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This paper investigates the interaction between energy consumption and oil shocks in the U.S. from 1974 to 2018 using monthly data. Its contributions rely on the double disaggregation of energy consumption and oil shocks in a time-varying context. Oil shocks are disaggregated into oil supply, oil demand and aggregated demand shocks following the method of Kilian (2009). Energy consumption is disaggregated according to the production source in distinguishing between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption (hydropower, geothermal, wood, waste, coal, natural gas and petroleum). The impulse response function results show that renewable energy consumption responds the most to aggregate demand and oil supply shocks while for non-renewable energy consumption, it is oil demand shocks. The dynamic connectedness results show that oil supply and demand shocks spillover the most to hydropower consumption while aggregate demand shocks spillover the less. However, these relationships change over time and recommend the flexibility of energy policies. Keywords: Disaggregated oil shocks, Disaggregated energy consumption, SVAR, Dynamic connectedness, U.S., 1. INTRODUCTION Due to the alarming economic and social issues related to energy security and environmental degradation, concerns have been advocated across the globe for energy sustainability and climate change [...]

This paper analyzes the power losses in distributed multiharmonic matching networks and proposes a methodology to minimize these losses, which are critical in designing harmonic controlled or switching mode power amplifiers (PAs). The effect of the harmonic output matching topology on PA performance is studied. An analytical evaluation is developed to show the effect of the harmonic network topology on the conduction losses in the fundamental matching network. This analysis is validated through the comparison of two different matching network topologies in the design of an inverse class F PA with a carrier frequency of around 1 GHz. A 0.2-dB improvement in the losses is achieved, allowing for an improvement of the output power and gain and for an increase in the power-added efficiency by 4%, reaching 81%. Index Terms--Class F, efficiency, harmonic matching network, inverse class F, switching mode power amplifier (PAL

In this study, a widely used software package, Trace 700 was used to simulate the energy consumption of the heating and cooling loads of two residential homes and compare them with their experimental values. One home is classified as a zero energy home (ZEH) and employs advanced construction features, which is designed to consume significantly less energy than a normal home. The baseline home is of the exact same dimensions and floor plan as the ZEH, but uses more traditional construction practices. Trace was used to model both homes during periods where both cooling and heating were used, respectively, for an available period of two weeks in 2005. Actual weather data from the vicinity were obtained during the monitoring phase and were introduced into Trace as input data to create a more accurate representation of the conditions. The difference between the simulated predictions and the actual experiments showed an average difference of 2.25 and 6.29% for the baseline house for cooling electric energy and heating energy, respectively, while that difference was 10.67% in cooling for the ZEH. No estimate is presented to the difference in the heating mode for the ZEH due to a plumbing problem. The data showed the ZEH reduced the cooling load by about 76% experimentally and 75% by simulation. The simulation comparison between the baseline and ZEH indicate a reduction of the heating load of about 12%. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(2008)134:3(102) CE Database subject headings: Simulation; Data processing; Energy consumption; Add lands; Computer software; Buildings residential.

The energy-efficient design of short-distance wireless communication systems requires the inclusion of circuit energy consumption in the system's total energy budget. We consider the design of constant power link adaptation schemes in which circuit energy consumption is included in the total energy budget and in which the system's instantaneous bit error rate (BER) must never exceed a predefined threshold. We show how--in numerous cases of practical importance--the dimensionality of the associated nonlinear optimization problem can be reduced from N + 1 to 1, where N denotes the number of available transmission schemes. The main contribution--a methodology that significantly simplifies the design of such constant power link adaptation schemes--is then illustrated by an example. Index Terms--Circuit power consumption, constant power transmission, energy efficiency, link adaptation, nonlinear optimization.

A comparative study is reported to measure the actual performance of a zero-energy house (ZEH) of typical tract design. Ideally, a ZEH produces as much energy as it consumes in a year's time. Two identically sized tract houses (149.6 [m.sup.2] (1610 [ft.sup.2])) were constructed side by side in southwest Las Vegas, NV. One house is used as a base line (standard comparison) house and was built using conventional construction techniques. The other house, the ZEH, employs many energy saving features, solar power generation, and supplemental solar water heating. Both houses have been equipped with a network of sensors that measure virtually every aspect of energy usage in each home. Initially, both houses have been utilized as model homes in a tract housing development, so it was reasonable to believe that both experienced similar and consistent usage. Performance data are logged and are posted on the web. This paper describes the differences in construction details between the two houses. Results of monitoring are presented that contrast the performance of the two houses. [DOI: 10.1115/1.2844429]

In this paper, we propose a novel bandpass filter design that incorporates automatic gain control (AGC). The gain control in the filter reduces the performance requirements of a wideband AGC, and allows for low-power multichannel compression. The filter achieves up to 15 dB of compression on a 55-dB input dynamic range and is tunable over the audio frequency range, with microwatt power consumption and Index Terms--Bandpass filter, gain control, nonlinear circuits.

Previous work on cooperative cellular networks has mostly considered homogeneous relaying architectures where all nodes act as both sources and relays. In this paper, we examine the performance of heterogeneous cooperative cellular networks with the following two classes of nodes: source nodes (SNs) that do not act as relays and relaying agents that are dedicated to relaying functions with little concern about power consumption. In this architecture, SNs are able to reap the benefits of cooperative communications, such as improvements in the achievable data rate and reductions in the transmit power, while reducing the overall power consumption since they do not act as a relay. With an SN employing no more than two parallel relaying agents between itself and the base station, the proposed architecture achieves a 10%-80% improvement in the average achievable rate and a 15%-30% savings in the average amount of consumed power as compared to the situation where an SN can use, at most, a single relay agent. Index Terms--Achievable rate, cellular network, cooperation diversity, power consumption.

The heated deck of Roca Spur Bridge is the first implementation in the world using conductive concrete for deicing. Conductive concrete is a concrete mix containing a certain amount of electrically conductive components in a regular concrete matrix, designed to enable conduction of electricity. Due to its electrical resistance, conductive concrete can generate enough heat to prevent ice formation on a paved surface when connected to a power source. CE Database subject headings: Bridge decks; Concrete technology; Electrical conductivity; Energy consumption; Experimental data; Ice; Nebraska.

Divorce is increasingly common around the world. Its causes, dynamics, and socioeconomic impacts have been widely studied, but little research has addressed its environmental impacts. We found that average household size (number of people in a household) in divorced households (households with divorced heads) was 27-41% smaller than married households (households with married heads) in 12 countries across the world around the year 2000 (between 1998 and 2002). If divorced households had combined to have the same average household size as married households, there could have been 7.4 million fewer households in these countries. Meanwhile, the number of rooms per person in divorced households was 33-95% greater than in married households. In the United States (U.S.) in 2005, divorced households spent 46% and 56% more on electricity and water per person than married households. Divorced households in the U.S. could have saved more than 38 million rooms, 73 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, and 627 billion gallons of water in 2005 alone if their resource-use efficiency had been comparable to married households. Furthermore, U.S. households that experienced divorce used 42-61% more resources per person than before their dissolution. Remarriage of divorced household heads increased household size and reduced resource use to levels similar to those of married households. The results suggest that mitigating the impacts of resource-inefficient lifestyles such as divorce helps to achieve global environmental sustainability and saves money for households. energy | household | land | sustainability | water

The note reports on recent developments to the coarse-grain method (CGM) of modeling transient heat flow in buildings. CGM was originally developed as an alternative to conventional fine-grain modeling techniques [such as the finite-difference method (FDM) and finite-element method (FEM)] to increase simulation speed to a degree that facilitates three-dimensional modeling, and to ease the tasks of model development and experimentation. Earlier work has shown that CGM can provide reasonably accurate simulations at a processing speed several orders of magnitude faster than FDM or FEM. This note describes and demonstrates refinements to the CGM approach that increase its modeling accuracy to a level comparable to FEM, while doubling its processing speed. These refinements are: (1) the use of a hybrid linear regression model with an artificial neural network (ANN) to represent each coarse-grain modeling element (the hybridization of the ANN effectively halves its complexity); and (2) a linear calibration of the ANN-based coarse-grain modeling elements to account for an observed positive bias in their predictions. The improved approach is demonstrated for a two-dimensional model of a bay in a research building located at the University of Florida. The note concludes with some suggestions for continuing research. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2007)21:5(379) CE Database subject headings: Neural networks; Energy consumption; Finite element method; Grains material; Heat flow.

Economic development along with energy consumption and costs in industrialized and non-industrialized countries is evaluated by using statistical methodologies.

The interrelation between electricity consumption and gross domestic product is evaluated by focusing on Asian countries.

The interrelation between electricity consumption and gross domestic product in Hong Kong is presented.

The impact Kyoto protocol on energy production and consumption in Nepal is discussed.

The production and usage of electricity in developing countries is evaluated by using economic models.

The comparative analysis of domestic electricity tariffs in European member countries is presented.

Photovoltaic electricity usgae in the near future and cost factors associated with this technology is discussed.

Contributions of small hydro power plants in meeting electric demands in Greece are discussed.

The interrelation between energy consumption and gross domestic product of six Gulf Cooperation Council countries are analyzed.

Turkey's energy production and consumption is evaluated and compared with other developing countries.

The factors that should be considered for successful energy forecasting are discussed.

The levels of carbon dioxide emissions due to electricity consumption in various states in America are evaluated.

Three different energy models Modified Econometric Mathematical (MEM) model, Mathematical Programming Energy-Economy-Environment (MPEEE) model, and Optimal Renewable Energy Mathematical (OREM) model are examined as a alternative renewable energy resources and for commercial energy forecast.

A study is conducted to explore economic effects of environmental taxation using an energy-economy-environment computable general equilibrium model of the Turkish economy. Results are obtained under tax revenue recycling that assumes public consumption of tax revenues instead of the common practice of using tax revenues for reducing existing tax distortions in order to obtain a second dividend.

This paper focuses on the reform of the electricity industry in may countries entailing in many cases privatization of government owned utilities. It is uncertain whether this restructuring will lead to energy efficiency.

Conservation and efficient use of energy in industry has for a long time been a priority of the Government of India. In anticipation of enactment of federal legislation on energy management for industry, the State of Government of Tamilnadu, Kerala, and other Southern States, made energy audits mandatory for large-scale energy-consuming industries. So among industrial consumers, the aspect of energy conservation is gaining due importance of the realization that 'Energy Saved is Energy Produced and that too at Economical Cost.' This paper shares the experiences of the authors on Energy Conservation Projects carried out in a Textile Industry situated in Tamilnadu State. Economic and efficient measures of Energy Conservation have been followed subject to budget constraint and the effect of such measures were realized through reduction in energy cost with the added advantage of environmental safety. Index Terms--Energy audit, energy conservation, environmental benefits, payback period, return on investment, textile industry.

Understanding ecological consequences of avian developmental modes requires knowledge of energy requirements of chicks of different positions in the precocial--altricial spectrum, but those have rarely been measured in birds with self-feeding precocial young. We studied prefledging energy budgets in chicks of Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) and Northern Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) in the field and in the laboratory. Lapwings show slower growth than godwits, reaching a 29% lower fledging mass (142 vs. 201 g) in a 32% longer period (33 vs. 25 days). Daily energy expenditure (DEE), measured by the doubly labelled water (DLW) technique, and daily metabolized energy (DEE plus energy deposited into tissue) increased proportionally to body mass at similar levels in both species. Total metabolized energy (TME) over the fledging period was 8,331 kJ in godwits and 6,982 kJ in lapwings, 39 and 29% higher than an allometric prediction (Weathers 1992). That suggests that self-feeding precocial chicks have high energy requirements compared with parent-fed species, due to costs of activity and thermoregulation associated with foraging. Those components made up 50-53% of TME in the shorebirds, more than twice as much as in seven parent-fed species for which DLW-based energy budgets are available. In captive lapwings and godwits growing up under favorable thermal conditions with food readily accessible, thermoregulation and activity costs were 53-58% lower and TME was 26-31% lower than in free-living chicks. The proportion of TME allocated to tissue formation (13-15% deposited as tissue plus 10-12% synthesis costs) was low in the shorebirds, and reductions in food intake may therefore sooner lead to stagnation of growth than in parent-fed chicks. Furthermore, the need to forage limits potential for saving energy by reducing activity in periods of food scarcity, because that will further decrease food intake. Self-feeding precocial chicks thus seem to operate within fairly narrow energetic margins. At the same time, self-feeding may allow birds to use food types that could not be profitably harvested if they had to be transported to the young. Received 27 March 2000, accepted 24 April 2001.