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Property law has long established a difference between real and personal property. When an individual dies, if they owned real property in another state, they may be subject to the other state’s probate or estates code. This means that the decedent’s beneficiaries may have to probate the estate again in the secondary state’s courts if the statutes state that is a requirement. This secondary probate proceeding is called ancillary probate. This Article aims to show the negative effects that ancillary probate has on certain people and industries. Specifically, ancillary probate is a problem that negatively affects farmers and ranchers across the nation due to increased costs and time, problems with estate planning, and the effects it has on the individual needs of families. Because farming and ranching is a vital industry to the survival of the United States, reform is needed to increase uniformity across state codes. This Article demonstrates why uniformity will better serve those who farm and ranch when they own land in another state at the time of death. The original contribution to scholarship is showing how the effects of ancillary probate affect farmers and ranchers and proposing that states should adopt an estates code that mimics the Texas Estates Code. This Article urges states to not only adopt a code provision that better serves the farming and ranching industry but to adopt a provision that mimics Texas Estate Code sections. This Article shows why ancillary probate is an increasing problem for farmers and ranchers while also showing why this group is important to the country. It displays the importance of this group of people and why measures should be taken to protect their ability to be on the land and to farm. Lastly, this Article aims to encourage states to adopt a new provision by showing the negative effects that the current system has on this industry by highlighting necessities that are the product of this industry.

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by the formation and progressive enlargement of fluid-filled cysts due to abnormal cell proliferation. Cyclic AMP agonists, including arginine vasopressin, stimulate ERK-dependent proliferation of cystic cells, but not normal kidney cells. Previously, B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF), a MAPK kinase kinase that activates MEK-ERK signaling, was shown to be a central intermediate in the cAMP mitogenic response. However, the role of BRAF on cyst formation and enlargement in vivo had not been demonstrated. To determine if active BRAF induces kidney cyst formation, we generated transgenic mice that conditionally express BRAF

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive enlargement of fluid-filled cysts, causing nephron loss and a decline in renal function. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is overactive in cyst-lining cells and contributes to abnormal cell proliferation and cyst enlargement; however, the mechanism for mTOR stimulation remains unclear. We discovered that calcium/calmodulin (CaM) dependent kinase IV (CaMK4), a multifunctional kinase, is overexpressed in the kidneys of ADPKD patients and PKD mouse models. In human ADPKD cells, CaMK4 knockdown reduced mTOR abundance and the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), a downstream target of mTOR. Pharmacologic inhibition of CaMK4 with KN-93 reduced phosphorylated S6K and S6 levels and inhibited cell proliferation and in vitro cyst formation of ADPKD cells. Moreover, inhibition of calcium/CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase-β and CaM, two key upstream regulators of CaMK4, also decreased mTOR signaling. The effects of KN-93 were independent of the liver kinase B1–adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and the combination of KN-93 and metformin, an AMPK activator, had additive inhibitory effects on mTOR signaling and in vitro cyst growth. Our data suggest that increased CaMK4 expression and activity contribute to mTOR signaling and the proliferation of cystic cells of ADPKD kidneys.

Alopecia is a major issue related to body image. Hair symbolises life and identity, plays an important role in social communication reflecting the social class, sex, profession and religious belief. Chemotherapy-induced alopecia is a condition that can affect psychosocial well-being and quality of life of a cancer patient resulting in anxiety, depression, a negative body image and lowered self-esteem. This study was designed to assess the level of distress and coping in cancer patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced alopecia. A descriptive study design was used, and a convenience sampling technique was used to select 150 subjects experiencing chemotherapy-induced alopecia in the oncology wards of a tertiary hospital. Chemotherapy-induced alopecia distress scale was used to assess the level of distress and chemotherapy-induced alopecia coping scale was used to assess various coping strategies among subjects. A high level of distress was experienced by 59.3% of the subjects and 60% of them had moderate coping. There was a weak negative (r = −0.083) and a weak positive (r = 0.238) correlation between the level of distress and passive and active coping strategies, respectively. The significant factors associated with distress were gender, financial source for treatment, diagnosis, type of chemotherapeutic drug, number of cycles offered and major coping strategy adopted. Factors such as number of children, family income, duration of illness and occupation of the patient showed significant association with the coping strategies. This study highlighted the need for the health-care team to be more sensitive to the less explored area of cancer treatment which would lead to an improved quality of life throughout the patient's illness process.

We describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a culturally-responsive college access program, Make It Happen, aimed at increasing educational opportunity for historically-targeted middle and high school students. The sample included 254 participants who participated in the evidence-based 10-session program. These participants completed surveys before and after the program which inquired about their (1) school engagement, (2) social connectedness, and (3) academic and college help-seeking self-efficacy. T-test analyses were conducted and determined the participants at post-test, felt significantly more engaged at school, more connected to others, and more self-efficacious in seeking support for information about academics and college. The authors describe the importance of working with teachers, school staff, and counselors to foster a supportive and positive exploratory space for students who could benefit from learning about their future options (Beesley, 2004; Yeh, Ching, Okubo, & Luthar, 2007).

International audience; Background: Doxycycline is an antibiotic used in combination with quinine or artesunate for malaria treatment or alone for malaria chemoprophylaxis. Recently, one prophylactic failure has been reported, and several studies have highlighted in vitro doxycycline decreased susceptibility in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from different areas. The genetic markers that contribute to detecting and monitoring the susceptibility of P. falciparum to doxycycline, the pfmdt and pftetQ genes, have recently been identified. However, these markers are not sufficient to explain in vitro decreased susceptibility of P. falciparum to doxycycline. In this paper, the association between polymorphism of the small sub-unit ribosomal RNA apicoplastic gene pfssrRNA (PFC10_API0057) and in vitro susceptibilities of P. falciparum isolates to doxycycline were investigated.Methods: Doxycycline IC50 determinations using the hypoxanthine uptake inhibition assay were performed on 178 African and Thai P. falciparum isolates. The polymorphism of pfssrRNA was investigated in these samples by standard PCR followed by sequencing.Results: No point mutations were found in pfssrRNA in the Thai or African isolates, regardless of the determined IC50 values.Conclusions: The pfssrRNA gene is not associated with in vitro decreased susceptibility of P. falciparum to doxycycline. Identifying new in vitro molecular markers associated with reduced susceptibility is needed, to survey the emergence of doxycycline resistance.