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V magistrski nalogi bom predstavil šolo poučevanja roga Philipa Farkasa. Šola se nanaša na vse mlade in tudi odrasle horniste, saj je delo zaradi svoje vsebine postalo temelj za vse horniste širom sveta. Delo opisuje probleme, pristop k rešitvam ter skrivnosti uspešnega poučevanja in poustvarjanja na rog. This master's thesis describes the teaching of French horn according to the school of Philip Farkas, which applies to all young and adult horn players. His book became an important foundation for horn players all over the world because of its content. It describes the problems, solutions and secrets to successful teaching and playing the French horn.

The purpose of training cadets-performers on brass is to prepare the performing apparatus for sound extraction and performance of the repertoire at a high artistic level. The purpose of the study is to determine the theoretical and practical foundations of embouchure formation, taking into account the specifics of the concept, physics and acoustics of brass playing, the functioning of the performing apparatus, and to determine the characteristics and criteria of a correctly formed embouchure. The modern practice of playing brass instruments requires solving the issues of an effective method of embouchure formation and the work of the performing apparatus. The scientific novelty consists in the systematization of concepts related to: 1) the specifics of the embouchure, 2) the physics and acoustics of the embouchure, 3) the functioning of the performing apparatus of the cadet wind player during the formation of the embouchure, 4) determining the criteria for evaluating the correct embouchure. As a result of theoretical research and generalization of performing practice, a new definition of the term embouchure is proposed from the point of view of the physical and acoustic features of sound production and actions of the performing apparatus, the mechanisms and functions of the performing apparatus of the horn are revealed, the acoustic and physical features of sound production on brass wind instruments are systematized, the positions and the actions of parts of the performing apparatus, a correctly formed embouchure is characterized., Целью обучения курсантов-исполнителей на медных духовых является подготовка исполнительского аппарата к звукоизвлечению и исполнению репертуара на высоком художественном уровне. Цель исследования – определение теоретических и практических основ формирования амбушюра с учетом специфики понятия, физики и акустики игры на медных духовых, функционирования исполнительского аппарата, и определение характеристик и критериев правильно сформированного амбушюра. Современная практика игры на медных духовых инструментах требует решения вопросов эффективной методики формирования амбушюра и работы исполнительского аппарата. Научная новизна состоит в систематизации концепций, касающихся: 1) специфики амбушюра, 2) физики и акустики амбушюра, 3) функционирования исполнительского аппарата курсанта-духовика при формировании амбушюра, 4) определении критериев оценки правильного амбушюра. В результате теоретического исследования и обобщения исполнительской практики предлагается новое определение термина амбушюр с точки зрения физико-акустических особенностей звукоизвлечения и действий исполнительского аппарата, раскрыты механизмы и функции исполнительского аппарата духовика, систематизированы акустические и физические особенности звукоизвлечения на медных духовых, подробно проанализированы положения и действия частей исполнительского аппарата, охарактеризован правильно сформированный амбушюр., Человеческий капитал, Выпуск 3 (171) 2023, Pages 209-216

L'étude a pour objectif l'identification des zones d'accès à l'eau des agro-pasteurs en saison sèche dans le bassin versant du Goudébo. La démarche utilisée est l'Analyse à Référence Spatiale (AMC-RS) basée sur le Système d'Information Géographique et l'analyse multicritère. Les points d'eau utilisés pour les différents besoins (cours d'eau, boulis, forages, mares, citernes, puisards, puits et barrages) ont été répertoriés avec les populations. Les documents cartographiques et les levés de terrain ont permis, grâce au SIG, de constituer une base de données cartographique de ces éléments. La prise en compte des temps de trajet a permis de spatialiser l'accessibilité aux points d'eau. Les AMC-RS ont été réalisées à partir des résultats du SIG, sur la base de critères de pondération proposés par les producteurs lors des séances d'interviews semi-structurées. Les résultats de l'analyse ont donné 7,4 % de zones présentant un bon niveau d'accès cumulé à différents types de point d'eau. Ces zones relativement limitées sont circonscrites autour de 20 % des villages. L'importance prise par les barrages, et particulièrement celui de Yakouta, pose le problème de la gestion de leur bassin d'alimentation dans l'avenir. The study aims to identify areas where agro-pastoralists access to water during the dry season in the drainage basin of the river Goudébo. The approach is the spatial reference analysis AMC-RS based on Geographic Information System and Multi-Criteria Analysis. Water points used for different needs (boulis, drillings, ponds, tanks, sumps, wells and dams) were identified with the people. Cartographic documents and field surveys have constitute, through the GIS, a map database of these elements. Taking into account the travel times allowed a spatial representation of the accessibility to water points. The AMC-RS were made from the results of GIS, on the basis of criteria proposed by the people during the interviewing sessions. The results of the analysis gave 7.4 % of areas with a high level of aggregate access to different types of water point. These relatively small areas are circumscribed around 40 % of the villages. The importance taken by dams, and particularly that of Yakouta, puts the problem of the management of their feed area in the future.geographic information system, multi-criteria analysis, access to water, Burkina Faso

Entre la Petite Kabylie, au nord, le Hodna, au sud, et les Aurès, au sud-est, s'étendent les Hautes Plaines sétifiennes, terroir céréalier réputé. Dans ces vastes plaines semi-arides, plusieurs massifs montagneux sont isolés. Le djebel Mégriss est l'un des massifs les plus importants de la partie nord de ces Hautes Plaines. Il joue le rôle d'une barrière géographique, en diminuant les influences du sud sur les massifs avoisinants, notamment les monts du Djurdjura et des Babors. Il peut aussi être à l'origine de phénomènes d'isolement biologique, qui ont conduit au maintien d'espèces relictuelles dans des biotopes très localisés, comme des mares temporaires.Il se caractérise par une grande diversité de milieux terrestres et aquatiques. Les milieux terrestres sont représentés, sur le plateau et ses talus, par des pelouses et des matorrals bas. Les milieux humides se composent de mares temporaires de superficie variable, de sources, de ruisseaux temporaires, de prairies inondées en hiver et de marécages à graminoïdes. Cette variété des milieux a joué un grand rôle dans la diversité de la flore où 500 espèces végétales (Phanérogames et Cryptogames vasculaires) et 22 sous-espèces ont été recensées appartenant à 276 genres et 72 familles.Parmi les espèces végétales vasculaires recensées, 40 % sont d'origine méditerranéenne, 24 % sont d'origine nordique, 19 % sont des espèces de transition entre l'élément méditerranéen et les autres éléments chorologiques, 10 % sont des endémiques, 5 % sont des cosmopolites et 2 % sont d'origine tropicale.Deux des particularités de la flore du massif sont, d'une part, sa richesse en orchidées, en particulier en Dactylorhiza, genre eurasiatique, monophylétique, présent principalement dans les zones boréales et tempérées du globe, et, d'autre part, la présence de nombreuses espèces rares appartenant à d'autres secteurs que le Constantinois auquel appartient le djebel Mégriss (Butomus umbellatus, Myosorus minimus, Brunella laciniata, etc.).Le site est menacé par de multiples formes d'anthropisation : surpâturage, captation d'eau, propagation d'espèces envahissantes, cueillette, pollution. Between the little Kabylia, in the North, the Hodna, in the South, and the Aurès, in the southeast, extends the High Plains within the Sétif Province. In these vast plains, semi-arid, several mounts are isolated. The djebel Megriss, represents one of the most important mounts of the north part of these High Plains. It plays the role of a geographical barrier, by decreasing the influences of the South on the neighbouring mounts, in particular the mounts of Djurdjura and Babors. It can also be at the origin of phenomena of biological isolation, which drove to the preservation of relics in very located biotopes (temporary ponds).Its ecosystem is extremely heterogeneous in terms of environment, with characteristic grassland, meadows, low shrubland consisting of Quercusilex and low shrubland consisting of Calicotome and Ampelodesmos ("diss grass"); a peculiarity is the presence of temporary ponds, sources, temporary streams, meadows flooded in winter and meadows dominate by Juncus and Carex.This variety of environment played a big role in the variety of the flora where 500 botanical species (Phanerogams and vascular Cryptogams) and 22 subspecies were listed belonging to 276 genres and 72 families.Among the botanical species vascular listed, 40 % are of Mediterranean origin, 24 % are septentrional, 19 % are species of transition between the Mediterranean element and the other elements, 10 % are endemic, 5 % are cosmopolitan and 2 % are tropical.Two of the peculiarities of the flora of the massif are, on one hand, its wealth in orchids, in particular in Dactylorhiza, present mainly in the boreal and temperate zones of the globe, and, on the other hand, the presence of numerous rare species and belonging to the other sectors than the Constantine region to which belongs djebel Megriss (Butomusumbellatus, Myosorusminima, Brunella laciniata, etc.).The ecosystem is affected by many menaces (cultivation, repeated passage, harnessing of the water, the picking, the distribution of intrusive species, pollution).

International audience; The study area is a geographical entity organized around the floodplain of the lower river valley of the Oued Loukkos and the historic cities of Lixus and Larache. Owing to the double heritage value of this area, natural and historical, the reconstruction of the recent history of its vegetation and its landscapes is particularly relevant. Besides his former occupation in prehistory and antiquity, the area of Larache has played an important role in the Middle Ages and modern times into the greater or lesser strained relations between Morocco and European Powers. In the history, the river Loukkos has always been a route of penetration inside the country and its mouth a strategic site. The port of Larache was also the main export outlet for productions of Gharb and great cities of the hinterland as Basra or Fez (cork, grains, wool ...), since the 16th century. Based on a pollen diagram obtained in the adjacent valley of Oued Sakh-Sokh, we propose here to reconstruct the outline of recent vegetation history (since 14th century), especially the wetlands of the floodplain and the cork oak forest, which constitutes the natural vegetation of the area. This information will then crossed with available historical sources for assessing the various factors of landscape dynamics identified since medieval times. The role of different waves of population and their kinds of exploitation and enhancement of the environment are examined. Degradation of the forest is old because it is on the territory of the cork oak forest that clearing activities took place, mainly for cereal cultivation and livestock. Other human activities such as logging, charcoal production, shipbuilding or fires there also contributed. Agro-silvo-pastoral Parklands are built at the same time. They are comparable to the Dehesa and Montado from the Iberian Peninsula. The history of these original landscapes is recognized for the first time in Morocco.; La reconstitution de l'histoire récente de la végétation et des paysages de la région du Bas-Loukkos, sur la côte atlantique de la péninsule tingitane, avec les villes historiques de Lixus et Larache, revêt un intérêt particulier en raison d'une double valeur patrimoniale : naturelle et historique. A partir d'un diagramme pollinique de l'Oued Sakh-Sokh, les grandes lignes de l'évolution récente de la végétation (depuis le 14ème siècle) sont retracées, en particulier celle de la dépression humide et de la forêt de chêne-liège, qui constitue la végétation naturelle de la zone. Ces informations sont ensuite croisées avec les sources historiques disponibles pour apprécier les différents facteurs des dynamiques paysagères identifiées, depuis l'époque médiévale. Le rôle des différentes vagues de peuplement et leurs formes d'exploitation et de mise en valeur de l'espace est examiné. La dégradation de la forêt est ancienne. Élevage, agriculture et autres activités humaines (exploitation du bois, charbonnage, chantiers navals, incendies) y contribuèrent. Parallèlement, se construisent des parcs arborés à finalité agro-sylvo-pastorale comparables à la Dehesa et au Montado de la Péninsule Ibérique. L'histoire de ces paysages originaux est reconnue pour la première fois au Maroc.

Sur les rives de la sebkha Essijoumi, à l'ouest du centre de Tunis, la croissance démographique est accompagnée d'une extension urbaine soutenue, qui fait des terres agricoles le bassin d'accueil d'une urbanisation le plus souvent non réglementée. L'extension des zones imperméables, l'accroissement de la population et le développement des activités sont à l'origine d'écoulements considérables d'eaux de ruissellement et d'eaux usées domestiques et industrielles, qui rejoignent la sebkha Essijoumi, en grande partie par l'intermédiaire de l'oued Guériana. Aujourd'hui, alors que les rives de la sebkha sont constamment marécageuses et que l'eau y persiste même pendant la période la plus chaude de l'année, la pollution du plan d'eau paraît complexe, tout à la fois organique, bactériologique et chimique.En fait, tout un contexte naturel, social et économique a subi une transformation rapide et profonde. La société occupe et exploite un milieu qui aurait dû rester à l'état naturel ou dont l'aménagement exigeait à tout le moins de nombreuses précautions et une connaissance profonde de sa dynamique.

Situé au Nord Ouest de l'Algérie, le bassin versant en amont du barrage Meffrouche, d'une superficie de 89 km2, a reçu des précipitations annuelles moyennes de 659 mm (à Meffrouche) sur une période de 68 années (1943-44 à 2010-11). Ce bassin, à l'instar de l'ensemble du Maghreb, subit depuis quelques décennies une sécheresse persistante. Différentes approches utilisant les données pluviométriques et hydrologiques sont utilisées dans cette étude afin de préciser le degré de sévérité de cette sécheresse. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'existence d'une cassure d'homogénéité vers le milieu des années 1970. La période avant cette date est qualifiée d'humide, celle qui suit de sèche. Le déficit de la seconde période par rapport à la première, est évalué à près de 30 % pour les précipitations et à plus de 60 % pour les écoulements. Si les années très humides ou extrêmement sèches ont été observées, les deux périodes mises en évidence montrent une humidité, pour l'une, et une sécheresse, pour l'autre, d'intensité légère. Une ou deux années déficitaires en pluviométrie au milieu d'années excédentaires, n'a pas d'effet direct sur l'alimentation en eau des barrages. Par contre, la succession de plusieurs années à pluviométrie moyenne peut générer une année aux écoulements abondants. Meffrouche watershed, located in North-West Algeria with a land area of 89 km2, collects a mean annual rainfall of 659 mm (Meffrouche), computed over a period of 68 years (1943­1944 to 2010-2011). This basin, like most of the Maghreb, has been undergoing a persistent drought for a few decades. Different approaches, using a dataset of precipitation and depth of runoff, are addressed in this study to highlight the severity of this drought. The results obtained show the existence of a break of homogeneity located in the mid-1970s. The previous period is classified as wet, the one after is dry. The deficit between the two periods, valued at nearly 30 % for precipitation caused a drop in flow of more than 60 %. Periods of wetness and dryness are highlighted with a mild tendency to drought. Although some years have been very wet or extremely dry, the appearance of one or two years deficient rainfall in the mid-year surplus has no direct effect on water supplies in dam. For cons, the succession of several years with medium rainfall can generate a strong flow of water year.

L'identification des différentes formations quaternaires de la vallée de l'Orbieu, puis la reconstitution de leur géométrie, permettent de mettre en évidence les principales déformations tectoniques qu'elles ont subies. La néotectonique de cette région des Corbières a été active jusqu'à l'accumulation de la nappe alluviale de la basse terrasse weichsélienne. La datation des travertins de Graffan permettrait de caler la chronologie relative pour le système des terrasses de l'Orbieu. A geomorphological and sedimentological analysis makes it possible to identify the different Quaternary formations in the Orbieu valley. Then, the reconstruction of the longitudinal and transversal profiles shows the evolution of tectonic deformations since the formation settling. Neotectonics have been active up to the accumulation of the alluvial deposits of the Weichselian lower terrace. The dating of the Graffan travertines would allow adjust the Orbieu terraces system chronology.

Les zones côtières sont le lieu d'activités nécessitant des eaux de bonne qualité physico-chimique : usages récréatifs, aquaculture et pêche. Ces zones sont sous l'influence directe des eaux d'oueds et des eaux usées, par où transitent les apports des bassins versants, rejets urbains et industriels. Ces rejets entraînent, lorsque le renouvellement des masses d'eau est faible par rapport aux quantités rejetées, des dégradations notables de la qualité des eaux et des écosystèmes marins.La présente étude porte sur une évaluation qualitative des eaux d'effluents urbains et industriels de deux pôles urbains du littoral oranais (Oran et Mostaganem), dans l'objectif d'évaluer l'état de la contamination par les métaux lourds (Cd, Pb et Zn), ainsi que l'évaluation de la qualité physico-chimique des eaux marines pour déterminer l'impact potentiel de la pollution métallique sur la côte ouest algérienne.La concentration moyenne du cadmium est maximale pour le rejet industriel de Mostaganem (0,88 mg/l – écart-type : 1,35 mg/l). Pour le zinc, la concentration moyenne la plus élevée (0,92 mg/l – écart-type : 1,35 mg/l) correspond au rejet urbain de Mostaganem. Le plomb présente des teneurs moyennes assez fortes au niveau des trois rejets étudiés : 0,23 mg/l pour le rejet urbain d'Oran (écart-type : 0,22 mg/l), 0,22 mg/l pour le rejet industriel de Mostaganem (écart-type : 0,21 mg/l) et 0,19 mg/l pour le rejet urbain de Mostaganem (écart-type : 0,20 mg/l). Si les concentrations en métaux lourds varient beaucoup d'un prélèvement à l'autre, comme le traduisent les écarts-types, aucune évolution durable ne ressort. Seules les teneurs moyennes du cadmium dépassent la limite normative. The coastal areas are the locus of activities requiring water of good physicochemical quality: recreational uses, aquaculture and fishing. These areas are under the direct influence of wadis and wastewaters which pass by the contributions of watersheds, urban and industrial discharge. These discharges result, when the renewal of water masses is small compared to release, significant degradation of water quality and marine ecosystem.This study focuses on an assessment of water quality of urban and industrial effluents from two coastal urban centers western (Oran and Mostaganem), with the aim of assessing the state of contamination by heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn), as well as the evaluation of the physico-chemical quality of marine waters to determine the potential impact of metal pollution on the west coast of Algeria.The average concentration of cadmium is maximal for the industrial effluent of Mostaganem (0.88 mg.l-1 – standard deviation: 1.35 mg.l-1). For zinc, the highest average concentration corresponds to the urban effluent of Mostaganem (0.92 mg.l-1 – standard deviation: 1.35 mg.l-1). Lead has average concentrations high enough at the three studied effluents: 0.23 mg.l-1 at the urban effluent of Oran (standard deviation: 0.22 mg.l-1), 0.22 mg.l-1 at the industrial effluent of Mostaganem (standard deviation: 0.21 mg.l-1) and 0.19 mg.l-1 at the urban effluent of Mostaganem (standard deviation: 0.20 mg.l-1). If heavy metal concentrations vary greatly from one sample to another, as reflected in the standard deviations, no lasting change is apparent. Only average levels of cadmium are exceeding the normative.

Les résultats du projet ESEDSEN (Étude sédimentaire du Sénégal) constituent une contribution à la connaissance de l'évolution spatio-temporelle récente de la brèche artificiellement ouverte en 2003 sur la Langue de Barbarie et de ses conséquences. Les profils topographiques réalisés entre octobre 2010 et décembre 2011, indiquent que la rive nord a progressé de 550 m vers le sud entre le 1er mars et le 31 décembre 2011. Dans le même temps, cette rive s'est élargie de près de 100 m. La rive nord fonctionne comme un pôle d'accumulation et/ou de redistribution de débits solides qui alimentent la formation de bancs de sable à l'intérieur et/ou à proximité de l'embouchure du fleuve Sénégal. Sur la même période, la rive sud a régressé de 830 m. La largeur de la brèche fluctue au gré des saisons et des facteurs hydrodynamiques, mais dans une dynamique générale d'élargissement (28 m/mois en moyenne sur la période d'observation). En octobre 2012, la Langue de Barbarie a subi une rupture naturelle importante un peu plus au sud. Cette dynamique de la brèche expose la rive gauche de la lagune de Mboumbaye (falaise du Gandiolais) à une érosion rapide, le recul du rivage dépassant 15 m/an dans les secteurs les plus touchés. Les potentialités économiques et environnementales du littoral du Gandiolais se trouvent ainsi menacées par la migration méridionale de l'embouchure du fleuve Sénégal. The results of ESEDSEN (Étude sédimentaire du Sénégal – Sedimentary Study of Senegal) project are a contribution to the knowledge of the recent space-temporal evolution of the breach artificially opened in 2003 on the Langue de Barbarie and its consequences. Topographic profiles carried out between October 2010 and December 2011 indicate that the north bank rose 550 m to the south between March and December 2011. Meanwhile, the same bank has expanded nearly 100 m. The northern shore functions as a storage and/or redistribution center of sediment discharge fueling the formation of sandbars in and/or near the mouth of the Senegal River. During the same period, the south bank fell by 830 m. The width of the gap fluctuates because of the seasons and hydrodynamic factors, but in a general expansion dynamics (28 m/month on average over the period of observation.) In October 2012, the Langue de Barbarie went through a major natural break a little further in the South. This dynamics of the breach exposes the left bank of the lagoon of Mboumbaye (Gandiolais cliff) to rapid erosion, shoreline retreat being greater than 15 m/year in the most affected sectors. The economic and environmental potential of the Gandiolais coastline are then threatened by the southern migration of the mouth of the Senegal River.

Background: Specific dentofacial characteristics in wind instrumentalists should be taken in consideration when analyzing physiological and anatomical issues regarding the musician’s embouchure, posture, and biomechanics during musical performance. Objectives: To compare tooth cephalometric characteristics between wind instrument players and string players (overjet, overbite, lower facial height, facial convexity, lower incisor inclination, and interincisal angle). Methods: In total, 48 wind instrumentalists (67%) and 24 string instrumentalists (33%). These musicians performed lateral tele-radiography and the correspondent linear and angular measurements of the dentofacial cephalometric analysis. Statistical comparison of wind and string instrumentalists was made by using an independent t-test. Results: Small variations on the analyzed parameters were found between the wind and string instrument groups. Based on the cephalometric analysis the variable interincisal angle was statistically significant (p &lt, 0.05), when comparing the wind and string instrument group. Conclusions: Knowledge of the overjet and overbite value permits a substantial analysis on the tooth position of wind instrument players, where both of these parameters are increased and greater than the norm value. The cephalometry was an added value on the interpretation of possible factors that lead to the position of the central incisors of wind instruments. Till some extent in this group of musicians the applied forces during the embouchure mechanism on the anterior teeth and the existing perioral forces promote an equilibrium on the vector of forces. This study findings demonstrate that when evaluating the two samples, wind and string instruments there are different dentofacial configurations, however the only statistically significant differences that were found are related to the interincisal angle (p &lt, 0.05).

Relatório Final do Estágio do Ensino Especializado, apresentado à Escola Superior de Música de Lisboa, do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, para cumprimento dos requisitos à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino de Música, conforme Decreto-Lei n.o 79/2014, de 14 de Maio. Submitted by Luísa Marques (lmarques@esml.ipl.pt) on 2021-09-16T09:43:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Relatorio de Estagio - Joao Sousa com correcoes.pdf: 1915160 bytes, checksum: d30202921b84ff83fcb013f3a2cd8874 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-16T09:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Relatorio de Estagio - Joao Sousa com correcoes.pdf: 1915160 bytes, checksum: d30202921b84ff83fcb013f3a2cd8874 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-01-29 N/A

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В статье излагаются результаты авторского диссертационного исследования по разработке методики подбора мундштука для обучающихся-тромбонистов. Цель исследования состояла в определении роли мундштука в процессе формирования амбушюра тромбониста. На основе полученных результатов стало возможной выработка эффективной методики подбора тромбонового мундштука для исполнителей, обучающихся в музыкальных школах, училищах и вузах, а также для профессиональных тромбонистов. В статье подробно рассмотрены современные, противоположные по некоторым методическим аспектам концепции выбора размера мундштука тромбонистом, учитывающие соответствие его размера размеру мензуры используемого тромбона либо исходящие из типа амбушюра тромбониста. В результате исследования было доказано, что мундштук оказывает влияние на амбушюр тромбониста и должен подбираться в соответствии с тромбон-мензуркой, играемой в оркестре, типом амбушюра и прикусом., The article presents the results of the author’s research on the development of a method for selecting a mouthpiece for studying trombonists. The purpose of research is to determine the role of the mouthpiece in the formation of the trombonist’s earpiece. The results of the research show that it became possible to develop an effective method of selecting a trombone mouthpiece for performers studying in music schools, colleges and universities, as well as for professional trombonists. The article discusses the modern, opposite in some methodological aspects, concepts of mouthpiece trombone, tailored to match the size of the mouthpiece to the size of the scale used trombone or outgoing from the type of embouchure for trombone. As a result of the study, it is proved that the mouthpiece has an effect on the trombonist’s earpiece and should be selected in accordance with the trombone beaker played in the orchestra, the type of earpiece and the bite.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att utifrån det fenomenologiska perspektivet samt livsvärldsperspektivet intervjua trombonlärare för att ta del av deras förhållningssätt till embouchyr i deras undervisning. I bakgrundkapitlet presenteras litteratur samt tidigare forskning som är kopplat till embouchyr. Den kvalitativa intervjuformen används som metod att samla in information med interpretativismen samt konstruktionismen som epistemologi samt ontologi. I resultatet presenteras respondenternas egna upplevelser, metodik samt förhållningssätt till embouchyr. Det framkommer en gemensam syn på vilka delar som ingår i en embouchyr samt metoder och punkter som kan förhållas till i sin egen undervisning. I diskussionen diskuteras resultatet med den presenterade forskningen där det uppmärksammas en skillnad i metodik och övningar där forskningen presenterar övningar som riktar sig till äldre elever. Respondenterna presenterar bland annat övningar som kan utföras utan instrumentet, vilket kan göra specifika moment mer riktat till yngre elever. Det framkommer även en till viss del gemensam syn på vad en embouchyr är. Det råder dock inget tvivel om, ur varken forskningen eller respondenterna, att embouchyren och luft är tätt sammankopplade då ingen av dem fungerar utan den andra, dock är de inte samma fenomen. The purpose of the present study is to, from the phenomenological perspective and the life world perspective, interview trombone teachers to take part in their approach to embouchure in their teaching. The background chapter presents literature and previous research that is linked to the embouchure. The qualitative interview form is used as a method of collecting information with interpretivism and constructionism as epistemology and ontology. The results present the respondents' own experiences, methodology and approach to embouchure. There is a common view of which parts are included in an embouchure and methods and points that can be related to in their own teaching. In the discussion, the results are discussed with the presented research where attention is drawn to a difference in methodology and exercises where the research presents exercises aimed at older students. The respondents present, among other things, exercises that can be performed without the instrument, which can make specific steps better aimed at younger students. There is also a somewhat common view of what an embouchure is. However, there is no doubt from either the research or the respondents that the embouchure and the air are closely linked as neither of them works without the other, however, they are not the same phenomenon.

A common approach for simulating brass instrument sounds is that of a mass-spring system strongly coupled to an air tube resonator of a certain length. This approach, while yielding good quality timbre results for the synthesized audio, does not aid expressive sound synthesis. An improvement of this modeling design is proposed, which takes into account the independent movement of the embouchure and its influence on the sound. To achieve this interaction, vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is taken into account as an additional source of excitation for the mass-spring system. In addition to this, the model also simulates breath noise of a brass instrument player, which is dependent of the embouchure’s aperture dimensionality. The end result is a real-time VST application of a brass instrument with augmented embouchure interaction. The process loop of the VST is presented step-by-step and the application is evaluated both through informal listening and spectral measurements. From this evaluation, the model showcases a more varied and veridic timbre of brass sound, that supports a more expressive playing style.&nbsp

International audience; The origins of Ostia have been the subject of numerous archaeological and historical studies. According to ancient authors, the foundation of Ostia is attributed to Ancus Martius who would have reigned between 646 and 616 BCE. However, archaeological data available at Ostia do not support the existence of the city before the 4th-3rd century BCE. In this article we propose to question this chronological disagreement through a geoarchaeological perspective.Based on geomorphological and chronostratigraphic data available for the Tiber delta, we observe that the timing of the foundation of Paleo-Ostia by Ancus Martius corresponds to the end of a period of strong progradation (9th – 6th BCE) and to the beginning of a long period of erosion of the river mouth promontory. During this same period, the lowermost channel of the Tiber migrated towards the south until the 4th – 3rd century BCE. Thus, it seems inevitable that any settlement founded at the mouth of the Tiber at the end of the 7th century BCE would have been eroded by the combined action of the river and the waves in the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.; Les origines d’Ostie ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études archéologiques et historiques. Selon les auteurs anciens, la fondation d’Ostie est attribuée à Ancus Martius qui aurait régné entre 646 et 616 av. J.-C. Cependant les données archéologiques disponibles à Ostie ne permettent pas de remonter avant le IVe/IIIe s. av. J.-C. Dans cet article nous nous proposons d’examiner ce désaccord chronologique dans une perspective géoarchéologique.À partir d’une synthèse géomorphologique et chronostratigraphique, on observe que l’éventuelle Paléo-Ostia d’Ancus Martius aurait été fondée à la fin d’une période de forte progradation (IXe et VIe s. av. J.-C.) et au début d’une longue période d’érosion du lobe d’embouchure. Au cours de cette même période, le chenal d’embouchure du Tibre migre vers le sud jusqu’au IVe/IIIe s. av. J.-C. Il semble ainsi inévitable qu’un éventuel noyau de peuplement fondé à l’embouchure même du Tibre à la fin du VIIe s. av. J.-C. aurait été rapidement affecté par une érosion littorale et possiblement fluviale.

The criteria of performing a correct embouchure can differ according to particular craniofacial features. Different teaching techniques can also lead to specific patterns of a musician embouchure, where playing in a relaxed position is one of the major indications. In order to understand if there is a “perfect embouchure”, several techniques were used on the analysis of the embouchure of three different wind instrumentalists. Force sensing resistors were applied to the mouthpiece of a clarinet, infrared thermography was performed to a brass player, while a bassoon player underwent two lateral cephalograms. The examinations techniques were chosen to take advantage of the possible information that could be taken from each musician, on addition to the evidence of the intra-oral exam. The force analysis showed that the clarinetist had an asymmetrical force distribution among the two central incisors. The infrared thermography showed that the tuba player had thermal asymmetry at the region correspondent to the masseters muscles possibly related to the teeth position. The lateral cephalograms showed a 10° posterior rotation of the mandible during the embouchure of the bassoon player. Therefore, understanding the anatomical limitations of the orofacial region, which may lead to an asymmetrical embouchure, is fundamental to analyze and treat a wind instrumentalist within a dental appointment.

Background:In this study, we focused on the habits of wind instrumentalists as well as the presence of playing instruments, and investigated associations between the risk of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and playing wind instruments in non-professional musicians.Material and Methods:Seventy-two non-professional players of wind instruments (instrument group) (mean(SD), 20.0(1.1) y; 42 women) and 66 non-players (control group) (22.0(2.6) y; 45 women) participated in this study. Factors were investigated using questionnaires (a screening questionnaire for TMD, instrument playing habits, years of experience, and time played per day).Result:The prevalence of a high risk of TMD was not significantly different between the instrument group (29.2%) and control group (21.2%). In the instrument group, the frequency of subjects who felt mouthpiece pressure in the high risk of TMD group (47.6%) was significantly greater than that in the low risk of TMD group (21.6%). Mouthpiece pressure was found to be a significant factor contributing to a high risk of TMD (odds ratio, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.12–9.79).Conclusion:This study suggests that pressure from the mouthpiece was one of the contributing factors related to a high risk of TMD in non-professional wind instrument players.

The existing literature only partly acknowledges the microtonal possibilities of the bass clarinet, restricting the options mainly to quartertones. When measured, the results of the proposed fingering patterns are often approximative. This PhD proposes a new microtonal approach of the bass clarinet, further developing the instrument’s capability to produce not only exact quartertones, but also smaller units: eighth-tones and 31-tones. The ‘root-overtone’ microtonality of the bass clarinet is explored as well, using the natural overtones which can be generated on top of roots, as a means to create more microtonal variants, often in the form of nano tones. The numerous fingering patterns that are the outcome of this research have been documented in the appendices. All these fingering patterns are shown in combined audio/video recordings. Instruction and demonstration videos clarify the different subjects of this research. Audio recordings illustrate the use of the microtonal bass clarinet playing in the pieces which were the result of the collaboration with several interested composers. The findings are also applied in a number of compositions of my own. The extension of the bass clarinet’s microtonal possibilities presented here will allow bass clarinettists, composers and other instrumentalists to inform and enrich their creative processes.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) involve the presence of pain or dysfunction on certain areas of the Cranio-Cervico-Mandibular Complex (CCMC), such as the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures like the postural muscles of the cervical region, can be considered as a sub-group of musculoskeletal disorders. Wind instrument players, as a consequence of their musical performance and its relation with the CCMC, can develop a TMD associated to muscle hyperactivity of certain elevator muscles, or even an increase of the intra-articular pressure in the functioning of the TMJ throughout musical activity. Aim: The objective of this paper is to describe the necessary and elementary steps in the diagnoses and treatment of a wind instrumentalist with a temporomandibular disorder, with the introduction of infrared thermography during this procedure. This case study also has the purpose of presenting the usefulness of piezoresistive sensors in the analysis of the clarinettists&rsquo, embouchure. Methodology: A Caucasian, 30-year-old female clarinettist was assessed through a clinical examination following the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD), as a complementary tool of diagnosis, a thermal imaging infrared camera, Flir E60 (Wilsonville, OR, USA), was used in order to analyse the above referred articular and muscular regions. The complementary examination protocol implemented with this clarinet player also involved the analyses of the embouchure with the support of piezoresistive sensors. Results: The clinical outcomes resulting from this work were based on the RDC/TMD diagnoses indicated that the clarinet player had an internal derangement on both TMJ, with an osteoarthritis on the left TMJ and an anterior disc displacement with reduction on the right TMJ. The infrared thermograms that were analysed, verified the existence of a temperature differential of the anterior temporal muscle (0.1 &deg, C), the TMJ (0.1 &deg, C) and the masseter muscle (0.7 &deg, C), and after the occlusal splint therapy the asymmetry related to the master muscle reduced to 0.3 &deg, C. The high pitches can reach values of 379 g of force induced to the tooth 21 comparing to the 88 g of force applied on tooth 11. The embouchure force measurements consistently presented greater forces during the higher notes, followed by the medium notes and finally the low notes and this happened with higher pressures being transmitted always to tooth 21. Conclusion: Performing arts medicine should understand the major importance of the dentistry field in the daily life of a professional musician, and the significance of implementing routine screening procedures of dental examinations, with infrared thermograms examination of distinct areas of the CCMC, as well as the use of sensors on the analyses of an eventual asymmetrical embouchure. Employing these techniques in dentistry will create the chance of preventing the overuse of some anatomical structures, with an early diagnosis and the correct monitoring of these areas.

Introduction: A wind instrumentalist was diagnosed with a periapical lesion on tooth 21. The prosthetic rehabilitation options were considered with respect to the embouchure mechanism of the saxophonist. The underlying mechanism associated with the embouchure of the saxophone player was observed in this particular case in order to understand if asymmetrical forces were transmitted to the upper central incisors. Periapical lesions can be harmful to the oral health of musicians. The treatment options thus have to be taken into consideration with special focus on the need for oral rehabilitation on the anterior maxilla. Material and Methods: The patient underwent a radiographic examination with a panoramic X-ray. Subsequently, two piezoresistive sensors (FlexiForce&trade, ) were placed on the upper surface of the mouthpiece in order to quantify the pressure applied to the central incisors during the embouchure. In order to understand the values involved during this procedure, the saxophone player was required to play three different notes at different pitches: high, medium, and low. This procedure was repeated three times for each pitch in order to obtain a medium value for each note. Signal acquisition was obtained within software developed for this purpose, with the voltage output observed in LabView 2011&reg, Results: The panoramic X-ray showed a periapical lesion with the characteristics of a radicular cyst on tooth 21. The FlexiForce&trade, piezoresistive sensors allowed us to find that greater force (kg) was being applied to tooth 11 in comparison to tooth 21 during the embouchure mechanism. Conclusions: The sensors used in this research are acceptable for identifying the tooth where the greatest pressure is applied during the mouthpiece stabilization. In the case of executing an oral rehabilitation procedure for wind instrumentalists, a clinical examination can be complemented with the aid of bioengineering and the inherent development of sensor technology in order to better understand the embouchure mechanism. Likewise, the prosthetic rehabilitation should be taken into consideration in order to provide minimal changes to the musician&rsquo, s performance.