effective tool to improve the optoelectronic behavior of Bi2S3 thin films by engineering the compositional, structural, and morphological properties.

The synthesis of MMT and poly(o-anisidine) (MMT/POA) clay nanocomposites was carried out by using the chemical oxidative polymerization of POA and MMT clay with POA, respectively. By maintaining the constant concentration of POA, different percentage loads of MMT clay were used to determine the effect of MMT clay on the properties of POA. The interaction between POA and MMT clay was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, and, to reveal the complete compactness and homogeneous distribution of MMT clay in POA, were assessed by using scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) analysis. The UV–visible spectrum was studied for the optical and absorbance properties of MMT/POA ceramic nanocomposites. Furthermore, the horizontal burning test (HBT) demonstrated that clay nanofillers inhibit POA combustion.

This study aimed at analyzing the performance of a corrosion resistant coating made from tri-iron tetraoxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and (Butyl-2-methylprop-2-enoate)-grafted alignate/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Two methods were used to characterize the combination; Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). It was observed that the rate of corrosion of the carbon steel was greatly influenced by the molarities of HCl used, temperature and time of immersion. Corrosion rate was found to increase with increase in molarity of the hydrochloric acid and temperature but was inversely proportional to the time of immersion. Carbon steel was coated with the corrosion resistant combination using the hot-dip coating method. To characterize the coating, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods were used. Electrochemical studies (Tafel polarization and cyclic voltametry) showed that the optimum conditions for prevention of corrosion of the carbon steel were 150 °C and immersed time of 2 hrs. The efficiency of coating varied between the 2 combinations, with PBMA-gft-Alg/Fe3O4 nanocomposite being more effective than Fe3O4NPs coating.

This study examines the importance of utilizing green synthesis using lemon peel for gold nanoparticles over other chemicals since it is environmentally friendly, available, and cheap. Several parameters were optimized to ensure the extraction of the GNPs concentration of lemon peels using HAuCl4 and lemon peel extract having a ratio of 2 : 1. For the optimum result, the ratio used was 2 : 1. The gold nanoparticles fabrication happened in 10 minutes. The initial observation was the color change of the solution. The UV-visibility spectroscopic studies are performed to confirm the result. The experiments are done concurrently to ensure the solution is mixed on the proper ratio. The GNP is also characterized by the different techniques in their sizes and electronic transmission microscopy, essential in extracting gold nanoparticles. Other elements of the composition are removed by the EDAX methods, the FTIR method, and the TEM methods, all of which reveal the real reason behind the required extraction capacity. Most gold nanoparticles show a maximum absorption rate at the peak of 535 to 579 nm. The result obtained from the TEM and the SEM analysis revealed that the grain size is analogized to the average size of 6.67 nm. With a simple synthesis of the price, some processes show that the medically available nanoparticles are necessary. The used method in this paper to fabricate GNPs is cheap, easy, fast, and sustainable and it can be done with ease in any laboratory.

A leading method for hydrogen production that is free of carbon oxides is catalytic methane decomposition. In this research, Fe and Fe–Ni supported catalysts prepared by the wet impregnation method were used in methane decomposition. The effects of doping the parent support (ZrO2) with La2O3 and WO3 were studied. It was discovered that the support doped with La2O3 gave the best performance in terms of CH4 conversion, H2 yield, and stability at the test condition, 800°C and 4,000-ml h−1 g−1 cat. space velocity. The addition of Ni significantly improved the performance of all the monometallic catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), temperature-programmed reduction/oxidation (TPR/TPO), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and microscopy (SEM and Raman) techniques. Phases of the different forms of Fe were identified by XRD. BET showed a drastic decline in the specific surface area of the catalysts with respect to the supports. TPR profiles revealed a progressive change in the valency of Fe in its combined form to the zero valence-free metal. The La2O3-promoted support gave the best performance and maintained good stability during the time on stream.

In the present study, preparation of CuBTC-monopol monoliths for use within the microchip solid phase extraction was undertaken through a 20-min UV lamp-assisted polymerization for 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (DMPA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) alongside inclusion of the porogenic solvent system (1-propanol and methanol (1 : 1)). The resultant coating underwent coating using CuBTC nanocrystals in ethanolic solution of ethanolic solution of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC, 10 mM) and 10 mM copper(II) acetate Cu(CH3COO)2. This paper reports enhanced extraction, characterization, and synthesis studies for porous CuBTC metal organic frameworks that are marked by different methods including SEM/EDAX analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The evaluation of the microchip’s performance was undertaken as sorbent through retrieval of six toxic dyes (anionic and cationic dyes). Various parameters (desorption and extraction step flow rates, volume of desorption solvent, volume of sample, and type of desorption solvent) were examined to optimize dye extraction using fabricated microchips. The result indicated that CuBTC-monopol monoliths were permeable with the ability of removing impurities and attained high toxic dye extraction recovery (83.4–99.9%). The assessment of reproducibility for chip-to-chip was undertaken by computing the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the six dyes in extraction. The interbatch and intrabatch RSDs ranged between 3.8 and 6.9% and 2.3 and 4.8%. Such features showed that fabricated CuBTC-monopol monolithic disk polycarbonate microchips have the potential of extracting toxic dyes that could be utilized for treating wastewater.

Development of selective colorimetric detectors that can use green-fabricated silver nanoparticles’ (AgNPs) with localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) to rapidly, simply, and selectively detect HgII ions was undertaken in this study. Onion extract was used for synthesising photo-induced green crystalline silver nanoparticles (NPs). The formation of nanoparticles is enhanced when ultrasound irradiation is present; bioligands could serve as stabilizing and reducing agents. Different methods of measurement, including UV-Vis, TEM,SEM/EDAX,FT−IR, and XRD, are effective for characterization of nanoparticles. The spherical nature of green-fabricated AgNPs is confirmed by TEM. High-density, spherical, and uniformly formed silver nanoparticle shapes were found in silver nanoparticle SEM images. The arrangement of AgNPs in the form of face-centered cubic structures was confirmed by XRD patterns. The formation of impurity-free AgNPs was confirmed using the EDAX analysis results. Hg2+ with excellent sensitivity was sensitively and selectively detected by employing green-synthesized silver nanoparticles. The reduction of Ag (1) to Ag (0) was confirmed by a slight increase in Hg (II) concentration and progressive reduction of green-synthesized AgNPs, whose absorbance changed abruptly. The reduction of LSPRs by the phosphate buffer medium enables AgNPs to sensitively and selectively detect Hg2+ ions by providing good environment. Besides, a selective, sensitive, simple, and rapid method that is proposed for detecting Hg (II) ions in samples of water is presented in the study. Harmful mercury ions in real samples of water (tap and ground water) can colorimetrically and selectively be detected using the AgNPs. The results showed an RSD of below 6% and over 92% of good recovery.

There has been increased interest in the production of nanoparticles (NP) through green chemistry. This article used durian fruit shell aqueous solution that acts as a reductive preparation of silver NPs. The silver nanoparticles have a size of approximately 25 nm. The NP size uniformity was determined by the SEM and TEM analysis. X-ray diffraction technique was used to characterize crystalline silver nanoparticles face-centered cubic structure. XPS spectrum showed distinct silver peaks on the nanoparticles’ surface. An optical method that was based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to perform the green Ag NPs aqueous ammonia sensing study. Optical measurement facilitated the ammonia sensing study of Ag NPs that had been prepared. The study also investigated the performance of the optical sensor, thus adding validity to the study. Also, the research sought to determine how the concentration of ammonia in ammonia sensing affects the Ag NPs that had been obtained. The study observed a linear relationship with R2 as the correlation factor which was equal to 0.9831. This was observed from the ammonia concentration plot versus absorption ratio that suggested that there was a linear increase in absorption ratio with increase in ammonia concentration. The study significance is that the room temperature optical ammonia sensor can be used in future for medical diagnosis in the detection of low levels of ammonia in biological fluid like sweat, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, plasma, or biological samples. This enhances the application of the technique in human biomedical applications.

In wireless sensor networks, energy conservation is a critical task. Thus, it is crucial to design an effective MAC protocol that minimizes energy consumption while guaranteeing high network throughput and low delay. In this article, we propose a quorum-based multichannel MAC protocol (QMMAC) for corona-based WSNs. QMMAC utilizes the multichannel communication feature and the quorum concept to greatly increase the throughput while conserving energy. The aim of this protocol is to allow each node and all its forwarders to wake up at the same time while avoiding collision and overhearing by separating their simultaneous communications using the multichannel feature. More precisely, the main idea of QMMAC is twofold. First, QMMAC wakeup scheduling is designed to minimize the end-to-end delay by allowing nodes to wake up at exactly the same time as their potential forwarders, whereas nodes that are not acting as forwarders for each other wake up at a completely different time, and thus overhearing, idle listening and collisions are avoided. Second, channel assignment, which also uses the concept of quorums, is used to share data channels so that there is no conflict or additional packet exchange required to negotiate the availability of channels. Thus, the end-to-end delay is further minimized as well as collisions between conflicting neighbors are avoided. Simulation results indicate that the network performance is improved by QMMAC in terms of energy efficiency, throughput and end-to-end delay.

The purification of industrial wastewater from dyes is becoming increasingly important since they are toxic or carcinogenic to human beings. Nanomaterials have been receiving significant attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties compared with their larger-size counterparts. The aim of the present investigation was to fabricate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using a coprecipitation method, followed by coating with silver (Ag) in order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of the MNPs by loading metal onto them. The fabricated magnetic nanoparticles coated with Ag were characterised using different instruments such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The average size of the magnetic nanoparticles had a mean diameter of about 48 nm, and the average particle size changed to 55 nm after doping. The fabricated Ag-doped magnetic nanoparticles were used for the degradation of eosin Y under UV-lamp irradiation. The experimental results revealed that the use of fabricated magnetic nanoparticles coated with Ag can be considered as reliable methods for the removal of eosin Y since the slope of evaluation of pseudo-first-order rate constant from the slope of the plot between ln⁡(Co/C) and the irradiation time was found to be linear. Ag-Fe3O4 nanoparticles would be considered an efficient photocatalyst to degrade textile dyes avoiding the tedious filtration step.