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96 results on '"Emission profile"'

12. Transfer Matrix Model for Emission Profile Optimization of Radial Gratings.

Author

Appel, Stefan, Villafane, Viviana, Finley, Jonathan J., and Müller, Kai

Subjects
TRANSFER matrix, BRAGG gratings, PHOTONS, FINITE differences, LIGHT sources
Abstract

Radial Bragg gratings are commonly used to enhance light extraction from quantum emitters, but lack a well‐suited, fast simulation method for optimization beyond periodic designs. To overcome this limitation, an algorithm based on the transfer matrix model (TMM) to calculate the free‐space emission of such gratings is proposed and demonstrated. Using finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, free‐space emission, and transfer matrices of single grating components are characterized. The TMM then combines any number of components to receive the total emission. Randomized benchmarks verify that results from this method agree within 98% with FDTD while reducing simulation time by one to two orders of magnitude. The speed advantage of this approach is shown by maximizing emission of a fifteen‐trench circular grating into a Gaussian mode. It is expected that this novel algorithm will facilitate the optimization of radial gratings, enabling quantum light sources with unprecedented collection efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Quantum theory of statistical radiation pressure in free space

Author

Navdeep Arya, Navketan Batra, Kinjalk Lochan, and Sandeep K. Goyal

Subjects
Pulsed light, Emission profile, Radiation pressure, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Light is known to exert radiation pressure on any surface it is incident upon, via the transfer of momentum from the light to the surface. In general, this force is assumed to be pushing or repulsive in nature. In this paper, we present a quantum treatment of radiation pressure. We show that the interaction of an atom with light can lead to both repulsive and attractive forces due to absorption and emission of photons, respectively. An atom prepared in the excited state initially will experience a pulling force when interacting with light. On the other hand, if the atom is prepared in the ground state then the force will be repulsive, while having the same magnitude as in the earlier case. Therefore, for an ensemble of atoms, the direction of the net force will be decided by the excited and ground state populations. In the semi-classical treatment of light-matter interaction the absorption and emission processes have the same probability, therefore the magnitudes of the force in the two processes turn out to be the same. We obtain the effective emission profile for an excited atom interacting with quantum electromagnetic field, and show that in the quantum treatment, despite these probabilities being different, the magnitudes of the statistical force remain the same. This can be explained by noting that the extra contribution in the emission process is due to the interaction of the atom with the vacuum modes of electromagnetic field, results in symmetric emission profile, contributing to a net zero force on the atoms in an ensemble. We further identify the set of states of electromagnetic field which give rise to non-zero momentum transfer to the atom.

Published
2022
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22. Emission characteristics, sources, and airborne fate of speciated organics in particulate matters in a Hong Kong residence.

Author

Huo, Yunxi, Guo, Hai, Lyu, Xiaopu, and Yao, Dawen

Subjects
*AIR pollutants, *PARTICULATE matter, *MICROBIOLOGICAL aerosols, *TOBACCO smoke, *CIGARETTE smoke, *INDOOR air quality
Abstract

A growing number of studies warn of the adverse health effects of indoor particulate matters (PM). However, little is known about the molecular compositions and emission characteristics of PM‐bound organics (OM) indoors, a critical group of species with highest concentration and complexity in indoor PM. In a Hong Kong residence where prescribed activities were performed with normal frequency and intensity, we found that the activities significantly elevated not only the total concentration but also the fraction of OM in indoor PM. However, the concentration of the total PM‐bound OM outdoors (10.3 ± 0.7 μg/m3) surpassed that for the indoor counterpart during the undisturbed period (8.2 ± 0.1 μg/m3), that is, period when there was no activity with high emission of PM but the residual effects of previous activities might remain. Emissions of indoor activities involving combustion or high‐temperature processes significantly elevated the indoor‐to‐outdoor (I/O) ratios for a majority of organic species. In addition, gas‐to‐particle partitioning, secondary formation, carrying‐over (residues of pollutants in the air), and re‐emission also modulated the I/O ratios of some compounds. Chemically comprehensive emission profiles of speciated organics were obtained for 5 indoor activities in the residence. While the indoor contribution to PM‐bound OM was estimated to be not higher than 13.1% during the undisturbed period, carrying‐over and/or re‐emission seemed to exist for certain compounds emitted from cigarette smoking and incense burning. This study enhances knowledge on emissions and airborne fate of speciated organics in indoor PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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25. Morphological Characteristics of Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement Emissions.

Author

Chu, Xiangning, Wolter, Lukas, Malaspina, David, Andersson, Laila, Connors, Martin, Chatfield, Colin, and Zeller, Neil

Subjects
AURORA spectra, MAGNETIC fields, MAGNETOSPHERE, IONOSPHERIC research, PLASMA density, ELECTRON temperature
Abstract

Morphological characteristics of Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) are investigated during an event on July 17, 2018. We calibrate photographs from citizen scientists for scientific purposes. We determine the altitude profiles for STEVE emissions. The spectral continuum purplish STEVE emission peaks at 200 km, which is in the altitude range where redline‐only SAR emission could be generated. The green picket fence peaks at 110 km, similar to that of the typical green aurora. For both emissions, their altitudes of the peak emissions and the shapes of the altitude profiles are similar across different longitudes. In regions of two‐layer purplish STEVE emissions, the lower layer STEVE peaks at ∼130 km with slightly different peak altitudes at different longitudes. The green picket fence structures are separated by 14 km in longitude with a full width of half maximum of ∼5.3 km. They move westward at a roughly constant speed of ∼250 m/s, although they sometimes disappear and reappear. The purplish STEVE and green picket fence emissions are latitudinally narrow, and whether they are simultaneously collocated on the same magnetic field line depends on their latitudinal offset relative to their width. We demonstrate that the green picket fence and purplish STEVE emissions are located on magnetic field lines within a tenth (0.02°) of the latitudinal width of STEVE (0.2°). The fact suggests that different STEVE emissions are driven by the same narrow region either in the ionosphere or the magnetosphere, although their generation mechanisms differ. The morphological characteristics have important implications in determining how STEVE is generated. Key Points: We obtain triangulated altitude profiles of upper and lower layer purplish Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) and green picket fence emissions as a function of longitudeThe peak altitudes of purplish STEVE emission (200 km) and green picket fence (110 km) do not change significantly across different longitudesSTEVE emissions map to a latitudinally narrow driver region along field line, with accuracy of one‐tenth of its latitudinal width [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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26. Improvement of Quantum Dot Light Emitting Device Characteristics by CdSe/ZnS Blended with HMDS (Hexamethyldisilazane).

Author

Park, Junekyun, Shin, Eunkyu, Park, Jongwoo, and Roh, Yonghan

Subjects
QUANTUM dots, PHOTONS, ENERGY dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, LIGHT emitting diodes, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, PHOSPHORESCENCE, LIGHT scattering
Abstract

We demonstrated the way to improve the characteristics of quantum dot light emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) by adding a simple step to the conventional fabrication process. For instance, we can effectively deactivate the surface defects of quantum dot (QD) (e.g., CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs in the current work) with the SiO bonds by simply mixing QDs with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) under atmospheric conditions. We observed the substantial improvement of device characteristics such that the current efficiency, the maximum luminance, and the QD lifetime were improved by 1.7–1.8 times, 15–18%, and nine times, respectively, by employing this process. Based on the experimental data (e.g., energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)), we estimated that the growth of the SiOx on the surface of QDs is self-limited: the SiOx are effective to passivate the surface defects of QDs without deteriorating the intrinsic properties including the color-purity of QDs. Second, we proposed that the emission profiling study can lead us to the fundamental understanding of charge flow in each layer of QD-LEDs. Interestingly enough, many problems related to the charge-imbalance phenomenon were simply solved by selecting the combination of thicknesses of the hole transport layer (HTL) and the electron transport layer (ETL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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27. Investigation on thermally aged natural ester oil for real-time monitoring and analysis of transformer insulation

Author

Arputhasamy Joseph Amalanathan, Ramanujam Sarathi, Swayam Prakash, Ashok Kumar Mishra, Ribhu Gautam, and Ravikrishnan Vinu

Subjects
ultraviolet spectra, weibull distribution, power transformer insulation, viscosity, chromatography, organic compounds, transformer oil, fluorescence, harmonic distortion, ageing, partial discharge measurement, mass spectra, surface tension, turbidity, thermally aged natural ester oil, partial discharge inception voltage measurements, aging time, high frequency ac voltages, thermal aging temperature, standard lightning impulse voltage, breakdown voltage variation, aging duration, real-time monitoring, transformer insulation, dc voltages, harmonic voltages, scale parameter, normal distribution, ultraviolet analysis, absorbance parameter, interfacial tension, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis, carboxylic acids, ketones, steady-state fluorescence, emission profile, uv absorption spectroscopy, liquid insulation, viscosity dependence, temperature 160.0 degc, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Electricity, QC501-721
Abstract

Thermal aging of natural ester oil shows drastic reduction in partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and a significant variation is observed only above a certain aging time, under AC, DC, high frequency AC voltages and with harmonic voltages with different total harmonic distortion. Weibull distribution studies on PDIV measurements indicate a reduction in scale parameter (α) with increase in thermal aging temperature. A characteristic reduction in breakdown voltage was observed with the thermally aged ester oil, under AC, DC and standard lightning impulse voltage. The breakdown voltage variation with aged ester oil follows normal distribution. Ultraviolet (UV) analysis of ester oil thermally aged at 160°C has revealed a regular shift of the derived absorbance parameter to longer wavelengths. The interfacial tension and turbidity exhibits an inverse relationship with the thermally aged ester oil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of the thermally aged ester oil predicted the formation of more carboxylic acids and ketones with aging duration. The steady-state fluorescence on thermally aged ester oil exhibits a shift in its emission profile, which is in tandem with the UV absorption spectroscopic analysis. Fluorescence analysis can be adopted as a real-time monitoring tool in transformers, to understand the condition of liquid insulation. The viscosity dependence on the wavelength of derivative absorption maxima follows a direct relationship with the thermally aged natural ester oil.

Published
2019
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28. Characteristics of the transient signal from pulsed glow discharge plasma for atomic emission analysis.

Author

Wagatsuma, Kazuaki

Subjects
*GLOW discharges, *PLASMA flow, *INDUCTIVELY coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, *EMISSION control
Abstract

This review described a noticeable feature of pulsed radio-frequency-driven glow discharge plasma for atomic emission spectrometry. The temporal response of the emission signal, generated by the pulsed discharge, comprised a sharp pre-peak and the subsequent plateau portion having smaller emission intensities each for the discharge pulse, in which the intensity of the pre-peak was 10–20 times as large as the plateau-stage intensity, depending on the discharge parameters. Suggested mechanisms for this phenomenon were introduced from several published papers, which were based on a temporal variation in a degree of self-absorption during a pulse duration, on generation of gas pressure wave, or on a transient increase of the discharge current at the initial edge of a pulse which thus elevated the gas temperature. It was also mentioned that such emission characteristics could be utilized to obtain better analytical performance in the optical emission spectrometry. A detection method, associated with the introduction of pulsed bias current, was effective for controlling the emission response from the pulsed plasma, because it totally elevated the emission intensity of the plateau portion rather than the pre-peak with little change in the background level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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29. EMISSION PROFILES OF MAJOR GASEOUS POLLUTANTS FROM UNMODIFIED AND PAPER AND STARCH MODIFIED BRIQUETTES MADE FROM AGRO-DERIVED WASTES.

Author

Fabunmi, Victor T., Ana, Godson R., and Adie, Gilbert U.

Abstract

Energy use in rural areas in Nigeria is largely dependent on firewood and other biomass sources. Biomass fuel is domestically used daily for cooking and lighting. Continuous use of this energy resource has negative impact on both the environment and human health, especially on users. Many pulmonary problems have been associated with continuous exposure to smoke arising from burning of these materials. The use of briquetting is a more sustainable alternative to raw burning of biomass as briquettes burn with little or no smoke. However, there is scarcity of data on the emission profiles of major gaseous pollutants arising from many biomass briquettes. This study therefore, investigated the emission profiles of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) from the combustion of unmodified as well as starch and paper modified briquettes made from four commonly used agro-based wastes namely, wood (control), sawdust (SD), rice husk (RH), coconut shell (CS) and corncob (CC). The gaseous pollutants emitted from combusting 0.5kg of each briquette were measured using appropriate devices. The mean concentrations (ppm) of gaseous emissions and particulates from all briquettes ranged as follows: CO: 35.4 - 79.0, CO2: 500 - 852, NO2: 0.09-0.50 and SO2: bdl - 2.13. All briquettes indicated higher PM2.5 concentrations than control (5190 µg/m3) except SD-paper modified briquettes (3305 µg/m3). CC-paper modified briquettes and RH-starch modified briquettes showed highest concentrations of 21003µg/m³ and 16362µg/m³, respectively. CS-paper modified briquettes emitted the least concentration of PM2.5. This suggests it could be considered as the safest and most ecofriendly of the briquette types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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30. Improvement of Quantum Dot Light Emitting Device Characteristics by CdSe/ZnS Blended with HMDS (Hexamethyldisilazane)

Author

Junekyun Park, Eunkyu Shin, Jongwoo Park, and Yonghan Roh

Subjects
hexamethyldisilazane, CdSe/ZnS, defect passivation, emission profile, charge balance, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

We demonstrated the way to improve the characteristics of quantum dot light emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) by adding a simple step to the conventional fabrication process. For instance, we can effectively deactivate the surface defects of quantum dot (QD) (e.g., CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs in the current work) with the SiO bonds by simply mixing QDs with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) under atmospheric conditions. We observed the substantial improvement of device characteristics such that the current efficiency, the maximum luminance, and the QD lifetime were improved by 1.7–1.8 times, 15–18%, and nine times, respectively, by employing this process. Based on the experimental data (e.g., energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)), we estimated that the growth of the SiOx on the surface of QDs is self-limited: the SiOx are effective to passivate the surface defects of QDs without deteriorating the intrinsic properties including the color-purity of QDs. Second, we proposed that the emission profiling study can lead us to the fundamental understanding of charge flow in each layer of QD-LEDs. Interestingly enough, many problems related to the charge-imbalance phenomenon were simply solved by selecting the combination of thicknesses of the hole transport layer (HTL) and the electron transport layer (ETL).

Published
2020
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32. Convolution Based Profile Fitting

Author

Kern, A., Coelho, A. A., Cheary, R. W., Hull, Robert, editor, Osgood, R. M., Jr., editor, Parisi, Jürgen, editor, Warlimont, Hans, editor, Mittemeijer, Eric J., editor, and Scardi, Paolo, editor

Published
2004
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33. Determination of the radiance of cylindrical light diffusers: design of a one-axis charge-coupled device camera-based goniometer setup.

Author

Pitzschke, Andreas, Bertholet, Jenny, Lovisa, Blaise, Zellweger, Matthieu, and Wagnières, Georges

Subjects
*CCD image sensors, *GONIOMETERS, *DETECTORS, *MANUFACTURING processes, *PHOTONS, *OPTICAL fiber detectors
Abstract

A one-axis charge-coupled device camera-based goniometer setup was developed to measure the three-dimensional radiance profile (longitudinal, azimuthal, and polar) of cylindrical light diffusers in air and water. An algorithm was programmed to project the two-dimensional camera data onto the diffuser coordinates. The optical system was designed to achieve a spatial resolution on the diffuser surface in the submillimeter range. The detection threshold of the detector was well below the values of measured radiance. The radiance profiles of an exemplary cylindrical diffuser measured in air showed local deviations in radiance below 10% for wavelengths at 635 and 671 nm. At 808 nm, deviations in radiance became larger, up to 45%, most probable due to the manufacturing process of the diffuser. Radiance profiles measured in water were less Lambertian than in air due to the refractive index matching privileging the radial decoupling of photons from the optical fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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34. Variability and evidence of non-spherical stellar winds in A-type supergiants

Author

Verdugo, Eva, Talavera, Antonio, Gómez de Castro, Ana I., Beig, R., editor, Ehlers, J., editor, Frisch, U., editor, Hepp, K., editor, Jaffe, R. L., editor, Kippenhahn, R., editor, Ojima, I., editor, Weidenmüller, H. A., editor, Wess, J., editor, Zittartz, J., editor, Beiglböck, W., editor, Eisenächer, Monika, editor, Wolf, Bernhard, editor, Stahl, Otmar, editor, and Fullerton, Alex W., editor

Published
1999
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41. Investigation on thermally aged natural ester oil for real-time monitoring and analysis of transformer insulation

Author

Ashok Kumar Mishra, A. J. Amalanathan, Ribhu Gautam, Swayam Prakash, Ravikrishnan Vinu, and Ramanujam Sarathi

Subjects
normal distribution, carboxylic acids, ketones, partial discharge measurement, Analytical chemistry, medicine.disease_cause, law.invention, Surface tension, transformer insulation, law, liquid insulation, Breakdown voltage, Transformer, weibull distribution, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis, breakdown voltage variation, steady-state fluorescence, viscosity dependence, real-time monitoring, mass spectra, ultraviolet analysis, harmonic distortion, Wavelength, chromatography, thermal aging temperature, fluorescence, partial discharge inception voltage measurements, organic compounds, lcsh:TK1-9971, Materials science, Transformer oil, harmonic voltages, power transformer insulation, lcsh:QC501-721, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, interfacial tension, uv absorption spectroscopy, Absorbance, aging duration, standard lightning impulse voltage, surface tension, temperature 160.0 degc, lcsh:Electricity, medicine, dc voltages, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, transformer oil, aging time, emission profile, ultraviolet spectra, turbidity, thermally aged natural ester oil, scale parameter, ageing, high frequency ac voltages, absorbance parameter, Partial discharge, viscosity, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Ultraviolet
Abstract

Thermal aging of natural ester oil shows drastic reduction in partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and a significant variation is observed only above a certain aging time, under AC, DC, high frequency AC voltages and with harmonic voltages with different total harmonic distortion. Weibull distribution studies on PDIV measurements indicate a reduction in scale parameter ( α ) with increase in thermal aging temperature. A characteristic reduction in breakdown voltage was observed with the thermally aged ester oil, under AC, DC and standard lightning impulse voltage. The breakdown voltage variation with aged ester oil follows normal distribution. Ultraviolet (UV) analysis of ester oil thermally aged at 160°C has revealed a regular shift of the derived absorbance parameter to longer wavelengths. The interfacial tension and turbidity exhibits an inverse relationship with the thermally aged ester oil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of the thermally aged ester oil predicted the formation of more carboxylic acids and ketones with aging duration. The steady-state fluorescence on thermally aged ester oil exhibits a shift in its emission profile, which is in tandem with the UV absorption spectroscopic analysis. Fluorescence analysis can be adopted as a real-time monitoring tool in transformers, to understand the condition of liquid insulation. The viscosity dependence on the wavelength of derivative absorption maxima follows a direct relationship with the thermally aged natural ester oil.

Published
2019
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42. A Comparative Optical Analysis of Cylindrical Diffuser Fibres for Laser Therapy Using Fluorescence Imaging.

Author

Ripley, P.M., MacRobert, A.J., Mills, T.N., and Bown, S.G.

Abstract

. Cylindrical light diffusers are commercially available for clinical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP). A fluorescence imaging technique has been used to quantify the light distribution produced by each of six different diffuser fibres. The light distribution produced by each device was found to depend on the distance the light propagated in the fluorescent dye solution. At a distance of 1 mm from the diffuser midline, the measured profiles were found to be consistent with published results obtained in air at a similar distance. The three devices intended for PDT utilised scattering particles and reflectors in their construction. The profiles produced by these applicators revealed peaks that were attributed to the reflectors located at their distal tips. By comparison, the two etched ILP fibres displayed either a strong modulation in the profile due to non-uniform etching or a predominant forward peak associated with the conical shape of the tip. We conclude that it is important to take into account the forward-directed light emitted by the diffusers when considering clinical applications using these devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999
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43. Measurement of the Emission Profiles of Cylindrical Light Diffusers Using a Video Technique.

Author

Ripley, P.M., Mills, T.N., and Brookes, J.A.S.

Abstract

The uniformity of the emission profile produced by a cylindrical light diffuser is an important parameter for determining the light dose received by the target tissue during laser therapies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP). A technique originally used for determining the profile of a laser beam with a commercial video camera is adapted in order to measure the distribution of light from a cylindrical diffuser. The method can produce quantitative one-dimensional beam profiles in both the circumferential and axial direction of the light diffuser. The system allows the use of tissue phantoms that provide a convenient and effective method for comparing manufacturer's measurements often made in air with those to be expected in vivo. The technique is a quick and easy method for assessing light diffusers before treatment, and utilises readily available equipment that does not require specialist knowledge. Also, the response of the video camera facilitates the assessment of diffusers over a relatively broad optical spectrum, which encompasses the range of wavelengths currently used for both PDT (515–675 nm) and ILP (800–1064 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999
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45. Measuring fast ions in fusion plasmas with neutron diagnostics at JET

Author

Eriksson, J., Hellesen, C., Binda, F., Cecconello, M., Conroy, S., Ericsson, G., Giacomelli, L., Gorini, G., Hjalmarsson, A., Kiptily, V. G., Mantsinen, M., Nocente, M., Sahlberg, A., Salewski, M., Sharapov, S., Tardocchi, M., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Ahn, J. H., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Albanese, R., Aldred, V., Alegre, D., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alfier, A., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Amosov, V., Sunden, E. Andersson, Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arshad, S., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Asunta, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Bacharis, M., Baciero, A., Baiao, D., Bailey, S., Baker, A., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bament, R., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barnard, M. A., Barnes, D., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Wiechec, A. Baron, Orte, L. Barrera, Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baughan, R., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beal, J., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Becoulet, A., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Belonohy, E., Ben Ayed, N., Benterman, N. A., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besliu, C., Beurskens, M., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bigi, M., Bilkova, P., Bisoffi, A., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjorkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, K., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bodnar, G., Bogar, O., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonelli, F., Boom, J., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Boulting, P., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bower, C., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyd, C., Boyer, H. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braic, V., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Breton, S., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Broslawski, A., Brown, D. P. D., Brown, M., Bruno, E., Bucalossi, J., Buch, J., Buchanan, J., Buckley, M. A., Budny, R., Bufferand, H., Bulman, M., Bulmer, N., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butler, N. K., Bykov, I., Byrne, J., Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Calvo, I., Camenen, Y., Camp, P., Campling, D. C., Cane, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catarino, N., Caumont, J., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cave-Ayland, K., Cavinato, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cecil, E., Cenedese, A., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chandler, M., Chandra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chitarin, G., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, E., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clatworthy, D., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, D., Cooper, S. R., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Couchman, A. S., Cox, M. P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Craven, R., Crisanti, F., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crombe, K., Crowe, R., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Czarnecka, A., Dabirikhah, H., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., Davies, O., Davis, W., Day, C., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., de Castro, A., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., De Masi, G., de Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., de Vries, P., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Agostini, F. Degli, Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dinca, P., D'Inca, R., Ding, B., Dittmar, T., Doerk, H., Doerner, R. P., Donne, T., Dorling, S. E., Dormido-Canto, S., Doswon, S., Douai, D., Doyle, P. T., Drenik, A., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, Ph., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodie, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Dzysiuk, N., Edappala, P. V., Edmond, J., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, J., Eich, Th., Ekedahl, A., El-Jorf, R., Elsmore, C. G., Enachescu, M., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, L. G., Esposito, B., Esquembri, S., Esser, H. G., Esteve, D., Evans, B., Evans, G. E., Evison, G., Ewart, G. D., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falie, D., Fanni, A., Fasoli, A., Faustin, J. M., Fawlk, N., Fazendeiro, L., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenton, K., Fernades, A., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J., Fessey, J. 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Subjects
neutron diagnostics, Tokamak, Thermonuclear fusion, MHD, Neutron emission, fast ions, MHD instabilities, plasma heating, tokamaks, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, MHD instabilitie, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ion, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron detection, fast ion, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Spectrometer, emission profile, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, Settore ING-IND/20 - Misure e Strumentazione Nucleari, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, instabilities, neutron diagnostic, EMISSION PROFILE, SPECTROMETER, spectrometer
Abstract

Fast ions in fusion plasmas often leave characteristic signatures in the neutron emission from the plasma. In this paper, we show how neutron measurements can be used to study fast ions and give examples of physics results obtained on present day tokamaks. The focus is on measurements with dedicated neutron spectrometers and with compact neutron detectors used in each channel of neutron profile monitors. A measured neutron spectrum can be analyzed in several different ways, depending on the physics scenario under consideration. Gross features of a fast ion energy distribution can be studied by applying suitably chosen thresholds to the measured spectrum, thus probing ions with different energies. With this technique it is possible to study the interaction between fast ions and MHD activity, such as toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) and sawtooth instabilities. Quantitative comparisons with modeling can be performed by a direct computation of the neutron emission expected from a given fast ion distribution. Within this framework it is also possible to determine physics parameters, such as the supra-thermal fraction of the neutron emission, by fitting model parameters to the data. A detailed, model-independent estimate of the fast ion distribution can be obtained by analyzing the data in terms of velocity space weight functions. Using this method, fast ion distributions can be resolved in both energy and pitch by combining neutron and gamma-ray measurements obtained along several different sightlines. Fast ion measurements of the type described in this paper will also be possible at ITER, provided that the spectrometers have the dynamic range required to resolve the fast ion spectral features in the presence of the dominating thermonuclear neutron emission. A dedicated high-resolution neutron spectrometer has been designed for this purpose.

Published
2019
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47. Isoprenoid emission variation of Norway spruce across a European latitudinal transect

Author

Ylva van Meeningen, Riikka Rinnan, Guy Schurgers, Min Wang, Thomas Holst, Ana Seifert, and Tomas Karlsson

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Emission profile, 01 natural sciences, Genetic diversity, Latitude, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Transect, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Biogenic volatile organic compounds, biology, Secondary organic aerosols, Ecology, Picea abies, biology.organism_classification, Latitudinal gradient, Boreal zone, chemistry, Environmental science, Tree species, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the dominant tree species in the European boreal zone with the capacity to grow over large areas within Europe. It is an important emitter of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can act as precursors of photochemical smog and ozone and contribute to the formation and growth of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. Isoprenoid emissions were measured from Norway spruce trees at seven different sites, distributed from Ljubljana in Slovenia to Piikkio in Finland. Four of the sites were part of a network of genetically identical spruce trees and contained two separate provenances. The remaining three sites were part of other networks which have been used to conduct studies in the European boreal zone. There were minimal differences in the standardized emission rates between sites and across latitudes. The emission profile differed between provenances and sites, but there were not any distinct patterns which could be connected to a change in latitude. By using genetically identical trees and comparing the emission rates between sites and with genetically different trees, it was observed that the emission patterns were mostly influenced by genetics. But in order to confirm this possible stability of the relative emission profile based on genetics, more studies need to be performed. The effects of branch height, season and variation between years on observed emission pattern variations were also investigated. There were indications of potential influences of all three factors. However, due to different experimental setups between measurement campaigns, it is difficult to draw any robust conclusions.

Published
2017
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48. Emission profile of multi-membrane CMUT for in-air object localization

Subjects
MEMS, Object localization, Ultrasound transducers, CMUT, Emission profile
Abstract

This work presents novel Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) and their characterization in terms of ultrasound directionality. The devices are formed by 27 membranes, integrated on the same die and connected in parallel, featuring a 1 m gap between the membrane and the bottom electrode, and directly coupling to air at 2.23 MHz. Exploiting the information on the amplitude and delay of the received ultrasonic waves, a directionality profile showing a 14° full width at half maximum (FWHM) and a 0.5-5 cm distance operative range are demonstrated. Object localization experiments show a 2D relative position reconstruction error around 5%.

Published
2014

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