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Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy that causes various metabolic syndromes, including insulin resistance in 20-40% of patients. The treatment of the condition is often carried out using metformin, but it has been reported to have different gastrointestinal side effects. Consequently, several studies have recommended the use of propolis as an alternative, which has proven effective in improving insulin resistance in diabetic-induced rats and causes fewer side effects. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of propolis and metformin in treating insulin resistance based on homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value. Materials and Methods: This study used post-test-only randomized control trial design and the sample population comprised 30 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 5 groups: control (C), PCOS (PCO), PCOS with metformin (PCO+M), PCOS with propolis extract (PCO+P), and PCOS with metformin and propolis extract (PCO+MP). Subsequently, blood sampling, ovarian tissue sampling, and vaginal smearing were performed after 28 days of treatment. Results: PCO+P and PCO+M groups experienced a significant decrease in testosterone concentration and preantral follicle count compared to PCOS group but the anovulation cycle was similar. Fasting blood glucose concentration in PCO+MP group showed a significant decrease compared to others. However, fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR value in treatment groups did not show any reduction compared to PCOS group. Conclusion: Based on the results, propolis extract and metformin could not improve insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR value. However, propolis extract had better hypoglycaemic effects compared to metformin. The combination of both treatments had the potential to lower fasting glucose concentration. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(2.000): 369-377]

Background: The wound healing process consists of three phases, namely inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Many cells and mediators are involved in this process, including platelets and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial strain resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. Clove flower (Syzygium aromaticum) is an herb with properties to promote wound healing Objective: To determine the effect of clove flower extract on increasing epithelialization of incision wounds, platelet counts, and TGF-β levels in mice infected with MRSA Methods: A randomized experimental study on 30 male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) infected with MRSA. All rats were randomly divided into six groups; healthy control, positive control induced by MRSA and Vancomycin 9 mg/200 gram body weight (gbw), negative control MRSA with normal saline, and administration of clove flower extract (CFE) 25 mg/200 gbw, CFE 50 mg/200 gbw, and CFE 100 mg/200 gbw. Examination of the sectioned wound epithelium was performed histologically using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), while platelet count and TGF-β levels were measured using an ELISA RAB0479 kit simultaneously on the 21st day. Results: Histological examination of rats treated with CFE 100 mg/200 gbw and uninfected rats showed complete epithelization. Platelet counts and TGF-β levels were significantly higher in rats administered CFE 100 mg/200 gbw (p

Background: Cholestasis is a disorder of the formation or flow of bile. Among its contributors, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α stands out as the most influential inducer of apoptosis. Meanwhile, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a valuable agent with choleretic properties, protecting the hepatobiliary system. Glutathione (GSH) enhances endothelial response and prevents liver fibrosis Objectives: This study evaluates the effect of a combination of GSH-UDCA on splenic TNF-α expression and apoptosis index in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with cholestasis Methods: This experiment with a post-tests-only control group design involving 28 male SD rats. They were randomly into four groups: group (K) with 20 mg UDCA, group 1 (P1) with 10 mg UDCA + 10 mg GSH, group 2 (P2) was given UDCA 20 mg + GSH 15 mg, and group 3 (P3) was given UDCA 30 mg + GSH 20 mg. Cholestasis was obtained by ligation of the common bile duct through a laparotomy. During three weeks of trial, rats were administered daily with UDCA orally and GSH intramuscularly. On day 22, rats were sacrificed and spleen samples were taken for anatomical pathology examination. Results: There were significant differences in TNF-α expression between groups K vs P3; P1 vs P3, and P2 vs P3 (p=0.002). There was a significant difference in the apoptotic index between groups K vs P1 (p

Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the bacteria that play a major role in the caries process. It is recommended to use cavity cleanser to clean and disinfect caries cavities post-preparation. However, the currently used cavity cleansers, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and sodium hypochlorite, have limitations. Thus, exploring natural alternatives, like potato peel, as a cavity cleanser material is necessary. This study aims to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of the ethanol extract of potato peel (S. tuberosum L.) on the growth of L. acidophilus. The method used was true experimental laboratories with a post-test-only control group design and broth dilution. The samples were divided into 8 groups, including 6 treatment groups with varying concentrations of extract (100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; and 3.125%), positive control, and negative control. Each group was repeated 4 times. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by observing solution turbidity in the tubes which began to appear clear after 24 hours of incubation, while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by the absence of bacteria that grew on media after being given the test solution and incubated for 24 hours. The MIC of potato peel ethanol extract on the growth of L. acidophilus could not be determined, while the MBC was at a concentration of 50%. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that concentration levels had a significant difference in the average number of L. acidophilus colonies. The ethanol extract of potato peel (S. tuberosum L.) has antibacterial effectiveness against the growth of L. acidophilus.

BACKGROUND: Cholestasis caused by obstruction of the common bile duct and may developed gut-derived sepsis due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and glutathione are widely known for their antioxidant properties, that might be beneficial against ROS. However, the effects of UDCA-glutathione combination against ROS have not been well elucidated in previous studies. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level and height of terminal ileal mucosal villus after UDCA-glutathione administration in cholestasis rat model. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly grouped into four treatment groups, each group consisted of seven rats that had previously undergone bile duct ligation. Three groups received treatment of UDCA-glutathione combination on stratified dose, while the other one only received UDCA. Each treatment was given for 21 days. Ileal samples were collected from the rats and stained with mouse anti TNF-a antibody and hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Immunohistochemistry and histopathological examination were done using microscope and then calculated with ImageJ. RESULTS: The combination of UDCA and glutathione treatment decreased the TNF-α expression (p

Abstract Background Our understanding of the influence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on bacterial colonization in the children’s upper nasopharyngeal tract during the coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic is limited. This study aimed to determine whether there were any differences in bacterial colonization between asymptomatic children with or without a positive SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results in the community setting. Methods A cross-sectional community-based exploratory study was conducted from March to May 2021 in Semarang, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Using stored nasopharyngeal swabs collected from children under 18 years as a contact tracing program, we performed a real-time quantitative (qPCR) for the most important bacterial colonizing pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results Swabs from a total of 440 children were included in this study, of which 228 (51.8%) were RT-qPCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive. In the 440 children, colonization rates were highest for H. influenzae (61.4%), followed by S. pneumoniae (17.5%), S. aureus (12.0%), and K. pneumoniae (1.8%). The co-occurrence of both S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in the upper respiratory tract was significantly associated with a SARS-CoV-2 negative RT-qPCR. In contrast, colonization with only S. aureus was more common in SARS-CoV-2-positive children. Conclusion Overall, this exploratory study concludes that there is a significant difference in the bacterial nasopharyngeal colonization pattern between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative in asymptomatic children in the community in Indonesia.

IntroductionInterim analysis of phase I and phase II clinical trials of personalized vaccines made from autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) incubated with S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 show that this vaccine is safe and well tolerated. Our previous report also indicates that this vaccine can induce specific T-cell and B cell responses against SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we report the final analysis after 1 year of follow-up regarding its safety and efficacy in subjects of phase I and phase II clinical trials.MethodsAdult subjects (>18 years old) were given autologous DCs derived from peripheral blood monocytes, which were incubated with the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2. The primary outcome is safety in phase I clinical trials. Meanwhile, optimal antigen dosage is determined in phase II clinical trials. Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Non-COVID-19 adverse events (AEs) were observed for 1 year.ResultsA total of 28 subjects in the phase I clinical trial were randomly assigned to nine groups based on antigen and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) dosage. In the phase II clinical trial, 145 subjects were randomly grouped into three groups based on antigen dosage. During the 1-year follow-up period, 35.71% of subjects in phase I and 16.54% in phase II had non-COVID AEs. No subjects in phase I experienced moderate–severe COVID-19. Meanwhile, 4.31% of subjects in phase II had moderate–severe COVID-19. There is no difference in both COVID and non-COVID-19 AEs between groups.ConclusionsAfter 1 year of follow-up, this vaccine is proven safe and effective for preventing COVID-19. A phase III clinical trial involving more subjects should be conducted to establish its efficacy and see other possible side effects.

Gorgonian corals of Karimunjawa are impacted by anthropogenic activities, such as increasingly high mariculture intensity with consequent eutrophication, overfishing, tourism, sewage, and other pollutant discharges, which result in changes in the microbial community structure. In this study, bacterial communities associated with six species of Gorgonian, Viminella sp., Ellisella sp., Antipathes sp., Melithaea sp., Astrogorgia sp., and Junceella sp. from both the Marine Protected Area (MPA) and non-Marine Protected Area (non-MPA) zones were screened for their antipathogenic potential against Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) pathogens. The selected bacterial isolates were identified and compared for their abundance and diversity between the two zones. A total of 156 bacterial strains were assayed for their prospective antipathogenic compounds against seven UTI pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus saptophyticus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Candida albicans. The results showed that 17 of 92 (18.48%) and 6 of 64 (9.37%) bacterial isolates from MPA and non-MPA, respectively, exhibited antimicrobial activity in at least one of the UTI pathogens. By analyzing the gene of 16S rRNA, it was discovered that the 17 isolates of MPA were associated with phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, including Streptomyces zhaozhoue, Nocardiopsis salina, Micrococcus endophyticus, Brevibacterium casei, Micrococcus yunnanensis, Saccharopolyspora coralli, Bacillus paramycoides, Virgibacillus salarius, Oceanobacillus iheyensis, and Vibrio alginolyticus. In contrast, only six selected isolates of non-MPA were associated with the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, including Nocardiopsis salina, Micrococcus yunnanensis, and Acinetobacter soli. The Diversity Index (H’), Species Richness (S), and Relative Abundance of the MPA zone were higher than those of non-MPA. These results demonstrated that Gorgonian octocoral species in the MPA region harbour varied bacteria and we propose that many Gorgonian-associated bacteria have the prospective for advancing broad-spectrum antibiotics.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW PADA KREATIVITAS BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN SAINS: DOMAIN, TREND PENELITIAN, DAN ANALISISNYA Abstract Creativity is an important aspect to be developed in students and becomes one of the main skills needed in the world of work. This study aims to review the results of research on creativity in the field of science education which includes aspects of domains, research trends, and methods. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is carried out carefully and strictly on articles sourced from international reputable databases. The selection results obtained 22 articles published from 2010 to 2020. The perspective of creativity research lies in the 4Ps (Person, Process, Product, and Press) as a single component. The trend of creativity research is mostly related to multi-representation, concept understanding, evaluation, and creative learning design. In addition, research trends are explored to improve the creative processes and products of junior high and high school students, as well as several course institutions and elementary schools. While the most creative research methods use quasi-experimental and mixed methods. Research with a quasi-experimental design allows the measurement process before and after treatment. Researchers can find out whether the treatment has an effect on creativity in terms of the results of statistical tests. Abstrak Kreativitas merupakan aspek penting untuk dikembangkan pada siswa dan menjadi salah satu keterampilan utama yang dibutuhkan di dunia kerja. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mereview hasil penelitian-penelitian tentang kreativitas bidang pendidikan sains yang meliputi aspek domain, trend penelitian, dan analisisnya. SLR dilakukan pada artikel-artikel yang bersumber dari database bereputasi internasional. Hasil seleksi diperoleh 22 artikel yang diterbitkan dalam rentang 2010 sampai 2020. Sudut pandang penelitian kreativitas terletak pada 4P (Person, Process, Product, dan Press) sebagai sebuah komponen satu kesatuan. Tren penelitian kreativitas paling banyak berkaitan dengan multirepresentasi, pemahaman konsep, evaluasi, dan desain pembelajaran kreativitas. Selain itu, trend penelitian melakukan eksplorasi untuk meningkatkan proses dan produk kreativitas siswa sekolah menengah pertama dan sekolah menengah atas, juga beberapa lembaga kursus dan sekolah dasar. Sedangkan teknik analisis data penelitian kreativitas paling banyak menggunakan quasi eksperimen dan metode campuran. Penelitian dengan desain quasi-eksperimental memungkinkan proses pengukuran sebelum dan sesudah treatment sehingga peneliti dapat mengetahui apakah perlakukan yang diberikan berpengaruh terhadap kreativitas berdasarkan hasil uji statistik. How To Cite: Sujatmika, S., Lestari, E.S., Affandy, H. (2022). Systematic Literature Review Pada Kreativitas Bidang Pembelajaran Sains: Domain, Trend Penelitian, dan Analisisnya. EDUSAINS, 14 (1) : 34-49.

Irrational use of antibiotics can cause resistance to some diseases such as bacterial conjunctivitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Previous research said that green betel leaf (Piper betle) contains antimicrobial compounds such as eugenol, cavalry, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids which also have antiseptic power as well as antibiotics. This study aims to prove the decrease in the number of Staphylococcus aureus colonies after giving green betel leaf eye drops (Piper betle) to conjunctivitis Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research was true experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. 25 male white Wistar rats as objects were selected by simple random sampling and grouped into 5 groups randomly. The rats were given Staphylococcus aureus, control group K+ was given 0.5% levofloxacin eye drops, and K- was given aquadest as a comparison. Treatment groups P1, P2, and P3 were given different concentrations of betel leaf eye drops. Swab pretest was done 3 days after the rats were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and swab post-test was done 5 days after the rats were given green betel leaf eye drops, the calculation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria colonies used the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. There was a significant decrease (p

Environmental literacy related to the utilization of medicinal plants in the community provides a foundation for the younger generation to take an active role and form an attitude of care and responsibility for environmental sustainability. The current research aims to introduce the Inquiry-Etnobotany (IEb) learning model to enhance students' environmental literacy. The research design applied a pretest-posttest control group design to assess the effectiveness of the IEb model intervention, comparing it with the inquiry and discovery learning models. Upon analysis, notable differences emerged between the pre-test and post-test results across various learning models. Specifically, the IEb model exhibited a substantial difference, indicating significant progress in student outcomes. Similarly, the inquiry model showcased an improvement, while the discovery learning model displayed a slightly smaller change. Furthermore, the disparities between pre-test and post-test outcomes were evident across the different schools involved in the study. The IEb model has a significant impact on enhancing students' environmental literacy. However, the research results in each school also demonstrate that various learning models enhance students' understanding of environmental issues despite the different levels of effect.

Introduction: One of the promotive and preventive efforts in the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease in primary health care is a health services environment that includes counseling, inspection and intervention of environmental health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Environmental health services in the primary health care against the prevention of Pulmonary TB disease in Regency of Banyuwangi. Method: This research was observational descriptive design of study cross-ssectional. The study population was the primary health care in districy of Banyuwangi and a large sample of 6 primary health care. The determination of the study sample by using purposive sampling based on criteria of results Assessment of Performance of primary health care (PKP) services and programs environmental health in primary health cares and numbers Case Notification Rate (CNR) at the top of the East Java Province. Processing and analysis of data using a scoring system based on the scale of the theoretically grouped in the category of good, enough, less. The data is then interpreted descriptively. Result and Discussion: The Program of health service in the prevention of the disease is said to be effective when the probability of >50.00%. The results showed the probability of the effectiveness of the environmental health services in the Primary Health Care of Klatak of 77.00%. The Primary Health Care of Mojopanggung, Sobo, and Kabat respectively 78.80%, Primary Health Care of Gitik by 64.20% and the Primary Health Care of Songgon 49.50%. Human resources at the Primary Health Care of Songgon not competent. The Primary Health Care of Gitik and Songgon not planning activities. The achievement of the output in all the primary health care less, it is because of the lack of commitment of the implementers and the coordination of cross-program not running. Conclusion: There are 5 primary health cares service programs environmental health in the prevention of Pulmonary TB effective that the Primary Health Care of Klatak, Mojopangung, Sobo, Kabat and Gitik while at the Primary Health Care of Songgon is not effective. The effectiveness of services and programs environmental health in TB patients is influenced by policies, human resources, infrastructure, planning and coordination across the program.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health crisis. Environmental health services in Primary health care provide counseling services, inspections and environmental health interventions. Research aims to determine the impact of environmental health services in Primary health care on the behavior of TB patients that includes the knowledge, attitudes and actions of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the prevention of the transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis disease. Method: The method in this study was experimental quasi. Respondents were a new case of pulmonary TB at 6 Primary health care in Banyuwangi Regency April S/d June 2019. Pre test before obtaining environmental health services. Post test was given after counseling, inspection and environmental health intervention. Result and Discussion: The results showed a total of 24 respondents to the majority pulmonary tuberculosis patient was male (54.17%). Pre test knowledge of pulmonary TB patient is good (4.16%), enough (8.33%) and less (87.50%). Category Post test knowledge of TB patients acquired good (20.83%), sufficient category (75.00%) and less (4.20%). The average Pre test knowledge score is 37.70 and the Post test is 67.20. Category Prettest Action patients TB is good (4.16%) and less (95.83%). Category Post Test action patients pulmonary TB is good (54.17%), enough (41.67%) and less (4.16%) Which is an improvement in the form of masks, hand washing soap, the habit of spitting, the use of individual cutlery and drinking equipment, washing dinnerware and drinking with hot water/drying, drying the sleeping tools, opening a window every day, separate sleeping habits. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is environmental health services in Primary health care in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis improves the behavior of TB patients in the form of increased knowledge, attitudes and actions of the patient in the prevention of disease transmission of TB.

Abstract Background The burden of leptospirosis in Indonesia is poorly understood. Data from an observational study conducted from 2013 to 2016 in seven cities across Indonesia was used to estimate the incidence of leptospirosis and document its clinical manifestations in patients requiring hospitalization. Methods Specimens from patients hospitalized with acute fever were collected at enrollment, 14–28 days, and 3 months. Demographic and clinical information were collected during study visits and/or retrieved from medical records and double-entered into clinical report forms. After initially screening for dengue virus and other pathogens, specimens were tested at a central Reference Laboratory for anti-Leptospira IgM using commercial ELISA kits and for Leptospira DNA using an in-house quantitative real-time PCR assay. Results Of 1464 patients enrolled, 45 (3.1%) confirmed cases (by PCR and/or sero-coversion or four-fold increase of IgM) and 6 (0.4%) probable cases (by high titer IgM) of leptospirosis were identified by the Reference Laboratory. Disease incidence at sites ranged from 0 (0%) cases in Denpasar to 17 (8.9%) cases in Semarang. The median age of patients was 41.2 years (range of 5.3 to 85.0 years), and 67% of patients were male. Twenty-two patients (43.1%) were accurately diagnosed at sites, and 29 patients (56.9%) were clinically misdiagnosed as having another infection, most commonly dengue fever (11, 37.9%). Clinically, 20 patients (39.2%) did not present with hyperbilirubinemia or increased creatinine levels. Two patients (3.9%) died, both from respiratory failure. Fifteen patients (29.4%) clinically diagnosed with leptospirosis at sites were negative based on IgM ELISA and/or PCR at the Reference Laboratory. Conclusions Leptospirosis remains an important cause of hospitalization in Indonesia. It can have diverse clinical presentations, making it difficult to differentiate from other common tropical infections. PCR combined with ELISA is a powerful alternative to the cumbersome gold-standard microscopic agglutination test, particularly in resource-limited settings.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing number of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa worldwide need to be continuously monitored to prevent its transmission. This study reviewed multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Southeast Asia. METHODS: Pubmed database was searched (January 2013-March 2018) for relevant articles using specific names of all eleven Southeast Asian countries. The articles retrieved were screened and analyzed to meet the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. Vietnam had the most published data included in this study, East Timor, Cambodia, and Laos had none. There are variations among Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance in Southeast Asia. Thailand had complete data on antibiotic resistance and had the highest resistance rate of almost all antibiotics. Colistin had the lowest resistance rate among all antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Colistin had the lowest resistance rate among all antibiotics. Another study with more extensive data should be done to validate this study. Future research should be explicitly providing detail data results for antimicrobial resistance analyses.

Keberadaan logam berat krom dari limbah industri elektroplating dapat membahayakan kesehatan manusia, di antaranya menyebabkan kanker dan gagal ginjal. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, dilakukan upaya pengolahan limbah dengan cara adsorpsi menggunakan arang aktif dari kayu. Tulisan ini mempelajari kondisi optimal uji adsorpsi arang aktif kayu Muntingia calabura dan kemampuan bakteri Escherichia coli melakukan biodegradasi krom (VI) menjadi krom (III) pada pengolahan limbah krom industri elektroplating. Arang kayu dibuat pada suhu 500˚C selama 1 jam dan diaktivasi dengan uap air panas pada suhu 800˚C pada variasi waktu kontak 70-110 menit dengan tekanan 120 dan 150 mBar. Uji adsorpsi dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi awal adsorbat 20-100 mg/L, waktu kontak 45-105 menit, dan kecepatan pengadukan 100-300 rpm. Uji biodegradasi menggunakan bakteri Escherichia coli yang diinkubasi di dalam nutrient broth yang mengandung limbah hasil adsorpsi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kondisi optimal uji adsorpsi adalah konsentrasi awal 70 mg/L, kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm dan waktu kontak pada 75 menit, dengan efektivitas sebesar 86,7%. Efektifitas biodegradasi krom (VI) menjadi krom (III) adalah 98,6%.

Introduction: Good implementation of hand hygiene and the availability of cheap, affordable, and effective hand rub can prevent healthcare-associated infection. WHO has issued hand rub formulations that are easily self-produced, effective, and affordable. Objective: This study compares the difference between handrub’s effectiveness stored in National Hospital Diponegoro University ER, HCU, and storeroom for 2 and 10 weeks. Methods: This study was an experimental study with pretest posttest randomized group design. The effectiveness of hand rub measured by prEN12054 in cfu/ml.  Results: There was no significant difference between efficacy of WHO formula A and B (p=0.458). In the Mann-Whitney test there was no difference between the effectiveness of WHO A and B formulas before storage (p = 0.567), after being stored for two weeks (p=1.000), and ten weeks (p=0.539). In the Kruskal-Wallis test, there was no difference in the effectiveness of the WHO A formula in three sites at weeks 0, 2 and 10 (p = 0.275, 0.584, 0.116), there was no difference in the effectiveness of the WHO B formula in three sites at week 0, the 2nd and 10th (p = 0.289.; p = 0.584, p = 1.000). Conclusion: No significant differences were found on the effectiveness of the WHO A and B formulas. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of WHO A or B formulas stored in three sites. There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of WHO A or B formulas, before and after being stored for two and ten weeks in three sites.

Intoduction: Sterile gauze is one of the medical devices that are often used to prevent infection. Several things, one of them is materials for packaging, can affect the sterility of gauze. Parchment paper is one of the packaging materials for sterilization. The study was done to analyze the sterility of gauze packed with parchment paper one layer and three layers on the growth of microorganism. Method: This study was an experimental study with a quasi-experimental design. Samples were 60 gauze packed with one layer parchment paper and 60 gauze packed with three layers of parchment paper. The sterility of sterile gauze tested at weeks 0, 2 and 4. Results: There was no significant difference in the sterility of gauze packed with 1 layer of parchment paper on the growth of microorganisms at 0, 2, 4 weeks (p = 0.126). No significant difference in the sterility of sterile gauze packed with 3 layers of parchment paper at 0, 2, 4 weeks (p = 0.675). There was a significant difference in the sterility of sterile gauze packed with parchment paper 1 layer and 3 layers on the growth of microorganisms (p = 0.002). Conclusion There is a significant difference of sterile gauze packed with parchment paper 1 layer and 3 layers against the growth of microorganisms. The sterility of the packaged sterile gauze with a layer of parchment paper is better than the three layers.

Ethanol extract of Gratophyllum pictum L (G. pictum L). leaves contain phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids, which have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to prove the effectiveness of ethanol extract of G. pictum L. to reduce the level of TNF-α and NO in Swiss mice infected with S. aureus.The study treated 30 Swiss mice divided into 5 groups, consist of: K (-) normal mice ; K (+) mice were infected with S. aureus ; P1, P2, P3 were infected with S. aureus and given the ethanol extract of G. pictum leaves,75,150, and 300 mg/kgBW/day for 7 days . Mean levels of TNF-α of group K(-), K (+), P1, P2, P3 were 300.29; 550.29; 390.34; 517.67; 327.55 pg / mL respectively. One Way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences between all treatment groups (p = 0.001), LSD Post Hoc test revealed P1 and P3 groups different significantly with K (+) with p= 0.013 and p = 0.001. Mean levels of NO of group K (-), K (+), P1, P2, P3 were 1.32; 3.56; 2.50; 2.64; and 1.56 μM/mL respectively. Kruskal WallisTest showed that the levels of NO not significantly different, although NO levels at 300 mg/kgBW/day similar with to the levels of NO group K(-). Spearman correlation test showed that there were correlations between TNF-α and NO with the variation results on each treatment groups. Ethanol extract of G. pictum leaves at 300 mg/kgBW/day for 7 days is regarded as the effective dose to reduce TNF-α and NO levels in Swiss mice infected by S. aureus.

In a recent, population-based survey of 3,996 persons in Indonesia, fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Escherichia coli was prevalent in the fecal flora of 6% of patients at hospital admission and 23% of patients at discharge, but not among healthy relatives or patients visiting primary healthcare centers (2%). Molecular typing showed extensive genetic diversity with only limited clonality among isolates. This finding suggests that independent selection of resistant mutants occurs frequently. FQ-resistant isolates exhibited a higher rate of spontaneous mutation, but sparser virulence profiles, than FQ-susceptible isolates from the same population. The resistant isolates belonged predominantly to phylogenetic groups A (57%) and B1 (22%) but also to the moderately virulent group D (20%). Hypervirulent strains from the B2 cluster were underrepresented (1%). Because FQ-resistant E. coli can cause disease, especially nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients, spread of such strains must be stopped.

This research aims to find out some factors related to the sexual maturity, such as the social anxiety and emotional maturity on the adolescents of the SMP in Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta. The hypotheses which are presented in this research are: First; there is a relation between the social anxiety and emotional maturity towards the sexual maturity; Second, there is a negative relation between the social anxiety and sexual maturity; Third, there is a positive relation between the emotional maturity and sexual maturity.The research participants were 70 male and female adolescents in SMP N 2 Banguntapan, Kabupaten Bantul. The data gathering was carried out in two phases, First, by applying the sampling area technique in order to determine the research location and Second, by applying the cluster random sampling technique to determine the research sample subject. Meanwhile, the research instrument which was employed was the scale of social anxiety, emotional maturity and sexual adolescents maturity. The double-regression technique was applied to analyze the data in this research.The result of this research showed that: First, there was a relation between social anxiety and emotional maturity towards the sexual maturity in adolescentsof the SMP in Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta (R=0,667, R2=0,445, F-regression= 26,911 and the significant level for about p< 0,01). Second, there was a negative relation between the social anxiety and sexual maturity in adolescentof the SMP in Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta (R partial=0,632, p=0,01). Third, there was a positive relation between the emotional maturity and sexual maturity in adolescebtsof the SMP in Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta (R partial=0,358, level pKey words: Sexual Maturity, Social Anxiety, Emotional Maturity.