Search

Purpose Pediculosis caused by human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) is a public health problem with a high prevalence, especially among children in school age. Different chemical pediculicides (insecticides) are used against lice but the repeated application of these pediculicides for the treatment of P. humanus capitis infestation in the past decades has resulted in the development of resistance. The plant essential oils have been used as alternative sources of lice treatment agents. Pediculicidal activity of the essential oils of three Origanum species (O. onites, O. majorana and O. minutiflorum) against P. humanus capitis adults was examined in this study. Methods Essential oils from aerial parts of three Origanum species were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. P. humanus capitis specimens used were obtained from infested children by combing method at primary schools. Adult lice were exposed to three dilutions (1%, 0.5% and 0.1% w/v) of tested oils for 5 min using the adult immersion test. Results According to the results, all Origanum essential oils at 1% concentration have been shown to significantly decrease the rate of limb, bowel and abdomen movements, producing more than 90% mortality after 12 h. Conclusion Our results indicated that Origanum essential oils can be used for the development of new pediculicides against head louse.

Background: Hand hygiene compliances of healthcare students have been examined extensively. However, there has been no study in this area for the students of the department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation. The aim was to evaluate hand hygiene compliance of the department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation students after a briefing on hand hygiene. Methods: Before the summer practice, the students were briefed on hand hygiene. Then their hand hygiene compliance were assessed. Their sociodemographic characteristics, clinical summer practice data, and hand hygiene compliance based on the recommendations commented in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health Care Settings were assessed with a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. Results: Of 53 students, 52 met inclusion criteria. The average correct answer rate was 82.69%. Students had inadequacies in selecting suitable hand hygiene techniques and in complying with hand hygiene indications in some situations related to their profession. Moreover, the students suggested that there was a great need for education (n = 24; 39.34%) and improvements in physical conditions (n = 21; 34.43%). Conclusions: As a conclusion, department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation students were aware of the importance of hand hygiene in terms of prevention of healthcare-associated infections. However, for department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation students, educational programs about hand hygiene is needed in order to gain optimal competence and to be able to protect and improve health care workers and patients safety.

Plasmodium falciparum malaria causes about 450.000 deaths every year, mostly in children around the world. The infection is seen in cases coming from abroad and may lead to deaths in Turkey. Many native P.falciparum malaria cases and deaths due to this infection were observed in Turkey during mid 1900's when malaria was epidemic. But only two native cases were reported in the last 50 years, both from Manisa. First case was a one-year old baby who has come to Manisa from Urfa with his family and has never been abroad. He has diagnosed with Plasmodium vivax malaria and treated with chloroquine and primaquine. A previously obtained thin blood film was examined and characteristic P.falciparum rings in red blood cells were observed and the case was published together with photographs as probable P.falciparum and P.vivax mixed infection. After this case, microscopists working in Malaria Control Unit of Manisa were informed about the differentiation of malaria species in thin blood samples. Soon afterward, another case who have never been abroad before were also diagnosed with P.falciparum and P.vivax mixed infection and this case was also published with photographs taken from thin blood samples. As molecular diagnostic methods were not improved and widespread in those years, it could not be applied in both cases. A Giemsa stained thin blood sample of the baby case was incidentally found 22 years afterwards and with the aim of molecular diagnosis, the blood sample on the slide previously processed for DNA isolation, then analysed with "FTD Malaria Differentiation (Fast Track Diagnostics, Luxembourg)" multiplex kit with real-time polymerase chain reaction by using probes special for P.falciparum, P.ovale, P.malariae, P.vivax species. DNA's belonging to P.falciparum and P.vivax were found to be positive, the case is molecularly proved to have P.falciparum and P.vivax mixed infection. This case indicated that Turkey is convenient for the expansion of P.falciparum malaria in terms of the climate and vectors and suggested that the potential danger may increase with the effects of global warming, wars and migrations and may jump to Europe over Turkey. The case which molecularly proved the existence of native P.falciparum malaria in the near future in Turkey, was presented to draw attention to the danger of this infection for Turkey and Europe.

Pediculosis caused by human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) is a public health problem with a high prevalence, especially among children in school age. Different chemical pediculicides (insecticides) are used against lice but the repeated application of these pediculicides for the treatment of P. humanus capitis infestation in the past decades has resulted in the development of resistance. The plant essential oils have been used as alternative sources of lice treatment agents. Pediculicidal activity of the essential oils of three Origanum species (O. onites, O. majorana and O. minutiflorum) against P. humanus capitis adults was examined in this study.Essential oils from aerial parts of three Origanum species were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. P. humanus capitis specimens used were obtained from infested children by combing method at primary schools. Adult lice were exposed to three dilutions (1%, 0.5% and 0.1% w/v) of tested oils for 5 min using the adult immersion test.According to the results, all Origanum essential oils at 1% concentration have been shown to significantly decrease the rate of limb, bowel and abdomen movements, producing more than 90% mortality after 12 h.Our results indicated that Origanum essential oils can be used for the development of new pediculicides against head louse.

Cutaneous (CL) and visceral (VL) forms of leishmaniasis, transmitted by sand flies, are seen in all countries located in Mediterranean Basin including Turkey. in this study, we aimed to conduct an entomological survey for the detection of sand fly fauna and vector species in Mersin province, one of the important endemic areas for CL in Turkey. in total, 912 sand fly specimens were collected in 2010 and 2011 using CDC light traps. Nine Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae) and three Sergentomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) species were detected. of the collected Phlebotomus sand flies, P. sergenti Parrot, 1917 (30.1%) was the most dominant followed by P. alexandri Sinton, 1928 (18.2%), P. neglectus/syriacusTonnoir Adler (12.0%), P. tobbi Adler & Theodor, 1930 (11.7%), and P. papatasi Scopoli, 1786 (10.2%), while S. minuta Rondani, 1843 (11.3%) was the dominant species among Sergentomyia. During the field work in 2011, female specimens (n = 81) were screened for the presence of Leishmania promastigotes by midgut dissection, and all were found negative.The rest of the collected female specimens (n = 334) were pooled according to species (P. alexandri, P. neglectus/syriacus, P. papatasi, P. sergenti, P. simici, and P. tobbi) and location (Mut, Silifke, and Anamur). in total, 29 pools were generated and real-time ITS1 PCR assay was performed to detect and identify natural Leishmania Ross, 1903 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida) infection.Two pools, both from Mut town, containing P. sergenti specimens were found positive and Leishmania tropics Ross, 1903 was identified as an infectious agent for both pools. in conclusion, the sand fly fauna was determined in an endemic area for CL. The detection of L. tropica DNA in P. sergenti specimens showed the possible vectorial role of this species in Mersin province., Scientific Research Project Fund of Manisa Celal Bayar University [SH-2009-068], This study is supported by the Scientific Research Project Fund of Manisa Celal Bayar University under the project number SH-2009-068.

Head lice infestation caused by Pediculus humanus capitis de Geer, 1767 is one of the most common public health problems. the relationship between humans and head lice dates back millions of years ago that differentiated into different phylogenetic clades. Treatment of head lice infestation usually based on insecticide-based products, which promotes the resistance in the head lice populations. in the present study, we aimed to screen the presence of permethrin resistance among collected P. h. capitis specimens in Turkey. Three mutation sites (T917I, L920F, and M815I) were screened using real-time PCR and resistance was identified by melt analysis. of the studied specimens, resistance allele frequency (RAF) was found 0.98 for T917I, 0.99 for L920F, and 1.00 for M815I. the phylogenetic study revealed that Clade A and Clade B are present and overlap in Turkey. the present study is first to screen the resistance among Turkish head lice specimens. To not stimulate the pyrethroids resistance in head lice populations, early detection of resistance is crucial and will help the health professionals to choose suitable formula in the treatment. We suggest that the resistance status needs to be screened in randomly selected populations before any treatment application is given., Scientific Research Project Fund of the University of Health Sciences [2018/067], We thank Dr. Suha Kenan Arserim, Prof. Dr. Seray Toz and Prof. Dr. Yusuf Ozbel for their valuable helps. This study is supported by the Scientific Research Project Fund of the University of Health Sciences under project number 2018/067.

Plasmodium falciparum malaria causes about 450.000 deaths every year, mostly in children around the world. The infection is seen in cases coming from abroad and may lead to deaths in Turkey. Many native P.falciparum malaria cases and deaths due to this infection were observed in Turkey during mid 1900's when malaria was epidemic. But only two native cases were reported in the last 50 years, both from Manisa. First case was a one-year old baby who has come to Manisa from Urfa with his family and has never been abroad. He has diagnosed with Plasmodium vivax malaria and treated with chloroquine and primaquine. A previously obtained thin blood film was examined and characteristic P.falciparum rings in red blood cells were observed and the case was published together with photographs as probable P.falciparum and P.vivax mixed infection. After this case, microscopists working in Malaria Control Unit of Manisa were informed about the differentiation of malaria species in thin blood samples. Soon afterward, another case who have never been abroad before were also diagnosed with P.falciparum and P.vivax mixed infection and this case was also published with photographs taken from thin blood samples. As molecular diagnostic methods were not improved and widespread in those years, it could not be applied in both cases. A Giemsa stained thin blood sample of the baby case was incidentally found 22 years afterwards and with the aim of molecular diagnosis, the blood sample on the slide previously processed for DNA isolation, then analysed with "FTD Malaria Differentiation (Fast Track Diagnostics, Luxembourg)" multiplex kit with real-time polymerase chain reaction by using probes special for P.falciparum, P.ovale, P.malariae, P.vivax species. DNA's belonging to P.falciparum and P.vivax were found to be positive, the case is molecularly proved to have P.falciparum and P.vivax mixed infection. This case indicated that Turkey is convenient for the expansion of P.falciparum malaria in terms of the climate and vectors and suggested that the potential danger may increase with the effects of global warming, wars and migrations and may jump to Europe over Turkey. The case which molecularly proved the existence of native P.falciparum malaria in the near future in Turkey, was presented to draw attention to the danger of this infection for Turkey and Europe.

Amaç: Baş biti enfestasyonu tüm dünyada bir halk sağlığı ve sosyal problemdir. Tedavisi için insektisit bazlı ve dimetikon bazlı solüsyonlar kullanılmakta ve günümüzde birçok ülkede bulunabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada piyasada bulunan insektisit bazlı baş biti ürünleri ile farklı oranlarda dimetikon içeren fiziksel olarak etkili ürünlerin etkinliklerinin in vitro olarak karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Yöntemler: Baş biti örnekleri, özel taraklar yardımıyla ilkokul öğrencilerinden toplanmıştır. Ürünler ise piyasada bulunduğu şekli ile satın alınmış ve kullanılmıştır. Örnekler, içinde hafifçe ıslatılmış filter kağıdı bulunan 5 cm petri kaplarına tek tek konulmuş ve 28±2 °C ile %50±20 nem sağlanan ortamda tutulmuşlardır. Standardize edilen protokol bütün ürünler için aynı şekilde uygulanmış ve 24 saat sonra ölüm oranları not edilmiştir. Kontrol testlerinde örneklere herhangi bir şey uygulanmamıştır. Her ürün ve kontroller için 10-20 baş biti örneği kullanılmış ve sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmamız mineral yağ içeren iki ürünün (%5,5 dimetikon ve silikon ile dimetikon (oranı prospektüste verilmemiş) ve siklopentasiloksan) baş bitlerinin öldürülmesinde daha etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.Sonuç: Toksik olmamaları ve herhangi bir direnç gelimesi beklenmediği için dimetikon bazlı ürünler tekrarlanarak kullanılabilir, ancak enfestasyonun halk sağlığı düzeyinde kontrol altına alınabilmesi için fiyat açısından rekabet edebilecek düzeye getirilerek bu ürünlerin kullanımının teşvik edilmesi gereklidir, Objective: Head lice infestation is a public health and social problem for almost all countries worldwide. For its treatment, insecticide and dimeticone-based solutions are currently available in the markets in many countries. We aimed to compare the efficacy of commercially available anti-head lice shampoos containing insecticide and physically effective products with different percentages of dimeticone using an in vitro technique.Methods: Head lice specimens were collected from primary school children using special plastic and metal combs. Anti-head lice products were commercially purchased and used directly. The specimens were placed one by one in 5-cm Petri dishes containing a slightly wet filter paper and were kept in a plastic cage at 28±2°C and 50%±20% relative humidity. A standardized protocol was used for testing all the products, and mortality data were obtained after 24 h. Two control tests were performed with each batch of trials. For each product and control, 10-20 head lice specimens were used, and the results were statistically analyzed.Results: Our study demonstrated that among all the tested products, two products containing mineral oils [5.5% dimeticone & silicone (patented product) and dimeticone (no percentage mentioned in the prospectus) & cyclopentasiloxane] were found to be more effective for killing head lice in vitro.Conclusion: Physically effective products can be repetitively used because they are non-toxic and resistance to them is not expected. To control the infestation at a public level, the use of these products needs to be encouraged with respect to their cost price

PubMed ID: 29318991, OBJECTIVE: The human head louse Pediculus capitis has recently acquired resistance to commercially available insecticides, which has expanded the search concerning the pediculicidal activities of some herbal products. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro pediculicidal activities of volatile oils extracted from 10 medical plants raised in Turkey: Rosa damascena (red provins rose), Pelargonium graveolens (geranium), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Salvia triloba (salvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary; two different chemotypes), Citrus bergamia (citrus tree), Cymbopogon nardus (citronella), Citrus limonum (lemon), and Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemongrass).METHODS: Head lice obtained from school children in Manisa Province were initially grouped as adults and nymphs and were then kept under optimal conditions (temperature of 27°C and humidity of 50%). A pinch of hair and filter paper were placed in Petri dishes and seven adults and seven nymphs were separately put in Petri dishes. The extracts obtained from each volatile oil were dropped on the lice specimens.RESULTS: The active movement of the external (antenna and legs) and internal (midgut and intestine) organs of the lice was monitored and recorded starting from 5th min for 24 hours by 10 to 30 minutes intervals. The time of death was defined as the loss of active movement and cessation of intestinal activities of lice. The results were analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.CONCLUSION: The results showed that the volatile oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (two different chemotypes) was more effective than the other oils.

Amaç: Baş biti enfestasyonuna neden olan Pediculus capitis'in, piyasada bulunan kimyasal insektisitlere karşı direnç kazanması ve bu insektisitlerin sık tekrarlayan kullanımlarında oluşabilecek toksisite nedeniyle bitkisel ürünlerin pedikülosidal etkilerine ilişkin araştırmalar giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de yetiştirilen Türk Gülü (Rosa damascena), Itır (Pelargonium graveolens), Lavanta (Lavandula angustifolia), Adaçayı (Salvia triloba), iki farklı tür kuşdili (Rosmarinum officinalis), Bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Limon (Citrus limonum) ve Hint limonu (Cymbopogon flexuosus) olmak üzere toplam 10 tıbbi bitkiden elde edilen uçucu yağların in vitro pedikülosidal etkinliğini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır.Yöntemler: Okul çocuklarından canlı olarak toplanan baş bitleri başlangıçta yetişkinler ve nimfler olarak gruplandırılmış ve en uygun koşullarda (27°C, %50 nem) muhafaza edilmiştir. Her uçucu yağ için yedi erişkin ve yedi nimf bir petri kutusuna bir tutam saç ve filtre kağıdı ile birlikte ayrı ayrı konulmuş ve daha sonra bu ekstratlar bit üzerine damlatılmıştır.Bulgular: Bitin dış (anten, bacaklar) ve iç (orta bağırsak, bağırsak) organlarının aktif hareketleri takip edilmiş ve 5 dakikadan başlanarak 24 saat boyunca canlılıkları kontrol edilmiştir. Ölüm zamanı aktif hareketlerin kaybedilmesi ve bitlerin bağırsak faaliyetlerinin durdurulması olarak tanımlandı. Sonuçlar Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) istatistik programı versiyon 15 ile analiz edildi.Sonuç: Rosmarinus officinalis'in (kuşdili, 2 farklı kemotipin) uçucu yağının diğer yağlardan daha etkili olduğu gözlendi, Objective: The human head louse Pediculus capitis has recently acquired resistance to commercially available insecticides, which has expanded the search concerning the pediculicidal activities of some herbal products. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro pediculicidal activities of volatile oils extracted from 10 medical plants raised in Turkey: Rosa damascena (red provins rose), Pelargonium graveolens (geranium), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Salvia triloba (salvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary; two different chemotypes), Citrus bergamia (citrus tree), Cymbopogon nardus (citronella), Citrus limonum (lemon), and Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemongrass).Methods: Head lice obtained from school children in Manisa Province were initially grouped as adults and nymphs and were then kept under optimal conditions (temperature of 27°C and humidity of 50%). A pinch of hair and filter paper were placed in Petri dishes and seven adults and seven nymphs were separately put in Petri dishes. The extracts obtained from each volatile oil were dropped on the lice specimens. Results: The active movement of the external (antenna and legs) and internal (midgut and intestine) organs of the lice was monitored and recorded starting from 5th min for 24 hours by 10 to 30 minutes intervals. The time of death was defined as the loss of active movement and cessation of intestinal activities of lice. The results were analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versiyon 15.Conclusion: The results showed that the volatile oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (two different chemotypes) was more effective than the other oils

A series of substituted phenylethylidenehydrazinylpyridinium derivatives bearing methyl, ethyl, propyl, and propylphenyl groups on the pyridinium nitrogen were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica by using the microdilution method. Among the tested compounds, 3d, 5c, 3b, and 3c were found to be the most active derivatives against the promastigotes of L. tropica (IC50 values are 6.90, 9.92, 11.69 and 12.03 µM, respectively) and to be more active than reference drug meglumine antimonaite (glucantime) (IC50 value: 20.49 µM). The derivatives investigated in this study may have the potential to be lead compound against leishmanial infection.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has now been recorded from 38 provinces of Turkey. Twenty-one VL cases were reported within six years from settlements located in most northeastern Turkey and we therefore aimed to carry out an entomological and seroepidemiological survey in this new focus for clarifying risk factors. Blood samples from 290 children and 165 dogs were collected. Sera samples were investigated for anti-Leishmania antibodies using indirect fluorescent antibody test. Sand fly collection for determining the fauna and seasonal activity was performed in all settlements by CDC light traps between June and September 2006. Although no seropositive child was detected during the survey the overall seroprevalence rate of canine leishmaniasis was found as 7.2%. A total of 4154 sand flies were collected and 10 species of genus Phlebotomus were identified belonging to Adlerius, Larroussius, Paraphlebotomus and Phlebotomus subgenera. Among them Phlebotomus kandelakii s.l. (55.44%), Phlebotomus balcanicus (12.62%) and Phlebotomus neglectus (4.40%) was detected as probable vector species for this new focus. The poor sanitation, very high population size of sand flies, probably because of very short season, no control measures for sand flies as well as dogs, and presence of microclimate suitable for sand flies were considered as main risk factors in the area.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Leishmania tropica üzerine moksifloksasin ve linezolid ile kaspofunginin, potansiyel anti-leishmanial etkilerinin in vitro olarak araştırılması amaçlandı. Yöntemler: Tüm ajanların in vitro etkisi mikrodilüsyon yöntemiyle araştırıldı. Bu amaçla moksifloksasin, linezolid ve kaspofunginin 4096 ?g/mL-0.008 ?g/mL arasındaki konsantrasyonlarda seri dilüsyonları yapıldı. Ardından uygun besiyerinde inkübe edilen promastigotlar hemositometre ile sayıldı ve besiyeri+antibiyotik veya antifungal içeren kuyucuklardaki son konsantrasyonları 2.5x106 hücre/mL olacak şekilde ayarlandı. İnkübasyondan sonra canlı promastigotlar hemositometre ile sayıldı ve ajanların %50 inhibitör konsantrasyonları (IK50) kontrollerle karşılaştırılarak belirlendi. Bulgular: Moksifloksasin, linezolid ve kaspofunginin in vitro IK50 değerleri sırasıyla 194.7 ?g/mL, 896 ?g/mL ve 235.7 ?g/mL olarak bulundu. Sonuç: Moksifloksasinin, L. tropica promastigotlarına karşı çalışılan diğer ajanlara göre daha düşük konsantrasyonlarda etkili olduğu sonucuna varıldı. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2013; 37: 1-3), Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential in vitro anti-leishmanial activities of moxifloxacin, linezolid and caspofungin against Leishmania tropica. Methods: In vitro effects of all agents were studied by using the microdilution method. For this purpose, serial dilutions of the aforementioned agents were prepared in concentrations between 4096 μg/mL-0.008 μg/mL. Afterwards, promastigotes incubated in suitable medium were counted with the hemocytometer and adjusted as having a last concentration of 2.5x106 cells/mL in wells containing medium+antibiotic or antifungal. After incubation live promastigotes were counted with the hemocytometer and inhibitor concentrations (IC50) were determined by comparing with the control that contained no antibiotics or antifungal. Results: IC50 values of moxiloxacin, linezolid and caspofungin were found as 194.7 μg/mL, 896 μg/mL and 235.7 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: As a result, moxifloxacin was found to be effective in lower concentrations than the other studied agents against L. tropica promastigotes. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2013; 37: 1-3)

Background: Giardiasis, a common infection among children, is caused by a flagellated protozoan called Giardia lamblia. It is well known to be contagious in common living places. This is an epidemiologic study investigating the incidence of giardiasis among the siblings of patients with giardiasis living in the same household. Methods: Stool samples of 50 patients with a G. lamblia positive sibling in the same household, and 50 patients with a G. lamblia negative sibling in the same household, were examined for giardiasis by saline-Lugol, formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and trichrome staining methods. Other causes of diarrhea were excluded by microbiologic laboratory tests. Results: Thirty-eight per cent of siblings of G. lamblia positive patients and 8% of siblings of G. lamblia negative children were found to be positive for G. lamblia cysts and/or trophozoites. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P

Çalışmamızda Manisa'nın Osmancalı ve Maldan köylerindeki ilköğretim okullarında aynı yaş grubundaki çocuklarda belirli aralıklarla saç biti (Pediculus capitis) taramaları yapılmış ve çocuklardaki bit varlığındaki değişimler izlenerek kaydedilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, 2008 ve 2009 yıllarının Mayıs ve Kasım aylarında o zaman için yeni geliştirilmiş bir bit tarağı (PDC®, KSL Consulting, Helsinge, Danimarka) kullanılarak yapılan düzenli taramalarda, (1565'i Osmancalı, 526'sı Maldan'dan) toplam 2091 çocuk çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Sonuçların değerlendirilmesi SPSS® v.15 programının CHAID ve lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Düzenli aralıklarla toplam 4 kez gerçekleştirilen taramalar sonucunda, kızlarda saç biti infestasyonunun erkeklerden çok daha yüksek düzeylerde olduğu (P, In the present study, school children of similar age-groups from two villages of Manisa province, namely Osmancalı and Maldan, were examined in regular time periods to monitorize the changes in the incidence of head lice (Pediculus capitis). A total of 2091 children (1565 in Osmancalı and 526 in Maldan) were combed with a newly-designed lice comb (PDC®, KSL Consulting, Helsinge, Denmark) four times in May and November in 2008 and 2009. The assessment of the results was conducted with SPSS® v.15 program using CHAID and logistic regression analysis. The results of the periodic examinations of the children showed that the infestation rate of girls were found to be higher significantly compared to boys (P

Çalışmamızda Manisa'nın Osmancalı ve Maldan köylerindeki ilköğretim okullarında aynı yaş grubundaki çocuklarda belirli aralıklarla saç biti (Pediculus capitis) taramaları yapılmış ve çocuklardaki bit varlığındaki değişimler izlenerek kaydedilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, 2008 ve 2009 yıllarının Mayıs ve Kasım aylarında o zaman için yeni geliştirilmiş bir bit tarağı (PDC®, KSL Consulting, Helsinge, Danimarka) kullanılarak yapılan düzenli taramalarda, (1565'i Osmancalı, 526'sı Maldan'dan) toplam 2091 çocuk çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Sonuçların değerlendirilmesi SPSS® v.15 programının CHAID ve lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Düzenli aralıklarla toplam 4 kez gerçekleştirilen taramalar sonucunda, kızlarda saç biti infestasyonunun erkeklerden çok daha yüksek düzeylerde olduğu (P

Calismamizda Manisa’nin Osmancali ve Maldan koylerindeki ilkogretim okullarinda ayni yas grubundaki cocuklarda belirli araliklarla sac biti (Pediculus capitis) taramalari yapilmis ve cocuklardaki bit varligindaki degisimler izlenerek kaydedilmistir. Bu baglamda, 2008 ve 2009 yillarinin Mayis ve Kasim aylarinda o zaman icin yeni gelistirilmis bir bit taragi (PDC®, KSL Consulting, Helsinge, Danimarka) kullanilarak yapilan duzenli taramalarda, (1565’i Osmancali, 526’si Maldan’dan) toplam 2091 cocuk calismaya dâhil edilmistir. Sonuclarin degerlendirilmesi SPSS® v.15 programinin CHAID ve lojistik regresyon analizi kullanilarak yapilmistir. Duzenli araliklarla toplam 4 kez gerceklestirilen taramalar sonucunda, kizlarda sac biti infestasyonunun erkeklerden cok daha yuksek duzeylerde oldugu (P

WOS: 000272829100005, PubMed ID: 19951427, Background: Dimeticone 4% lotion was shown to be an effective treatment for head louse infestation in two randomised controlled trials in England. It is not affected by insecticide resistance but efficacy obtained (70-75%) was lower than expected. This study was designed to evaluate efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion in a geographically, socially, and culturally different setting, in rural Turkey and, in order to achieve blinding, it was compared with a potential alternative formulation. Methods: Children from two village schools were screened for head lice by detection combing. All infested students and family members could participate, giving access to treatment for the whole community. Two investigator applied treatments were given 7 days apart. Outcome was assessed by detection combing three times between treatments and twice the week following second treatment. Results: In the intention to treat group 35/36 treated using dimeticone 4% had no lice after the second treatment but there were two protocol violators giving 91.7% treatment success. The alternative product gave 30/36 (83.3%) treatment success, a difference of 8.4% (95% CI-9.8% to 26.2%). The cure rates per-protocol were 33/34 (97.1%) and 30/35 (85.7%) respectively. We were unable to find any newly emerged louse nymphs on 77.8% of dimeticone 4% treated participants or on 66.7% of those treated with the alternative formulation. No adverse events were identified. Conclusion: Our results confirm the efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion against lice and eggs and we found no detectable difference between this product and dimeticone 4% lotion with nerolidol 2% added. We believe that the high cure rate was related to the lower intensity of infestation in Turkey, together with the level of community engagement, compared with previous studies in the UK.

WOS: 000260579500018, PubMed ID: 18177517, Finding lice can be difficult in head louse infestation. We compared a new louse detection comb with visual inspection. All children in two rural Turkish schools were screened by the two methods. Those with lice were offered treatment and the results monitored by detection combing Children with nits only were re-screened to identify latent infestations. Using visual inspection we found 214 461 children (46%) with nits but only 30 (6.5%) with live lice. In contrast detection combing found 96 (21%) with live lice. of whom 20 had no nits. Detection combing was 3.84 times more effective than visual inspection for finding live lice. Only 10/138 (7.2%) children with nits and no lice were Found to have active infestation by day 16. We found that the detection comb is significantly (P

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activity of an endemic Turkish plant and compare its efficacy with a reference drug. In addition to the in vitro activities of the ethanol, acidified and alkaloid extracts and furoquinoline alkaloids skimmianine and gamma-fagarine, in vivo antileishmanial activitiy of the acidified extract of Haplophyllum myrtifolium Boiss. (Rutaceae) were investigated against Leishmania tropica (L. tropica), a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. All the extracts and pure compounds showed in vitro inhibitory activity against the promastigotes of. L. tropica. The in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations of y-fagarine, acidified extract, ethanol extract, skimmianine and alkaloid extract against promastigotes were determined as 8.7, 9.4, 10.9, 25.7 and 25.8 microg/ml respectively. In vivo results of Haplophyllum myrtifolium acidified extract showed that this plant has a limited effect on decreasing the lesion size of experimental mice infected with Leishmania tropica. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time both the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of Haplophyllum mrytifolium have been reported in the same research.

Background Intestinal parasitic infections affect child health and development and slow down growth, while reducing adults' productivity and work capacity. The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the incidences of intestinal parasitic infections and the socio-economic status of two near primary school children in Manisa, a western city of Turkey. Methods A total of 352 children were involved a questionnaire study from a private school (Ülkem Primary School – ÜPS, 116 children) and a community-based school (Şehzadeler Primary School – ŞPS, 236 children). Of these, stool samples could be obtained from a total of 294 students; 97 (83.6%) from ÜPS, and 197 (83.5%) from ŞPS. The wet mount preparations of the stool samples were examined; samples were also fixed in polyvinyl alcohol and examined with modified formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation and trichrome staining techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 10.0. The chi-squared test was used for the analytic assessment. Results The percentages of the students found to be infected with intestinal parasites, were 78 (39.6%) and 13 (13.4%) in ŞPS and ÜPS, respectively. Totally 91 (31.0%) of the students from both schools were found to be infected with at least one intestinal parasite. Giardia lamblia was found to be the most common pathogenic intestinal parasite and Blastocystis hominis was prevalent independently from the hygienic conditions. The factors which significantly (p < 0.05) increase the incidence of intestinal parasites were uneducated and unemployed mother, lower social status of father, living in crowded houses with insufficient indoor spaces, using the tap water as drinking water, and living at shanty areas. Conclusion Intestinal parasitic infections in school children were found to be a public health problem that increased due to lower socio-economic conditions. We conclude that organization of education seminars including the topics such as prevention of the infectious diseases, improving general hygienic conditions, and application of supportive programs for the parents may be suggested not only to reduce intestinal parasitic infections, but also to elevate the socio-cultural levels.

A 12-year old boy was presented as a case report. He had been diagnosed with isosporiasis during a field study, conducted in a village of Manisa province, during an investigation of the incidence of intestinal parasites.

The province of Manisa is a relatively well developed agricultural and industrial center in western Turkey. There is a regular and extensive influx of workers from malaria-endemic regions of Anatolia to the province of Manisa during certain periods of the year, leading to contact between the local people and incoming workers. Major seasonal elevations can be detected in the prevalence of malaria in the province of Manisa and therefore an active fight against malaria is still carried out. In the present study, malaria cases detected and reported by the Malaria Control Dispensary of the Manisa City Health Centre during the last 3 years in Manisa have been evaluated. Comparison of present and prior data of malaria prevalence in Manisa has shown a remarkable decrease in recent years. A total of 14, 5 and 5 cases were reported in 2002, 2003 and 2004, respectively. Classification of the cases according to their origin (local or immigrant), age and the time diagnosis was also presented.

This study was conducted both to assess the prevalence of parasitic infections in two neighboring villages of Manisa province in Turkey, with different socioeconomic levels and investigate the influences of some individual and environmental factors on these infections. A total of 100 school children were enrolled and their cellophane tape and stool samples were examined for parasites. Pediculus capitis infestation was diagnosed by visual inspection of the hair. Although the prevalences of both intestinal parasitosis and pediculosis were high in both villages, there was a statistically significant difference for pediculosis, but not for intestinal parasitosis. Lack of social security and father's regular job were found to be highly correlated with all parasitic infections. Pediculosis was more common in younger children, girls and those in crowded families. These results indicate not only the high prevalence of parasitic infections, but also the urgent need for the improvement of basic health services and infrastructure in the rural areas, crowded with poorer immigrant population.

Manisa ili Ege Bölgesinin en gelişmiş tarım ve sanayi merkezlerinden biri olduğundan, belli dönemlerde işçi hareketi fazla olmakta, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgelerinden yoğun göç akımı olurken göç edenlerle etmeyenler arasında ziyaret ağırlıklı karşılıklı nüfus hareketi zaman zaman artmaktadır. Bu nedenle Manisa ili, sıtma hastalığının mevsimsel olarak yüksek düzeylere çıkabildiği bir ilimiz olarak, sıtma ile savaşı aktif olarak sürdürmektedir. Bu makalemizde, Manisa İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Şubesinde, Sıtma Savaş Dispanseri tarafından son üç yılda toplanan sıtma olguları incelenmiştir. Sıtma hastalığının bölgedeki durumu, önceki yıllar ile kıyaslanarak değerlendirilmiş ve olgu sayılarının dikkat çekici bir düşüş gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. 2002, 2003 ve 2004 yıllarının sırası ile yıllık sıtma olguları: 14, 5 ve 5 olarak saptanmıştır. Olguların, yerli ve dışarıdan gelenlere göre, yaş gruplarına göre, saptandığı aylara göre ayrı ayrı değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. The province of Manisa is a relatively well developed agricultural and industrial center in western Turkey. There is a regular and extensive influx of workers from malaria-endemic regions of Anatolia to the province of Manisa during certain periods of the year, leading to contact between the local people and incoming workers. Major seasonal elevations can be detected in the prevalence of malaria in the province of Manisa and therefore an active fight against malaria is still carried out. In the present study, malaria cases detected and reported by the Malaria Control Dispensary of the Manisa City Health Centre during the last 3 years in Manisa have been evaluated. Comparison of present and prior data of malaria prevalence in Manisa has shown a remarkable decrease in recent years. A total of 14, 5 and 5 cases were reported in 2002, 2003 and 2004, respectively. Classification of the cases according to their origin (local or immigrant), age and the time diagnosis was also presented

Trichomonas vaginalis'm neden olduğu enfeksiyon, kadınlar arasında en sık görülen cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalıklardan biri olarak tanımlanmakta ve enfeksiyonun sıklığı farklı toplumlarda değişkenlikler göstermektedir. Bu çalışma Manisa yöresinde, vajinal akıntılı hastalarda T. vaginalis sıklığını araştırmak amacı ile planlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Şubat-Haziran.2004 tarihleri arasında, Manisa Doğumevi ve Polikliniklerine, vajinal akıntı ve vulva kaşıntısı yakınması ile başvuran, yaş aralığı 17- 63 olan 233 kadından ve kontrol grubu olarak da rutin jinekolojik muayene için başvuran, vajinal akıntı ve vulva kaşıntısı olmayan 100 kadından vajinal akıntı örneği alınmıştır. Steril eküvyon ile, vajina arka forniksinden alınan örnekler, Trypticase - yeast extract - maltose (TYM) besiyeri içine alınarak direkt bakı ve kültür yöntemi ile incelenmislerdir. Direkt bakı ve kültür yöntemlerinin her ikisiyle, 233 vajinitli hastanın 11 'inde (%4,7) T. vaginalis saptanmıştır. 100 kontrol grubu kadında ise her iki yöntemde de etkene rastlanmamıştır. Vaginal discharge caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most frequently encountered sexually transmitted infections in women. This study was planned to investigate the frequency of T. vaginalis in patients with a vaginal discharge. Vaginal specimens were collected from 233 women with a vaginal discharge and from 100 women without any discharge as a control group. Materials were taken with a speculum and sterile cotton swabs from the posterior fornix of the vagina; and inoculated into Trypticase-yeast extract-maltose (TYM) medium. T. vaginalis was detected in 11 (4.7%) samples out of the 233 specimens from women with a discharge using both diagnostic methods (direct examination and culture). No T. vaginalis trophozoites were detected in the control group.

Ülkemizde cinsel ilişki ile bulaşan hastalık etkenleri arasında sık görülen Trichomonas vaginalis'in tanısı, taze preparatların mikroskop altında incelenmesi ve alınan materyalin besiyeri ortamına ekilerek değerlendirilmesi ile konulmaktadır. Parazitin üretilmesi için serumun gerekli olup olmadığını saptamak amacı ile bu çalışma yapılmıştır. Trichomonas vaginalis'in in vitro üretilmesinde Beyin-Kalp (BH) ve modifiye Tiyoglikolat (NaT) besiyerleri serum ile ve serumsuz olarak hazırlanmış, üretme kapasiteleri ve tanısal etkinlikleri TYM (Trypticase-yeast extact-maltose) besiyeri ile karşılaştırmıştır. Besiyerlerine 1X10 5 canlı T. vaginalis trofozoitleri ekilmiş, 24 saat ara ile dokuz gün boyunca üreme fazları ve canlılıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Trofozoitlerin üreme durumu incelendiğinde, en fazla üremenin 72. saatte serum içermeyen BH besiyerinde olduğu (35x105 tane/ml) görülmüştür. Sonraki günlerde serum içermeyen besiyerlerindeki üremenin TYM besiyeri ile eşdeğer düzeyde olduğu, sekizinci günde ise sadece serum içermeyen besiyerlerinde trofozoitlerin canlı kaldığı saptanmıştır. Serum içermeyen besiyerleri laboratuvarlarda rahatlıkla bulunan malzemeler kullanılarak kolay hazırlanabilmekte, ayrıca serum ilave edilirken oluşabilecek kontaminasyon riski en aza indirilmektedir. Bu bulgular ışığında, serum içermeyen besiyerlerinin T. vaginalis kültüründe ve pasajların sürekliliğinde rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği, hem laboratuvarlarda hem alan çalışmalarında avantaj sağlayabileceği kanısına varılmıştır. The definitive diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis, one of the common causes of sexually transmitted diseases in Turkey, relies both the microscopic examination and culture of frash varinal swabs. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacies of Brain-Heart (BH) medium and modified tioglycolate medium (NaT) and without serum, for the culture of T. vaginalis in vitro, in comparison to TYM (tripticase-yeast extract-maltose) medium. Both media were prepared according to their original formulas and inactivated serum was then added to the half of the test tubes. Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites were inoculated in an amount of 1x105 in all tubes, and their viabilities and growth rates were examined everyday for 9 days. The growth rates of all study groups were compared with TYM medium. The highest rate of growth (35x105) was found in serum-free BH medium at the end of 72 hours. The number of trophozoites in serum-free BH and modified NaT media was found to be equivalent to that in TYM medium on the following days. In addition, T. vaginalis trophozoites were detected only in serum-free BH and NaT media on the 8th day. Serum-free culture media are easy-to-prepare and have lower risk of contamination. The findings indicate that they could be useful in the culture of T. vaginalis for both routine diagnosis and field studies.

The aim of this study was to establish novel culture media for Leishmania parasites with a potential of obtaining hight amounts of promastigotes with long-term viability, and consisting of ingredients that were available in microbiology or parasitology laboratories. Other features of these media included no requirement for blood, FCS (Fetal calf serum) or erythrocyte lysate, inexpensiveness and easiness in preparation. In addition, aspiration samples obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) suspected patients were cultivated in these media. Three culture media were prepared; trypticase beef extract hemoglobine (TBH) medium, including trypticase, beef extract and yeast extract as the protein source, glucose as the carbohydrate source, FeNH4 and bovine hemoglobine; Peptone-Yeast extract medium (PY), found to be effective in our previous studies for cultuvation of on Leishmania parasites, with bovine hemoglobine (PYH) and Brain Heart medium, containing bovine hemoglobine (BKH). The number of promastigotes were the highest on day 8 and 13 in RPMI 1640 and BKH medium, respectively. In TBH and PYH, the peak level of reproduction was between day 16 and 19, and it was found to be higher in TBH medium after the day 20. The number of promastigotes were found to be close in BKH, TBH and RPMI-1640 media and lower in PYH medium. Examination of the cultivation of the aqueous lesion specimens of the 10 CL-suspected cases in media revealed reproduction in 9 flasks of RPMI-1640 containing 10% FCS, 7 TBH, 6 BKH and 4 PYH. The differences between the culture media were not found to be statistically significant. These results suggested that, three liquid culture media, assessed in this study, with no requirement for FCS or erythrocyte lysate, were effective in the reproduction of promastigotes, and could be used effectively in the patient isolation and field studies, as well. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Visseral leishmaniasis erken tanısının zor olması, sağaltımda sıklıkla ilaç direnci ve relapslarla karşılaşılması nedeniyle, günümüzde halen sorun olmaya devam eden fatal, tropikal bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada visseral leishmaniasis tanısı almış 29 hastada ve klinik bulguları uygun ancak farklı bir tanı alan 30 kontrol hastasında immünglobulin izotip düzeyleri (IgG, IgM, IgA ve IgE) ve IgG subtiplerinin (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) dağılımları araştırılmıştır. Visseral leishmaniasisli grupta IgG düzeyleri ve subtiplerde de IgGl düzeyleri anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, visseral leishmaniasis hastalarında, spesifik immünglobulin izotip ve subtip düzeylerinin takip edilmesinin, infeksiyonun progresyonu ya da rezolusyonu açısından klinisyene yol gösterebileceği düşünülmektedir, Visceral leishmaniasis, a fatal tropical disease, remains problematic as early diagnosis is difficult and treatment often results in drug resistance and relapse. In this study, relative levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgG subclasses were analyzed in 29 visceral leishmaniasis patients. Compared to 30 controls, visceral leishmaniasis patients showed a significantly higher IgG response. Among IgG subclasses, IgGl response was significantly higher in visceral leishmaniasis patients than in the controls. Therefore, monitoring of immunoglobulin isotypes and IgG subclasses in visceral leishmaniasis patients may be a good serologic alternative in monitoring the disease status.

Visseral leishmaniasis erken tanısının zor olması, sağaltımda sıklıkla ilaç direnci ve relapslarla karşılaşılması nedeniyle, günümüzde halen sorun olmaya devam eden fatal, tropikal bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada visseral leishmaniasis tanısı almış 29 hastada ve klinik bulguları uygun ancak farklı bir tanı alan 30 kontrol hastasında immünglobulin izotip düzeyleri (IgG, IgM, IgA ve IgE) ve IgG subtiplerinin (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) dağılımları araştırılmıştır. Visseral leishmaniasisli grupta IgG düzeyleri ve subtiplerde de IgGl düzeyleri anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, visseral leishmaniasis hastalarında, spesifik immünglobulin izotip ve subtip düzeylerinin takip edilmesinin, infeksiyonun progresyonu ya da rezolusyonu açısından klinisyene yol gösterebileceği düşünülmektedir Visceral leishmaniasis, a fatal tropical disease, remains problematic as early diagnosis is difficult and treatment often results in drug resistance and relapse. In this study, relative levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgG subclasses were analyzed in 29 visceral leishmaniasis patients. Compared to 30 controls, visceral leishmaniasis patients showed a significantly higher IgG response. Among IgG subclasses, IgGl response was significantly higher in visceral leishmaniasis patients than in the controls. Therefore, monitoring of immunoglobulin isotypes and IgG subclasses in visceral leishmaniasis patients may be a good serologic alternative in monitoring the disease status.

A new liquid culture medium prepared with chemicals that can be obtained economically and commercially was tested in in vitro cultivation of Leishmania promastigotes to obtain a large number of organisms to use in serological studies. The number of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica promastigotes taken from Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium reached 1 x 10(7)/ml at the end of the 8th day in our new medium, though in NNN medium the number of organisms reached only 5 x 10(6)/ml. After 10 subsequent passages, the culture medium prepared was evaluated as being quite inexpensive, simple, and successful compared with other commercially available liquid culture media.