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Three common Apolipoprotein E isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, are key regulators of lipid homeostasis, among other functions. Apolipoprotein E can interact with amyloid proteins. The isoforms differ by one or two residues at positions 112 and 158, and possess distinct structural conformations and functions, leading to isoform-specific roles in amyloid-based neurodegenerative diseases. Over 30 different amyloid proteins have been found to share similar characteristics of structure and toxicity, suggesting a common interactome. The molecular and genetic interactions of ApoE with amyloid proteins have been extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not yet been well connected and clarified. Here we summarize essential features of the interactions between ApoE and different amyloid proteins, identify gaps in the understanding of the interactome and propose the general interaction mechanism between ApoE isoforms and amyloid proteins. Perhaps more importantly, this review outlines what we can learn from the interactome of ApoE and amyloid proteins; that is the need to see both ApoE and amyloid proteins as a basis to understand neurodegenerative diseases.

Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) methods are being promoted in order to decode the human exposome since a wide chemical space can be analysed in a diversity of human biofluids. However, SNTS approaches in the exposomics field are infra-studied in comparison to environmental or food monitoring studies. In this work, a comprehensive suspect screening workflow was developed to annotate exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. Precisely, human urine, breast milk, saliva and ovarian follicular fluid were employed as samples and analysed by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). To automate the workflow, the "peak rating" parameter implemented in Compound Discoverer 3.3.2 was optimized to avoid time-consuming manual revision of chromatographic peaks. In addition, the presence of endogenous molecules that might interfere with the annotation of xenobiotics was carefully studied as the employment of inclusion and exclusion suspect lists. To evaluate the workflow, limits of identification (LOIs) and type I and II errors (i.e., false positives and negatives, respectively) were calculated in both standard solutions and spiked biofluids using 161 xenobiotics and 22 metabolites. For 80.3 % of the suspects, LOIs below 15 ng/mL were achieved. In terms of type I errors, only two cases were identified in standards and spiked samples. Regarding type II errors, the 7.7 % errors accounted in standards increased to 17.4 % in real samples. Lastly, the use of an inclusion list for endogens was favoured since it avoided 18.7 % of potential type I errors, while the exclusion list caused 7.2 % of type II errors despite making the annotation workflow less time-consuming. [Display omitted] • A comprehensive suspect screening workflow was developed for 4 human biofluids. • The "peak rating" parameter discarded bad peaks avoiding peak area thresholds. • Type I errors were noted for bisphenol Z and benzyl paraben. • Type II errors occurred for 14 xenobiotics in standards and 29 in spiked biofluids. • An inclusion mass list of endogens was selected over an exclusion mass list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fluorescent probes have the advantages of real-time visualization, non-invasiveness and ultra-high spatial resolution. • A series of fluorescent probes were designed for monitoring ROS, RSS, Fe ions, and lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis. • It is still necessary to optimize the existing probes to make them more capable of monitoring key targets during ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death, which is driven by excessive accumulation of lipid peroxides due to the disorder of intracellular metabolic pathway. Emerging evidences suggest that ferroptosis is involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. Thus, plenty of methods for detecting ferroptosis have been developed to clarify the execution mechanism of ferroptosis and estimate the efficacy of ferroptosis-based therapy. In particular, increasing endogenous molecule-targeted fluorescent probes for ferroptosis visualization have been developed in recent years, which greatly promoted the decryption of ferroptosis. In this work, we provide an overview of the latest development of fluorescent probes for detecting a variety of endogenous molecules during ferroptosis. We also discuss the existing shortcomings of these reported fluorescent probes and put forward some suggestions for future development, hoping to promote further investigation in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei haemocytes receiving immunostimulating Sargassum oligocystum extract (SE) caused necrosis in haemocyte cells, which released endogenous EM-SE molecules. This study examined the immune response of white shrimp L. vannamei receiving SE and EM-SE in vitro and in vivo . Shrimp haemocytes receiving SE exhibited degranulation, changes in cell size and cell viability, necrosis and a release of EM-SE. Shrimp haemocytes receiving SE, EM-SE, and the SE + EM-SE mixture (SE + EM-SE) increased their phenoloxidase (PO) activity which was significantly higher in shrimp haemocytes receiving the SE + EM-SE mixture. Furthermore, shrimp haemocytes receiving EM-SE showed degranulation and changes in cell size and cell viability. Shrimp receiving SE, EM-SE, and SE + EM-SE all increased their immune parameters, phagocytic activity, clearance efficiency and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus, being significantly higher in shrimp receiving SE + EM-SE. Meanwhile, the recombinant lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan binding protein of L. vannamei (r Lv LGBP) was bound to SE, EM-SE, and SE + EM-SE. We conclude that in shrimp haemocytes receiving a non-self molecule, SE in dying cells released EM-SE which led to downstream activation and synergization of the immune response. This study demonstrated that the innate immunity of shrimp was elicited and enhanced by a mixture of endogenous molecules and exogenous substances (or immunostimulants). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three common Apolipoprotein E isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, are key regulators of lipid homeostasis, among other functions. Apolipoprotein E can interact with amyloid proteins. The isoforms differ by one or two residues at positions 112 and 158, and possess distinct structural conformations and functions, leading to isoform-specific roles in amyloid-based neurodegenerative diseases. Over 30 different amyloid proteins have been found to share similar characteristics of structure and toxicity, suggesting a common interactome. The molecular and genetic interactions of ApoE with amyloid proteins have been extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not yet been well connected and clarified. Here we summarize essential features of the interactions between ApoE and different amyloid proteins, identify gaps in the understanding of the interactome and propose the general interaction mechanism between ApoE isoforms and amyloid proteins. Perhaps more importantly, this review outlines what we can learn from the interactome of ApoE and amyloid proteins; that is the need to see both ApoE and amyloid proteins as a basis to understand neurodegenerative diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Wolfberry fruit has been attracting attention for centuries in Asian countries as a traditional herbal medicine and valuable nourishing tonic. Revealing the spatial distribution changes of important endogenous molecules during plant development is of great significance for investigating the physiological roles, nutritional and potential functional values of phytochemicals in wolfberry fruit. However, their spatial distribution information during fruit development has not been extensively explored due to the lack of efficient analytical techniques. In this work, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was performed to visualize the spatial distribution of the endogenous molecules during fruit development. From the mass spectrum imaging, the choline, betaine and citric acid were distributed evenly throughout the entire fruit at all development stages. The hexose was distributed in the endocarp and flesh tissue, while sucrose was located in the seeds. Additionally, several phenolic acids and flavonoids were accumulated in the exocarp during fruit development, which indicated that they seemingly played protective roles in wolfberry fruit growth progress against abiotic and biotic stress. From the collected data, we found that the signal intensities of citric acid were decreased, while choline, betaine, hexose and sucrose were increased with fruit development. These results indicate that MALDI-MSI may become a favorable tool for studying of the spatial distribution and effective use of endogenous molecules, which provide a simple and intuitive way for authenticity identification, classification of drug food homologous foods and further understanding the physiological roles of endogenous molecules. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was performed to shed light on the endogenous molecules' distribution in wolfberry fruit at different development stages. [Display omitted] • A MALDI-MSI method was developed to visualize endogenous molecules in wolfberry fruit. • The distribution and changes of endogenous molecules in wolfberry during ripening was characterized by MSI for the first time. • Providing an important scientific basis for understanding the physiological roles of endogenous molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucoidan is widely acknowledged as an immunostimulant and used to increase immune parameters of shrimp and resistance against pathogen in aquaculture. The present study evaluated the effect of shrimp hemocytes receiving fucoidan. White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei hemocytes receiving fucoidan at 1 mg ml−1 exhibited a reduction in the percentage of viable hemocytes, caused cell necrosis in hemocytes, and released endogenous molecules, namely EM-F with three major bands at 71, 72, and 73 kDa in Coomassie blue stain, and six bands at 23, 47, 62, 72, 73, and 180 kDa in silver stain. An analysis of LC-MS/MS identified that EM-F contained HMGBb, HSP90, H2A, H2B, H4 and other immune-related molecules like tubulin, organellar Rab, SOD, crustin I, KPI, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, GTP-binding nuclear protein, and single VMC domain. Shrimp hemocytes receiving fucoidan, EM-F, and the mixture of fucoidan plus EM-F (fucoidan + EM-F) increased their phenoloxidase (PO) activity and respiratory burst (RB). PO activity and RB in shrimp hemocytes receiving the mixture of fucoidan + EM-F were significantly higher than in shrimp hemocytes receiving fucoidan alone and EM-F alone. In conclusion, shrimp hemocytes receiving the non-self-molecule fucoidan undergo a necrosis of hemocytes and dying cells that release the endogenous molecules, EM-F that leads to the downstream activation and synergization of innate immunity in the presence of fucoidan. • Shrimp hemocytes receiving fucoidan (F) showed a reduction in the percentage of viable cells. • Shrimp hemocytes receiving F showed necrosis and released endogenous molecules, namely EM-F. • EM-F showed three bands in the Coomassie stain and six faint bands in the silver stain. • PO activity and RB of shrimp receiving the mixture of F + EM-F were higher than in F and EM-F alone. • Shrimp receiving EM-F lead downstream activation and synergization of innate immunity in the presence of F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a promising chemical imaging method. Among various endogenous molecules, mapping the concentration and the spatial distribution of specific compounds in the coffee bean tissue is of tremendous significance in its function research, as these compounds are critical to grading coffee beans at the molecular level, determining the geographical origin, and optimizing storage conditions of coffee beans. In this paper, we established an atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI method for the microscopic distribution analysis of endogenous molecules, for example, sucrose, caffeine, and caffeoylquinic acid, in the coffee bean endosperm. Experiments were done on the differences between coffee beans from eight countries. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using IMAGEREVEAL software. The results showed that the chemical composition and relative content of coffee beans from different origins are different. Our work provides a detection method that may be used for coffee bean quality identification, efficient use, product traceability, and product counterfeiting.