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Synthesis of cobalt aluminate was achieved by using the peel extracts of Citrus family species. The peel extracts of lemon, orange and mandarin were used as capping agent in experimental step. These peels were extracted through varied solvents including water, ethanol and methanol. In this regard, the efficacies of the peel type and the extraction liquid were surveyed in the study, using a co-precipitation technique in the synthesis of CoAl2O4 spinel. Samples compared in different parameters were subjected to a range of analyses consisting of colorimetry, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and thermal examinations. The minimum b * value was reached as –14.23 in the sample with a capping agent provided by the orange peel extract, extraction liquid of which is water. The results denoted successful crystal structure scores and single-phase CoAl2O4 formation as well as the occurrence of a double-phase configuration. The highest XRD score of 83 was obtained for CoAl2O4. Considering SEM results, the lowest and highest particle size distributions were found between 100–150 nm and 350–800 nm, respectively. In the research, cobalt aluminate synthesis was carried out by means of modifying agents prepared with the peels of Citrus family species using different solvents.

Iron nanoparticles has attracted more attention than other nanomaterials for its small particle size, high magnetism, low toxicity, surface properties and its extensive applications in science. Plant extracts, microorganisms and agricultural waste products are used for the green synthesis of these nanoparticles. Green synthesis uses metabolites obtained from plants and microorganisms as reducing and covering agents. In addition, it provides an advantage over other synthesis methods because it does not contain harsh chemicals, uses non-toxic reagents, is biocompatible and environmentally friendly. In this study, iron-iron oxide (Fe-Fe3O4) nanoparticles (LP- Fe NPs) were synthesized using lemon peel extract and optimum Fe:Lemon peel extract (Fe: LP exract) ratio was determined. Nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-vis Spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The UV-vis absorption spectrum of iron nanoparticles showed a peak in the 250-350 nm range. XRD analysis results confirmed that the product is a Fe-Fe3O4 mixture. According to SEM analysis results, the largest particle size according to the 1:2 ratio was recorded as 159 nm. The smallest particle size was recorded as 66.68 nm. It has been observed that the increased lemon peel extract causes agglomeration. As a result, green synthesis of lemon peel, which is agricultural waste; It creates low-cost, environmentally friendly products.

The spinel form of cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method in moderate conditions. The synthesized phases were qualitatively and quantitively identified by means of different characterization techniques. The effects of reaction conditions of Co/Al ratio, pH, stirring time, reaction temperature, reaction time and capping agent addition on the color performance and morphology were studied. The capping agents of n-cetyl-n, n, n trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 2-pyrrolidinone (PVP), triethylamine (TEA) and oleic acid (OA) were used. The probable reaction mechanism can be explained with the steps of (i) formation of Co–Al–O complexes and (ii) conversion to Co-spinel. In the reaction mechanism, the addition of capping agents improved the conversion of complexes to Co-spinel. The characteristic band values were observed at 550, 595 and 650 nm in the ultraviolet–visible wavelength range, in UV analyses. The lowest b* and the highest BET surface area were determined in the TEA added sample with values of – 37.4 and 16.02, respectively. Layer shaped particles were obtained in CTAB added samples whereas the angled cubic particles were seen in the TEA and OA added samples. The smallest particles were observed in the use of PVP addition to spinel, and the particle size was around 100 nm. The experimental results proved that characteristic properties of prepared samples can be enhanced by the selection of a suitable capping agent.

In this study, a potassium borate compound of santite is synthesized at 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C reaction temperature for 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 min reaction time by using eight different raw material combinations of K2CO3, KNO3, NaOH, H3BO3, B2O3, Na2B4O9·5H2O, and Na2B4O9·10H2O. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis synthesized potassium borate compound is identified as “santite (KB5O8·4H2O)” with powder diffraction file no. 01-072-1688. Raman spectroscopy results showed that the synthesized compound consists of typical boron mineral bands, and the spectra obtained were in mutual agreement with potassium borate, according to the literature. Scanning electron microscopic morphologies showed that obtained santite has different particle shapes as the raw material combination changed and the particle sizes are found between 305 nm and 2.03 µm. Overall reaction yields are found between 76.11% and 99.26%, even such lower reaction times with respect to the literature.

In modern era, people are spending their time indoors around 90%. Therefore, in terms of public health, increasing indoor air quality is of great importance. In this study, it was aimed to develop pearlescent pigments that emit negative air ions in order to increase indoor air quality, and the potential of such pigments for use in composite wall paint was evaluated. For this purpose, low refractive index muscovite mica and sericite clay minerals, which were shown to emit negative ions, were combined with high refractive index TiO2. The use of two different clay minerals, different proportions of SnO2 dopant, and calcination process application were selected as experimental parameters and the effect of these parameters on the anatase-rutile phase transformation of TiO2 in the pigments was investigated. Increasing the rutile TiO2 ratio in the synthesized pigments were resulted in a better pearlescent effect and lower photocatalytic activity. In order to increase the negative air ion emitting effect of these pigments with the desired pearlescent pigment properties, these samples were also combined with extract of the Chlorophytum comosum, which also is known to emit negative air ions. As a result of the negative ion emission measurements, it was found that the samples were continued to emit negative ions without a time-dependent decrease even when not combined with the extract of C. comosum. In addition, it was showed that the prepared samples have antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, which is abundant in indoor environments, especially in health centers such as hospitals and dispensaries, and antifungal effect against Aspergillus niger, which is known as black mold, growing on moist walls.

Potassium borate was hydrothermally synthesized from various boron minerals (H3BO3, B2O3, Na2B4O7·5H2O and Na2B4O7·10H2O) at reaction conditions of 60–90 °C and 15–120 min. The synthesized potassium borate was identified as “santite (KB5O8·4H2O)” from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses results. The specific band values between B and O atoms were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies. Multiangular particles were generally observed in the range of 3.41 μm–234.94 nm. The use of different boron sources affected the morphology. Higher reaction yields were determined in the use of boric acid (H3BO3). Optical absorption of potassium borate minerals was approximately 340 nm. AC and DC electrical properties of materials were determined by using current–voltage and capacitance voltage characteristics. Electrical resistivity values of DC were found in the range of 4.17 × 108–4.07 × 1010 Ω cm, whereas dielectric constants of AC were between 2 × 105 and 2 × 106.

In this study, essential (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Zn), and non-essential (Al, Ni, Pb) element contents of the drinking and baby water samples which are sold in the local market and tap water samples in Istanbul were examined. It was determined that elements of Cr, Cu, Fe, P, Zn, Al, and Ni were below detection limits in all water samples. Among the non-essential elements analyzed in water samples, Pb was the only detected element. At the same time, the percentages that meet the daily element requirements of infants were also calculated. As a result of the evaluations made, there is no significant difference in infant nutrition between baby waters and other drinking waters in terms of the element content.

Potassium borates are one of the minor groups of boron minerals with its distinct non-linear optical properties. In this study, potassium borate compound of santite (KB5O8·4H2O) are synthesized using potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and boric acid (H3BO3) with a new and rapid method of microwave irradiation. The synthesized minerals are characterized by various analysis techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three parameters of “microwave power level”, “reaction times” and “reaction stoichiometric constants (elemental potassium to boron ratios)” are determined for the optimum synthesis of potassium borate within the four step. At the end of the step 4, optimum products are obtained as santite type potassium borate. Synthesized potassium borates Raman bands are in mutual agreement with the boron compounds and the overall reaction yields to potassium borates are very high compared with the lower reaction times.

In this paper, by using the microwave irradiation, the dehydration curves of santite (KB5O8·4H2O) were obtained and modeled. By using a different mathematical model, the kinetic parameters of the dehydration process were determined. The dehydration of santite was completed at 180, 105 and 60 min for 360, 600 and 800 W, respectively. The characterization techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were applied to the obtained santite mineral and dehydrated santite mineral. From the obtained XRD analysis, santite, its powder diffraction file number is 01-072-1688 transformed into an amorphous phase after the microwave dehydration process. From the FT-IR and Raman analyses, it can be said that partial dehydration was achieved due to the disappearance of structural H2O bands but remaining some hydroxyl bands. For the modeling results, Verma model best fits the experimental data obtained from the dehydration and the dehydration activation energy was calculated as 11.92 kW × g–1.

Aim of present study is to quantify essential (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se and Zn) and non-essential/toxic (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Ni, Pb and Ti) elements of 100% fruit juices (orange, apple, pomegranate and grape) and fruit nectars (orange, peach, apricot and cherry and the determination of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. For this purpose, inductively coupled plasma-optical emmision spectroscopy was used to find out element content of samples after microwave digestion process. Essential element contents of 100% fruit juices and nectars were determined as max. 1350 mg/L (K, in 100% orange juice) and min. 0.007 mg/L (Cr, in 100% grape, cherry and apricot nectar and Cu, Mo, in 100% apple juice). Furthermore, the daily intake percentages of essential elements were calculated for 200 mL fruit juice consumption. Target hazard quotients, hazard indexes (HI) and target carcinogenic risks (TR) of non-essential, trace and ultra trace elements were also calculated and risk analysis were conducted. According to the results, the HI and TR of samples were founded as less than 1 and 1 × 10(−4), respectively. All samples evaluated as in the low risk group.

Iron-based nanoparticles were synthesized without addition of any pH stabilizers, stabilizers and capping agent. The particles were prepared using lemon, tangerine, orange and grapefruit peel extracts. The optimum reaction parameters were determined with UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) were used. XRD results identified binary formation of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 with powder diffraction file numbers of “01-074-1910” and “03-065-0390”, respectively. According to morphological results, the smallest particle size range of 155–225 nm was observed in LP-Fe Np (iron-based nanoparticles synthesized by using lemon peel extract). UV-Vis indicated the iron nanoparticle formation in the range of 220–380 nm. The decomposition processes of the synthesized samples were occurred in multiple stages between 30 and 518°C. The smallest particles were measured at TP-Fe Np as 1.36–30.76 nm in TEM analyses. The adsorption of Congo red on the synthesized nanoparticles were also determined. The highest removal rate was obtained for the GP-Fe Np as 36.5%.

Potassium borate was hydrothermally synthesized from various of boron minerals (H3BO3, B2O3, Na2B4O7·5H2O and Na2B4O7·10H2O) at reaction conditions of 90 − 60°C and 120 − 15 min. The synthesised potassium borate was identified as “Santite (KB5O8·4H2O)” in X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analyses results. The specific band values between B and O atoms were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman Spectroscopies. Multiangular particles were generally observed in the range of 234.94 nm − 3.41 µm. The use of different boron sources may affect the morphology. Higher reaction yields were determined in the use of boric acid (H3BO3). Optical absorption of potassium borate minerals was approximately 340 nm. AC and DC electrical properties of materials were determined by using current-voltage and capacitance voltage characteristics. Electrical resistivities of DC were found in the range of 4.17×108 – 4.07×1010 Ω.cm, whereas dielectric constants of AC were between 2×105 and 2×106.

Borax sludge was selected as the adsorbent due to its dolomite content to purify the industrial wastewater. Ni+2 concentration in the industrial wastewater was decreased with the adsorption on the borax production waste. To clarify the adsorption mechanism, various pH values, initial concentrations, and contact times were applied. The adsorption percentage increased with the increasing pH value because of the precipitation of metal ion. In the isothermal analyses, the best-fitted isotherms were in the order of Temkin> Freundlich> Langmuir> Harkins-Jura isotherms. The adsorption heat (BT) was determined as 277 kJ/mole in Temkin isotherm and n value of Freundlich was estimated as 1.3. In the kinetic analyses of Ni+2 adsorption, the pseudo-second-order was the best fitted kinetic method. The adsorbed amount value of Ni+2 per unit mass (qe) varied between 8.3682 and 40 mg/g. The estimated isothermal and kinetic results indicated that the sludge of borax production waste can be preferred as an alternative for the preparation of low-cost adsorbents.

In this study, fresh and hardened features of gold mine tailings containing cement mortars prepared with various ratios of CuO, SiO2, and Al2O3 nanoparticles were investigated. The setting time, compressive and flexural strength, Differential thermal analysis (DTA)/Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Brunauer-Emm ett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and water absorption tests were carried out to observe the mechanical, thermal and durability properties of mortars. According to analyses results, the highest increment in the compressive strength was obtained for 0.2 wt% Sio(2) addition as 11.46%. BET results conformed to strength test results and lower ratios of nano-CuO and nano-SiO2 improved the microstructure of mortars when nano-Al2O3 did not show the same effects for all replacement ratios. On the other hand, 2.5 wt% nano-Al2O3 increased the water absorption resistance of mortar up to 45.22% of the reference sample. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As an alternative to fish and beef, blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) can be consumed due to their high protein content. In this study, the drying kinetics and quality changes (cook loss, area shrinkage and colour change) in whole blue mussels were investigated with several infrared power levels between 88?146 W. Various thin-layer drying models were applied to the blue mussel and the Midilli et al., model best fits the experimental data (R2: 0.999150?0.999750, ?2: 0.000104?0.000030, RMSE: 0.008309?0.004797). The effective moisture diffusivity was determined to be between 4.24?10-9 and 1.10?10-8 m2/s. The activation energy was found to be 20.85 kW/kg. The cook loss and area shrinkage increased with increasing power level and drying time. Most cook loss (30%) and area shrinkage (30%) were obtained between 15-23 min and 8-20 min of drying time, respectively. The colour change was slightly affected by the change in infrared power level.

Magnesium wastes are among the gradually ascending and therefore challenging metal wastes, which are produced by many industrial activities. The purpose of this study is the usage of magnesium waste, a raw material in magnesium borate production by hydrothermal synthesis. Boron sources (boric acid (H3BO3) and boron oxide (B2O3)) react with magnesium wastes in order to synthesize the magnesium borate mineral of admontite (MgO(B2O3)3.7(H2O)). In addition to the synthesis from waste magnesium, magnesium oxide (MgO) and B2O3 are also used to produce magnesium borates, in order to compare the results. Techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse (SEM-EDX) are used for further characterization analysis. The products boron oxide contents and overall yields are also calculated. According to the results, synthesized minerals are identified as admontite (MgO(B2O3)3.7(H2O)), mcallisterite (Mg2(B6O7(OH)6)2.9(H2O)) and magnesium borate hydrate (MgB6O7(OH)6.3(H2O)). It is seen that magnesium borates could be obtained as a mixture of different types of magnesium borate minerals or pure magnesium borate. A pure magnesium borate mineral of admontite is synthesized at the reaction temperature of 100oC and the reaction time of 240 minutes using magnesium waste (W) and both H3BO3 (W) and B2O3 (B). B2O3 content and overall yields of pure admontite for the W-H were found as 51.15 0.52% and 81.45 3.20%, respectively. Similarly, pure admontite synthesized from W-B have the 51.72 0.52% of B2O3 content and 74.56 3.20% overall reaction yield.

In this study, three different types of lanthanum borates, which have the structural formulas of La3BO6, LaBO3 and La(BO2)3, were synthesized, such as diphasic and triphasic, by using the lanthanum source of La2O3 and boron sources of both H3BO3 and B2O3 via a solid-state route. The effects of reactant molar ratio, reaction temperature, time and atmosphere on the production of lanthanum borates were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy techniques were applied to the synthesized minerals for characterization, and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used for the determination of surface morphologies and particle sizes. In addition, the optical and electrical characteristics of synthesized lanthanum borates with the highest XRD scores were investigated.

Industrial development brings waste problem which is a challenge for both human health and ecological cycle. Arsenic is a toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal that should be removed from drinking or waste water. In this study, an industrial waste of bottom ash was used as an adsorbent to remove As (V). To find an appropriate adsorption conditions, the adsorption temperatures and contact time were varied between 30 °C-50 °C and 5-180 min, respectively. The experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The highest values of n and KF for Freundlich isotherm were obtained for 30 °C and calculated as 0.432 and 0.006, respectively. According to kinetic studies, the kinetics of these experiments could be explained by pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the pseudo-second order rate constant was calculated as 0.034 g/mg.min, 0.033 g/mg.min and 0.030 g/mg.min for 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C, respectively. According to experimental results, bottom ash can be used for removal of As (V) from water sources.

Breast milk is suggested as the best method for baby nourishment by The World Health Organization (WHO, 2003). However, in some cases, breastfeeding is not possible due to different metabolic reasons. In such cases, an infant formula that is similar to the breast milk content is designed to meet infant nourishment requirements during the first 6 months after birth. It is important to know the content of infant milk formula for a baby’s health. The purpose of this presented study is to determine the elemental (Fe, Cu, Al, Cd, As, Ni, Ba) contents of the four different brands of first infant milk formula sold in the Turkish markets. Elemental contents of samples were identified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) after a microwave digestion process. Target hazard quotients (THQ) of analyzed elements were calculated and risk analyses were conducted. According to the results, the hazard indexes (HI) of infant milk formula samples were founded as less than 1 and all samples were included in the low risk group.

In this study, sonochemical-assisted magnesium borate synthesis is studied from different boron sources. Various reaction parameters are successfully applied by a simple and green method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopies are used to characterize the synthesized magnesium borates on the other hand surface morphologies are investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD analyses showed that the products were admontite [MgO(B2O3)3 · 7(H2O)] with JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards) no. of 01-076-0540 and mcallisterite [Mg2(B6O7(OH)6)2 · 9(H2O)] with JCPDS no. of 01-070-1902. The results that found in the spectroscopic studies were in a good agreement with characteristic magnesium borate bands in both regions of infra-red and visible. According to SEM results, obtained borates were in micro and sub-micro scales. By the use of ultrasonication, reaction yields were found between 84.2 and 97.9%. As a result, it is concluded that the sonochemical approach is a practicable synthesis method to get high efficiency and high crystallinity in the synthesis magnesium borate compounds.

Lithium is the lightest of all metals and the third element in the periodic table. Recent years, lithium salts have become an important input for the energy industry. Lithium carbonate and hydroxides are the basic building blocks of Li-ion battery production. The usage areas of lithium compounds are not limited to only energy; they are also utilized in heavy-duty machines, in the aluminum industry, in nuclear power plants and for glass, ceramics, frit, and coatings in industrial sectors. Lithium has also been found to be very useful in the development of harder, smoother, and more resistant low-temperature glasses, glazes, and enamels. It is also used in very-low-melting-point vitreous compositions like aluminum enamels, colors, fluxes, and glass-seals. The use of lithium also helps in the development of low-expansion bodies, glazes, and glasses. In this study, it is intended to explore the adherence forces in the steel sheet application of different amounts of lithium in enamel frit composition and to examine surface characteristics such as ease of cleaning, gloss, and color. For chemical characterization, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and color measurements were done with a Minolta CM-700d spectrometer device. Bond adherence tests were performed in accordance with the TS EN 10209 standard.

In this study, the effect of lemon addition to the element content of several herbal and fruit teas is investigated. Lemon addition to tea is a traditional cultural practice in many countries. For this purpose, fennel, mint, and sage are selected as herbal teas, and apple, lemon, and rosehip are selected as fruit teas. The essential elements of calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc are determined in the aforementioned teas with and without lemon addition by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. From the results of the experiments, the lemon addition caused different changes with respect to the tea type. Potassium (1178 ppm) in apple tea with lemon, sodium (215.1 ppm) in fennel tea with lemon, and calcium (81.88 ppm) and magnesium (53.83 ppm) in mint tea with lemon are found to be the four major essential elements in the teas. In general, the elemental contents are increased with the lemon addition for all of the tea types, except for Na in the sage tea.

The present study aims to evaluate waste magnesium in magnesium borate synthesis using a novel method of ultrasonic irradiation. For this purpose, waste magnesium is used as a raw material both with boric acid (H3BO3) and boron oxide (B2O3). Syntheses are conducted by directly immersing an ultrasonic probe in a glass reactor, and the reaction parameters are set between 60–80 °C and 5–20 min. Characteristic analyses of the synthesized products are conducted by the techniques of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Products B2O3 contents and reaction yields are also investigated. Results showed that admontite [MgO(B2O3)3·7(H2O)] and mcallisterite [Mg2(B6O7(OH)6)2·9(H2O)] types of magnesium borates minerals are synthesized. SEM analysis showed that the products particle sizes are approximately between 750 nm and 3.58 μm for mcallisterite, 474 nm and 5.10 μm for admontite. The reaction yields are found between 22 and 51 %.

In this study, potassium pentaborate (santite: KB5O8·4H2O), with a powder diffraction number of 01-072-1688 was synthesized from potassium carbonate (K2CO3), boric acid (H3BO3) and boron oxide (B2O3) with reaction efficiencies between 84.88 and 95.11 %, through a hydrothermal route. Reaction temperatures and times were varied between 60–90 °C and 15–120 min. Synthesized minerals were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, while surface morphologies were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal dehydration behavior of santite was determined by thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis. From the results, santite lost its crystal water via a two-step process between 50 and 450 °C. Activation energies (E a) were calculated by using four non-isothermal kinetic methods and found to be 110.12 and 202.43 kJ/mol by the Coats–Redfern method, 107.77 and 304.18 kJ/mol by the Doyle method, 158.82 and 154.50 kJ/mol by the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method, and 158.07 and 156.76 kJ/mol by the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method for the steps 1 and 2, respectively.

The hydrothermal synthesis of copper borate compounds [Cu(BO2)2] was studied, and several parameters were found to affect the synthesis. Raw materials, including CuSO4·5H2O, Na2B4O7·5H2O, Na2B4O7·10H2O, NaOH and H3BO3, were used. Reaction temperatures and reaction times between 40 °C and 100 °C and 15 and 240 min, respectively, were used. The as-synthesised copper borate was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The yields of the reactions were also calculated. Single-phase, nanoparticulate copper borate compounds (Cu(BO2)2) possessing high XRD crystal scores were obtained; the reactions used to obtain these materials were highly efficient. Electrical resistivity and optical absorbance measurements were carried out on the compounds obtained from the highest yielding reactions. The results of this study showed that even using a reaction time of 15 min, copper borate formation was successfully achieved.

In the present study, magnesium borate synthesis was performed by a hydrothermal mixing method, with the use of magnesium waste scraps (W) as the magnesium source, along with boric acid (H) or boron oxide (B) as the boron source. For an environment-friendly approach, a solid waste of magnesium was used at low reaction temperatures. Results of X-ray diffraction analyses showed that admontite [MgO(B2O3)3·7(H2O)] and mcallisterite [Mg2(B6O7(OH)6)2·9(H2O)] types of magnesium minerals were obtained from the synthesis. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, in both the infrared and the visible regions, characteristic borate bands were observed. The results of the boron oxide content analyses were in agreement with literature data. The particle sizes, obtained by scanning electron microscopy analyses, were found within the range of 200 nm to 2 μm for mcallisterite and 210 nm to 2.5 μm for admontite minerals. The reaction yields of the minerals were calculated in the range of 16.6–82.0% for the experiments on waste magnesium and boric acid, whereas for the experiments on waste magnesium and boron oxide these were 12.7–78.8%.

In this study, compressive and flexural strength, thermal properties, and pore structure of mortars modified with two types of boron waste and different amounts of CuO nanoparticles were investigated. The binders were prepared with 3% of borogypsum or borax waste and nano-CuO at concentration up to 4%. The setting time, compressive and flexural strength at 3, 7, and 28 days, DTA/TG, XRD, BET, and water absorption tests were carried out, and optimal nano-CuO percentages were determined. It was observed that nano-CuO addition in the range 2%–2.5% can improve mechanical properties, reduce the amount of unreacted portlandite, increase water absorption resistance, and decrease the setting time for borogypsum-containing mortars. The optimum nano-CuO replacement ratio changes between 0.5%–1% for borax waste-containing mortars. The results showed that nano-CuO was able to promote hydration reactions, act as a nanofiller, and provide a kernel for nucleation reactions. En este estudio, se investigaron las resistencias a compresión y flexión, las propiedades térmicas y las estructuras porosas de morteros modificados con dos tipos de residuos de boro y distintas cantidades de nanopartículas de CuO. Los morteros se prepararon con un 3 % de boro-yeso o residuos de boro y nano-CuO, en concentraciones de hasta el 4 %. Se realizaron ensayos de tiempo de fraguado, resistencias mecánicas a 3, 7 y 28 días, ATD/TG, DRX, area BET y absorción de agua y se determinaron los porcentajes óptimos de nano-CuO. Se observó que la adición de nano-CuO en el rango del 2 – 2,5 % mejora las propiedades mecánicas, reduce la cantidad de portlandita sin reaccionar, aumenta la resistencia de absorción del agua y disminuye el tiempo de fraguado en morteros que contienen residuos de boro. Los resultados muestran que el nano-CuO favorece las reacciones de hidratación, actua como nanofiller y proporciona un punto para las reacciones de nucleación.

Zinc borate hydrate (Zn3B6O12·3.5H2O) was synthesized from zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O), anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and boric acid (H3BO3). The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetry and differential thermal gravimetry. The effects of reaction time and temperature on product morphology were studied by use of scanning electron microscopy. Results from thermal analysis showed that dehydration occurred in two steps. Thermal dehydration kinetics were investigated by use of the Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger non-isothermal kinetic methods. In the Coats–Redfern method, activation energies were found to be 225.40 and 570.63 kJ/mol for the first and second steps, respectively. In the Horowitz–Metzger method, activation energies were found to be 254.33 kJ/mol for the first step and 518.22 kJ/mol for the second step.

In this research, the dehydration behavior of kurnakovite was studied under microwave irradiation. The kinetic parameters of the dehydration reaction were determined using different kinetic models. Kurnakovite was characterized by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the dehydration process. According to the results, kurnakovite was identified as a compound with the powder diffraction file (pdf) number 00-024-0700 before the dehydration process and after the dehydration process amorphous formations were observed. Moreover, FT-IR results showed that dehydration was completed successfully because of the disappearance in the band values of structural water. The dehydration process was ended at 25, 20, and 15 min for the power levels of 360, 600, and 800 W, respectively. Among the models, the two-term exponential model best fits the drying experimental data. For the activation energy calculation, the Page model best fits the experimental data and was found as 9.92 W $\times $ g$^{-1}$.

Boron is known element due to wide range of application areas. Microwave dehydration has more advantages than conventional dehydraion. Differ dehydraion mechanism, higher dehydraion rate and higher level of safety are some of this advantages. Furthermore, most of minerals give better result in microwave for temperature increase. Particle size, microwave power and sample mass are parameters which effect to dehydration directly. Structure of tincalconite is suitable for the investigation of dehydration behavior by microwave because of their five moles of crystal water. Tincalconite is a type of sodium borate mineral which has a white color, trigonal system and molecule formula of Na2B4O7•5H2O. Tincalconite contains 48.8% of boron oxide(B2O3) and 29.47% of structural water. In this study, dehydration behavior of tincalconite was studied with using microwave irradiation with the power level of 180 and 360 W. The kinetic parameters of reaction were determined by using the dehydration kinetic models of Lewis, Henderson and Pabis and Wang and Singh. Tincalconite and dehydrated tincalconite characterized by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. According to the results obtained tincalconite was dehydrated successfully at the microwave power level of 360 W at 14 min, on the contrary at 180 W, only the 68% of the structural water was dehydrated. Among the models, which are applied only at 360 W, Wang and Singh model best fits the data with the coefficient of regression (R2) value of 0.9965.

Essential elemental concentrations of Turkish black, green, and earl grey tea infusions were determined with and without added lemon. Daily percentage elemental intake values from these 3 teas with and without lemon addition were calculated based on Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were increased after lemon addition. The chromium (Cr) concentration was decreased in green and earl grey teas and increased in black tea after lemon addition. The manganese (Mn) concentration was increased in green tea and decreased in black and earl grey teas after lemon addition. The phosphorus (P) concentration was increased in earl grey and green teas, and decreased in black tea after lemon addition. The daily intake value of Mn was found above the RDA value.

In this study, ulexite, probertite found within sodium–calcium borates and borax, and tincalconite found within sodium borates retrieved from different regions in Turkey are evaluated for their neutron irradiation performances. Characterisations were performed using XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy. B2O3 contents were determined experimentally, structural water contents and surface morphologies were determined using DTA/TG and SEM. Neutron transmission values and total macroscopic cross-sections were determined using 239Pu–Be source moderated in a howitzer. Neutron transmission values from lowest to highest were found to be as follows: secondary ulexite (Kirka), tincalconite (Kirka), ulexite (Kestelek), ulexite (Kirka), borax (Kirka), probertite (Kestelek) and ulexite (Bigadic).

Besides that today's technology provides lots of developments and benefits, it also causes environmental pollution problems. Preventing environmental pollution and cleaning of pollutants are very important issues in terms of life. The first aim of this study is the synthesis and characterization of a geopolymer, which has a porous structure, from Bergama gold mine tailings. In this way, it is desired to eliminate the negative environmental effects caused by the gold mine waste. For this purpose, geopolymer samples were synthesized in accordance with the experimental program which was designed by Design Expert Trial 7 and optimum geopolymer sample was determined by Central Composite Inscribed (CCI) design method. The second aim of this study is to use the synthesized geopolymer sample in the adsorption of Lead (Pb2+). For this reason, various adsorption studies (pH, temperature, concentration, etc.), isotherm and kinetic studies have been done. X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope-Energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses were carried out for the raw materials and geopolymer characterization during the studies. ICP-OES device was used in adsorption studies. The experimental results showed that Pb2+ removal by gold mine tailings based geopolymers was best fitted to Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.999) and pseudo second order kinetic models (R2 = 0.993).