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Urbanization is often associated with homogenization, including the homogenization of biodiversity and overpopulation by generalist species that can change community and disease dynamics. In Madrid, nestlings of Eurasian Scops Owl (Otus scops) frequently suffer Necrotic Oropharyngeal Disease as a result of infection by Gongylonema sp., a parasitic nematode transmitted by adult owlsto their offspring through the diet, more specifically through consumption of a pest species: the oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis). We studied how the presence of cockroaches and owl infection rates are affected by urban features such as green areas. We found that a higher number of birds were affected by the parasite in the initial period of the breeding season and in areas with greater surface area of green spaces. We suggest that urban management should promote the diversity of insects in green areas so that the owls diversify their dietary offer to their offspring, to reduce the prevalence of the disease and improve their breeding success in the city of Madrid, as this problem has not yet been described in other cities. Sin financiación 2.351 Q1 JCR 2021 0.821 Q1 SJR 2022 No data IDR 2021 UEM

Introduction: Endemic coronaviruses have been found in acute bronchiolitis, mainly as a coinfecting virus. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for respiratory illness in hospitalized children. The characteristics of patients with bronchiolitis have not been extensively described. Methods: Cross-sectional study of patients with bronchiolitis and SARS-CoV-2 infection enrolled in a prospective multicenter cohort of children hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021. Results: Twelve of 666 children infected with SARS-CoV-2 who required hospital admission met the diagnostic criteria for bronchiolitis (1.8%). Median age was 1.9 months (range: 0.4-10.1). Six cases had household contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 case. Main complaints were cough (11 patients), rhinorrhea (10), difficulty breathing (8), and fever (8). Eleven cases were classified as mild or moderate and one as severe. Laboratory tests performed in seven patients did not evidence anemia, lymphopenia, or high C-reactive protein levels. Chest X-rays were performed in six children, and one case showed remarkable findings. Coinfection with metapneumovirus was detected in the patient with the most severe course; Bordetella pertussis was detected in another patient. Seven patients required oxygen therapy. Albuterol was administered in four patients. One patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Median length of admission was 4 days (range: 3-14). No patient died or showed any sequelae at discharge. Two patients developed recurrent bronchospasms. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 infection does not seem to be a main trigger of severe bronchiolitis, and children with this condition should be managed according to clinical practice guidelines. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness) 4.090 JCR (2021) Q1, 21/130 Pediatrics 0.927 SJR (2021) Q1, 49/320 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health No data IDR 2021 UEM

Sin financiación 3.806 JCR (2021) Q3, 105/161 Inmunology No data IDR 2021 1.104 SJR (2021) Q1, 29/320 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health No data IDR 2021 UEM

La tricomonosis es una enfermedad venérea que afecta a los bovinos, producida por Tritrichomonas foetus. Produce infertilidad en la hembra, mientras que los toros son portadores asintomáticos, siendo los principales responsables de la transmisión... Fil: Casaretto, Clara. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina. Fil: Barrios, Pamela. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Cardozo, Silvia Patricia. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina. Fil: Burgos Zamudio, María José. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Gorchs, Carolina. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina.

Establishing proper neighbor relations between a set of spatial units under analysis is essential when carrying out a spatial or spatio-temporal analysis. However, it is usual that researchers choose some of the most typical (and simple) neighborhood structures, such as the first-order contiguity matrix, without exploring other options. In this paper, we compare the performance of different neighborhood matrices in the context of modeling the weekly relative risk of COVID-19 over small areas located in or near Valencia, Spain. Specifically, we construct contiguity-based, distance-based, covariate-based (considering mobility flows and sociodemographic characteristics), and hybrid neighborhood matrices. We evaluate the goodness of fit, the overall predictive quality, the ability to detect high-risk spatio-temporal units, the capability to capture the spatio-temporal autocorrelation in the data, and the goodness of smoothing for a set of spatio-temporal models based on each of the neighborhood matrices. The results show that contiguity-based matrices, some of the distance-based matrices, and those based on sociodemographic characteristics perform better than the matrices based on k-nearest neighbors and those involving mobility flows. In addition, we test the linear combination of some of the constructed neighborhood matrices and the reweighting of these matrices after eliminating weak neighbor relations, without any model improvement.

Background The use of Renin-Angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been questioned because both share a target receptor site. Methods HOPE-COVID-19 (NCT04334291) is an international investigator-initiated registry. Patients are eligible when discharged after an in-hospital stay with COVID-19, dead or alive. Here, we analyze the impact of previous and continued in-hospital treatment with RASi in all-cause mortality and the development of in-stay complications. Results We included 6503 patients, over 18 years, from Spain and Italy with data on their RASi status. Of those, 36.8% were receiving any RASi before admission. RASi patients were older, more frequently male, with more comorbidities and frailer. Their probability of death and ICU admission was higher. However, after adjustment, these differences disappeared. Regarding RASi in-hospital use, those who continued the treatment were younger, with balanced comorbidities but with less severe COVID19. Raw mortality and secondary events were less frequent in RASi. After adjustment, patients receiving RASi still presented significantly better outcomes, with less mortality, ICU admissions, respiratory insufficiency, need for mechanical ventilation or prone, sepsis, SIRS and renal failure (p

Background: The presence of any underlying heart condition could influence outcomes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: The registry HOPE-COVID-19 (Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation for COVID-19, NCT04334291) is an international ambispective study, enrolling COVID-19 patients discharged from hospital, dead or alive. Results: HOPE enrolled 2798 patients from 35 centers in 7 countries. Median age was 67 years (IQR: 53.0-78.0), and most were male (59.5%). A relevant heart disease was present in 682 (24%) cases. These were older, more frequently male, with higher overall burden of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking habit, obesity) and other comorbidities such renal failure, lung, cerebrovascular disease and oncologic antecedents (p < 0.01, for all). The heart cohort received more corticoids (28.9% vs. 20.4%, p < 0.001), antibiotics, but less hydroxychloroquine, antivirals or tocilizumab. Considering the epidemiologic profile, a previous heart condition was independently related with shortterm mortality in the Cox multivariate analysis (1.62; 95% CI 1.29-2.03; p < 0.001). Moreover, heart patients needed more respiratory, circulatory support, and presented more in-hospital events, such heart failure, renal failure, respiratory insufficiency, sepsis, systemic infammatory response syndrome and clinically relevant bleedings (all, p < 0.001), and mortality (39.7% vs. 15.5%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: An underlying heart disease is an adverse prognostic factor for patients suffering COVID-19. Its presence could be related with different clinical drug management and would benefit from maintaining treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers during in-hospital stay. Fundacion Interhospitalaria para la Investigacion cardiovascular, FIC. Madrid, Spain 3.487 JCR (2021) Q2, 70/143 Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems 0.52 SJR (2021) Q2, 163/356 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine No data IDR 2021 UEM

Understanding the evolution of an epidemic is essential to implement timely and efficient preventive measures. The availability of epidemiological data at a fine spatio-temporal scale is both novel and highly useful in this regard. Indeed, having geocoded data at the case level opens the door to analyze the spread of the disease on an individual basis, allowing the detection of specific outbreaks or, in general, of some interactions between cases that are not observable if aggregated data are used. Point processes are the natural tool to perform such analyses. We analyze a spatio-temporal point pattern of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases detected in Valencia (Spain) during the first 11 months (February 2020 to January 2021) of the pandemic. In particular, we propose a mechanistic spatiotemporal model for the first-order intensity function of the point process. This model includes separate estimates of the overall temporal and spatial intensities of the model and a spatio-temporal interaction term. For the latter, while similar studies have considered different forms of this term solely based on the physical distances between the events, we have also incorporated mobility data to better capture the characteristics of human populations. The results suggest that there has only been a mild level of spatio-temporal interaction between cases in the study area, which to a large extent corresponds to people living in the same residential location. Extending our proposed model to larger areas could help us gain knowledge on the propagation of COVID-19 across cities with high mobility levels. Innovation, University, Science and Digital Society Council, Valencia Innovation Agency (AVI) 1.715 JCR (2021) Q2, 56/125 Statistics & Probability 0.951 SJR (2021) Q1, 518/2489 Medicine (miscellaneous) No data IDR 2021 UEV

Objectives Linezolid is one of the last resort antibiotics effectively used in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Recent outbreaks of Linezolid resistance have been the great concern worldwide, while many countries have not experienced it. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the existence of linezolid resistance and further clarify potential resistance mechanism(s) in staphylococcal isolates obtained from the hospital in Vietnam, a country in which linezolid resistance had not been previously detected. Methods Seventy staphylococcal clinical isolates including MRSA (n = 63) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS, n = 7) were collected and analyzed for linezolid resistance. Linezolid-resistant isolates were submitted for whole genome sequencing to search for the resistance determinants. Results We identified two coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates that were resistant to linezolid. Whole genome sequencing revealed several alterations in the 23S rRNA and L3, L17, L22, L24, L30 ribosomal proteins. Importantly, both isolates harbour the chloramphenicol/florfenicol resistance (cfr) gene on a plasmid. The plasmid was closely identical to the pLRSA417 plasmid that was originally reported in China. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cfr-mediated linezolid resistance in clinically isolated staphylococci in Vietnam. We suggest that adequate surveillance is necessary to monitor the dissemination of linezolid resistance among staphylococcal species and other important pathogens. Sin financiación 4.035 JCR (2020) Q2, 34/93 Infectious Diseases 0.917 SJR (2020) Q2, 98/197 Immunology and Allergy No data IDR 2020 UEM

Resumen Las enfermedades de transmisión vectorial (ETV), como dengue, zika y chikungunya, representan un problema de salud pública en Colombia. Autoridades e instituciones de salud municipales promovieron campañas de prevención y manejo de los factores asociados a estas enfermedades. No obstante, el municipio de Ocaña registró una alta prevalencia. Se realizó un análisis de contenido a 14 mensajes comunicativos impresos orientados a la prevención de enfermedades de transmisión vectorial durante el período de 2014 a junio de 2016. Las unidades de análisis comprendieron términos referidos a la enfermedad, términos generales, partes del texto (frases y oraciones) y función y objetivo de la imagen, bajo los constructos control y prevención de ETV con los códigos de vector, enfermedad y público. Se emplearon como instrumentos de recolección y análisis de datos los siguientes: instrumento de evaluación de material educativo de la OPS, instrumento específico ad-hoc para evaluación de contenido y la prueba objetiva INFLESZ. Si bien, el grado de legibilidad de las unidades comunicativas fue de 'normal' hasta 'muy fácil', se identificaron oportunidades de mejora para la comprensión e identificación del público meta, necesarios para la educación en salud, que no genere interpretaciones contrapuestas desde los aspectos semióticos y semánticos sobre conductas y comportamientos, y sobre todo, que se perciba como un mensaje que va dirigido a un público específico, con la exigencia de contextualización frente a los lineamientos generales y la participación de la comunidad. Abstract Vector-borne diseases (VTD), such as dengue, zika and chikungunya, represent a public health problem in Colombia. Municipal authorities and health institutions promoted campaigns to prevent and manage the factors associated with these diseases. However, the municipality of Ocaña registered a high prevalence. A content analysis was carried out on 14 printed communicative messages aimed at preventing vector-borne diseases during the period from 2014 to June 2016. The analysis units included terms referring to the disease, general terms, parts of the text (phrases and sentences) and function and objective of the image, under the control and prevention constructs of VTD with the vector, disease and public codes. The following instruments were used as data collection and analysis instruments: PAHO educational material evaluation instrument, ad-hoc specific instrument for content evaluation and the INFLESZ objective test. Although the legibility of the communicative units was from 'normal' to 'very easy', opportunities for improvement were identified for the understanding and identification of the target audience, necessary for health education, which does not generate conflicting interpretations from the semiotic and semantic aspects about behaviors and behaviors, and above all, that it is perceived as a message that is addressed to a specific audience, with the requirement of contextualization in front of the general guidelines and community participation.

Purpose: Although there is evidence supporting the benefits of corticosteroids in patients affected with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is little information related to their potential benefits or harm in some subgroups of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19. We aim to investigate to find candidate variables to guide personalized treatment with steroids in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: Multicentre, observational cohort study including consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to 55 Spanish ICUs. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. Subsequent analyses in clinically relevant subgroups by age, ICU baseline illness severity, organ damage, laboratory findings and mechanical ventilation were performed. High doses of corticosteroids (≥ 12 mg/day equivalent dexamethasone dose), early administration of corticosteroid treatment (< 7 days since symptom onset) and long term of corticosteroids (≥ 10 days) were also investigated. Results: Between February 2020 and October 2021, 4226 patients were included. Of these, 3592 (85%) patients had received systemic corticosteroids during hospitalisation. In the propensity-adjusted multivariable analysis, the use of corticosteroids was protective for 90-day mortality in the overall population (HR 0.77 [0.65-0.92], p = 0.003) and in-hospital mortality (SHR 0.70 [0.58-0.84], p < 0.001). Significant effect modification was found after adjustment for covariates using propensity score for age (p = 0.001 interaction term), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (p = 0.014 interaction term), and mechanical ventilation (p = 0.001 interaction term). We observed a beneficial effect of corticosteroids on 90-day mortality in various patient subgroups, including those patients aged ≥ 60 years; those with higher baseline severity; and those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. Early administration was associated with a higher risk of 90-day mortality in the overall population (HR 1.32 [1.14-1.53], p < 0.001). Long-term use was associated with a lower risk of 90-day mortality in the overall population (HR 0.71 [0.61-0.82], p < 0.001). No effect was found regarding the dosage of corticosteroids. Moreover, the use of corticosteroids was associated with an increased risk of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and hyperglycaemia. Conclusion: Corticosteroid in ICU-admitted patients with COVID-19 may be administered based on age, severity, baseline inflammation, and invasive mechanical ventilation. Early administration since symptom onset may prove harmful. Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Madrid (ISCIII) (COV20/00110) Centro de Investigacion Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III European Commission Miguel Servet 2020: CP20/00041 Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00207) 41.787 JCR (2022) Q1, 2/35 Critical Care Medicine 4.344 SJR (2022) Q1, 2/98 Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine No data IDR 2022 UEM

A total of 22 contributions conforms this Special Issue that covers a wide spectrum of contemporary issues in urological cancer, a group of neoplasms with high incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates, especially in the male population of Western countries [1]. Renal cancer, with five contributions (three articles, one communication, and one perspective), prostate cancer and allied conditions, with ten (eight articles, one communication, and one review), and urinary bladder, with seven (five articles and two reviews), provide a comprehensive panorama of what has occurred in Urologic Oncology during 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most papers in this collection deal with different aspects of cancer therapy, but diagnostic and prognostic subjects, migration-related topics, reviews, and preneoplastic lesions are also considered. Overall, this translational compilation of viewpoints around urological cancer will enrich multidisciplinary interactions for patient benefit. Un total de 22 contribuciones conforma este Número Especial que cubre un amplio espectro de actualidad en el cáncer urológico, un grupo de neoplasias con alta incidencia, prevalencia, y las tasas de mortalidad, especialmente en la población masculina de los países occidentales [1]. Cáncer renal, con cinco contribuciones (tres artículos, una comunicación y una perspectiva), cáncer de próstata y condiciones afines, con diez (ocho artículos, una comunicación y una revisión), y vejiga urinaria, con siete (cinco artículos y dos revisiones), proporcionan un panorama integral de lo ocurrido en Oncología Urológica durante 2021, el segundo año de la pandemia de COVID-19. La mayoría de los artículos de esta colección tratan de diferentes aspectos de la terapia del cáncer, pero temas de diagnóstico y pronóstico, temas relacionados con la migración, también se consideran revisiones y lesiones preneoplásicas. En general, esta compilación traducible de puntos de vista en torno al cáncer urológico enriquecerá las interacciones multidisciplinares para beneficio del paciente. Sin financiación 6.639 JCR (2020) Q1, 51/242 Oncology 1.818 SJR (2020) Q1, 63/354 Oncology No data IDR 2020 UEM

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a disease caused by RNA virus, Flaviviridae family, genus Pestivirus, known as Pestivirus C. At present its worldwide distribution is known and is the cause of great economic losses in pig production. Its only natural reservoirs are pigs and wild boar. The aim of this review is to present an update on some relevant epidemiological and immunopathological aspects of CSF. CSF is a notifiable disease for Colombia and persistently infected animals are the key to its spread and endemicity. CSF virus infection is characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, and immunosuppression, depending on severity due to the virulence of the different strains. The virus has affinity for monocytes/macrophages and vascular endothelial cells where it has the ability to induce different cellular mechanisms that allow it to proliferate and persist in the animal, such as: oxidative stress by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species that generates a decrease of the bioavailability of nitric oxide; mitochondrial fission that allows cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis; and immunosuppression due to the depletion of T and B lymphocytes created by pyroptosis as a function of gasdermin-D in peripheral lymphoid organs that reduces the humoral and cellular immune response. The immunopathological understanding from the molecular explanation in CSF is important in the conceptual contribution of the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that allow to control/eradicate this disease. &nbsp, La peste porcina clásica (PPC) es una enfermedad causada por un virus ARN de la familia Flaviviridae, genero Pestivirus conocido como Pestivirus C. En la actualidad se conoce su distribución mundial y es causante de grandes pérdidas económicas en las producciones porcícolas. Sus únicos reservorios naturales son el cerdo y el jabalí. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una actualización sobre algunos aspectos relevantes epidemiológicos e inmunopatológicos de la PPC. La PPC es una enfermedad de notificación obligatoria para Colombia y los animales persistentemente infectados son la clave para su diseminación y endemicidad. La infección por el virus de la PPC se caracteriza por coagulación intravascular diseminada, trombocitopenia e inmunosupresión, dependiendo en severidad por la virulencia de las distintas cepas. El virus tiene afinidad por monocitos/macrófagos y células endoteliales vasculares donde tiene la capacidad de inducir diferentes mecanismos celulares que le permiten proliferar y persistir en el animal como lo son: el estrés oxidativo al incrementar los niveles de especies reactivas de oxígeno que genera una disminución de la biodisponibilidad de óxido nítrico; la fisión mitocondrial que permite una supervivencia celular por la inhibición de la apoptosis; y la inmunosupresión debido a la depleción de linfocitos T y B creada por la piroptosis en función de la gasdermina-D en órganos linfoides periféricos que reduce la respuesta inmune humoral y celular. El entendimiento inmunopatológico desde la explicación molecular en la PPC es importante en el aporte conceptual del desarrollo de nuevas estrategias profilácticas y terapéuticas que permitan controlar/erradicar esta enfermedad.

Objectives: To determine the time to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) negativity after the first positive RT-PCR test, factors associated with longer time to RT-PCR negativity, proportion of children seroconverting after proven severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, and factors associated with the lack of seroconversion. Study design: The Epidemiological Study of Coronavirus in Children of the Spanish Society of Pediatrics is a multicenter study conducted in Spanish children to assess the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019. In a subset of patients, 3 serial RT-PCR tests on nasopharyngeal swab specimens were performed after the first RT-PCR test, and immunoglobulin G serology for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies was performed in the acute and follow-up (

Se tiene por objetivo caracterizar la infección de Virus del Papiloma Humano en mujeres que asistieron al Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga periodo 2018-2020 a partir del riesgo oncogénico. El diseño de investigación fue de tipo documental de corte transversal. La recopilación de datos fue de 184 registros positivos para VPH, obtenidos del departamento de Biología Molecular del Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga en un período comprendido entre 2018 a 2020. Los Genotipos de alto riesgo de mayor prevalencia encontrados en las mujeres fueron Otros VPH con un 68,48%, seguido del VPH 16 con un 16,85%. El mayor pico de frecuencia de esta infección se encontró en mujeres con edades de 31 a 45 años y con estado civil casada. La identificación de los diferentes genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico del Virus del Papiloma Humano es relevante para obtener un diagnóstico oportuno y evitar el cáncer cérvico uterino. Trabajo de investigación

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/6/264 En este artículo de investigación también participan: Alicia Manzanares, Teresa Ayats, Aida Mencía-Gutiérrez, Fernando González, Carlos Rojo-Solís, Carlos Barros y Daniel García-Párraga. Este artículo pertenece al número especial "Epidemiology of Wildlife Infectious Diseases". Salmonella is mostly noted as a food-borne pathogen, but contact with chelonians has also been reported as a source of infection. Moreover, high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been reported in Salmonella isolated from wild and captive reptiles. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of Salmonella AMR carriage by chelonians admitted to two zoological institutions in Spain, characterizing the isolates to assess the Salmonella AMR epidemiology in wildlife. To this end, 152 chelonians from nine species were sampled upon their arrival at the zoological nuclei. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), isolates were serotyped and their AMR analysed according to the EU Decision 2013/652. Moreover, the genetic relationship of the isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results showed 19% (29/152) of the chelonians positive to Salmonella, all of them tortoises. For all isolates, 69% (20/29) were resistant and 34% (10/29) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. PFGE clustered isolates according to the serovar, confirming a low genetic diversity. In conclusion, this study shows a high presence of MDR Salmonella strains in tortoises at their entry into zoological nuclei. This condition highlights the need to establish Salmonella detection protocols for the entry of animals into these centres.

Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Actividad Física y Deporte UEM

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness) (PI20/00095) Fundacion para la Investigacion Biomedica del Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofia y del Hospital del Henares (FIIB HUIS HHEN) SERMAS-Fundacion para la Investigacion Biomedica del Hospital 12 de Octubre Universidad Europea de Madrid (UEM20/01) Spanish Society of Paediatrics (Asociacion Espanola de Pediatria) Covid-19 EPICO-AEP 2020 4.056 JCR (2021) Q1, 22/130 Pediatrics 0.922 SJR (2021) Q1, 539/2489 Medicine (Miscellaneous) No data IDR 2021 UEM

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar si la Diabetes mellitus II es un factor de riesgo en la tuberculosis pulmonar multidrogorresistente en la Red de Salud Trujillo en el periodo del 2010 al 2019. Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles, donde se incluyó 65 pacientes con Tuberculosis pulmonar multidrogorresistente (casos) y 260 pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar sensibles (controles), los datos fueron obtenidos de historias clínicas electrónicas de La estrategia sanitaria del Programa de control de Tuberculosis de La Red de Salud Trujillo del MINSA. La prevalencia de Diabetes mellitus II en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar multidrogorresistente fue 18,5% y en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar sensible fue 8.1%, hallándose un OR ajustado 2,52, p= 0,019, IC 95% (1,16 – 5,48) ; se halló que en los casos la edad promedio fue 43.3 años y en los controles 42.5 años, predominó el sexo masculino en los casos con 58.5% y en los controles 53.1%, el consumo de alcohol alcanzó el 18.5% en los casos y 9.6% en controles, el tabaquismo 10.8% en los casos y 7.3% en controles y el antecedente de abandono de tratamiento TBC recuperado fue 9.2% en casos y 7.3% en controles. Se concluyó que la diabetes mellitus incrementa en 2,52 veces el riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis pulmonar multidrogorresistente. Tesis

Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, virus isolation in the infected patient was only possible for a short period of time and it was striking that this occurred constantly and did not provide guidance on the clinical course. This fact led to confusion about the efficacy of some of the drugs in-itially used, which seemed to have a high efficiency in viral clearance and proved ineffective in modifying the course of the disease. The immune response also did not prove to be de-finitive in terms of evolution, although most of the patients with very mild disease had a weak or no antibody response, and the opposite was true for the most severe patients.With whatever the antibody response, few cases have been re-infected after a first infection and generally, those that have, have not reproduced a spectrum of disease similar to the first infection. Among those re-infected, a large number have been asymptomatic or with very few symptoms, others have had a moderate picture and very few have had a poor evolution.Despite this dynamic of rapid viral clearance, laboratory tests were still able to generate positive results in the recovery of genomic sequences and this occurred in patients who were already symptom-free, in others who were still ill and in those who were very seriously ill. There was also no good correlate. For this reason and with the perspective of this year and the half of pandemic, we compiled what the literature leaves us in these aspects and anticipating that, as always in biology, there are cases that jump the limits of the general behavior of the dynamics of infection in general. Desde el inicio de la epidemia por SARS-CoV-2, el aislamiento del virus en el paciente infectado era posible solo durante un periodo corto de tiempo y llamaba la atención que esto ocurría de una manera constante y no orientaba sobre la evolución clínica. Este hecho, indujo a confusión sobre la eficacia de algunos de los fármacos utilizados inicialmente que parecían tener una gran eficiencia en el aclarado viral y que resultaron ineficaces para modificar el curso de la enfermedad. La respuesta inmune tampoco se mostraba definitiva para aventurar la evolución aunque la mayoría de los pacientes que tenían una enfermedad muy leve, tenían una débil o nula respuesta de anticuerpos y en los más graves pasaba lo contrario. Con cualquiera que haya sido la respuesta de anticuerpos, pocos casos han vuelto a infectarse tras una primo-infección y generalmente, los que lo han hecho, no han reproducido un espectro de enfermedad similar a la primera infección. Entre los re-infectados, gran parte han sido asintomáticos o con muy pocos síntomas, otros han tenido un cuadro moderado y muy pocos han tenido mala evolución. Pese a esa dinámica de rápido aclaramiento viral, las pruebas de laboratorio podían seguir siendo capaces de generar positivos en la recuperación de secuencias genómicas y esto ocurría en pacientes libres ya de síntomas, en otros que se-guían enfermos y en los muy graves. Tampoco había un buen correlato. Por eso y con la perspectiva de este año y medio de pandemia recopilamos lo que nos deja la literatura en estos aspectos adelantando que, como siempre en biología, existen casos que saltan los límites del comportamiento general de la dinámica de la infección en general. Sin financiación 2.515 JCR (2021) Q3, 206/279 Pharmacology & Pharmacy 0.440 SJR (2021) Q3, 1353/2489 Medicine (miscellaneous) No data IDR 2020 UEM

Background: Establishing the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children at admission is challenging. Most of the admitted children with CAP receive antibiotics. We aimed to build and validate a diagnostic tool combining clinical, analytical and radiographic features to differentiate viral from bacterial CAP, and among bacterial CAP, typical from atypical bacteria. Methods: Design-observational, multi-center, prospective cohort study was conducted in 2 phases. Settings: 24 secondary and tertiary hospitals in Spain. Patients-A total of 495 consecutive hospitalized children between 1 month and 16 years of age with CAP were enrolled. Interventions-A score with 2 sequential steps was built (training set, 70% patients, and validation set 30%). Step 1 differentiates between viral and bacterial CAP and step 2 between typical and atypical bacterial CAP. Optimal cutoff points were selected to maximize specificity setting a high sensitivity (80%). Weights of each variable were calculated with a multivariable logistic regression. Main outcome measures-Viral or bacterial etiology. Results: In total, 262 (53%) children (median age: 2 years, 52.3% male) had an etiologic diagnosis. In step 1, bacterial CAPs were classified with a sensitivity = 97%, a specificity = 48%, and a ROC's area under the curve = 0.81. If a patient with CAP was classified as bacterial, he/she was assessed with step 2. Typical bacteria were classified with a sensitivity = 100%, a specificity = 64% and area under the curve = 0.90. We implemented the score into a mobile app named Pneumonia Etiology Predictor, freely available at usual app stores, that provides the probability of each etiology. Conclusions: This 2-steps tool can facilitate the physician's decision to prescribe antibiotics without compromising patient safety. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness) Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) AY191212-1 Universidad Europea de Madrid 2017/UEM03 Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Spanish Government Grant for emerging groups (PCAPE 2011_0025; 320/11) 3.806 JCR (2021) Q1, 31/130 Pediatrics 1.104 SJR (2021) Q1, 29/320 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health No data IDR 2021 UEM

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic created tremendous challenges for health-care systems. Intensive care units (ICU) were hit with a large volume of patients requiring ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and other organ support with very high mortality. The Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), a network of Spanish researchers to investigate in respiratory disease, commissioned the current proposal in response to the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) call. Methods: CIBERESUCICOVID is a multicenter, observational, prospective/retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 admitted to Spanish ICUs. Several work packages were created, including study population and ICU data collection, follow-up, biomarkers and miRNAs, data management and quality. Results: This study included 6102 consecutive patients admitted to 55 ICUs homogeneously distributed throughout Spain and the collection of blood samples from more than 1000 patients. We enrolled a large population of COVID-19 ICU-admitted patients including baseline characteristics, ICU and MV data, treatments complications, and outcomes. The in-hospital mortality was 31%, and 76% of patients required invasive mechanical ventilation. A 3-6 month and 1 year follow-up was performed. Few deaths after 1 year discharge were registered. Low anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody levels predict mortality in critical COVID-19. These antibodies contribute to prevent systemic dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. The severity of COVID-19 impacts the circulating miRNA profile. Plasma miRNA profiling emerges as a useful tool for risk-based patient stratification in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: We present the methodology used in a large multicenter study sponsored by ISCIII to determine the short- and long-term outcomes in patients with COVID-19 admitted to more than 50 Spanish ICUs. Introducción La pandemia de COVID-19ha supuesto un enorme reto para los sistemas sanitarios. Las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) se han visto afectadas por un gran volumen de pacientes que requerían ingreso en la UCI, ventilación mecánica y otras asistencias de órganos con gran mortalidad. El Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), una red de investigadores españoles para el estudio de enfermedades respiratorias, encargó la presente propuesta en respuesta a la convocatoria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII). Métodos CIBERESUCICOVID es un estudio de cohortes multicéntrico, observacional, prospectivo/retrospectivo de pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en UCI españolas. Se crearon varios paquetes de trabajo: población de estudio y recogida de datos en la UCI, seguimiento, biomarcadores y miRNA, gestión de datos y calidad. Resultados Este estudio incluyó a 6.102 pacientes consecutivos ingresados en 55 UCI distribuidas homogéneamente por toda España, y se recogieron muestras de sangre de más de 1.000 pacientes. Se incluyó a una amplia población de pacientes ingresados en UCI de COVID-19, y se registraron las características basales, los datos de la UCI y la ventilación mecánica, las complicaciones de los tratamientos y los resultados. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 31%, y el 76% de los pacientes requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se realizó un seguimiento de 3-6 meses y de 1 año. Se registraron pocas muertes después del alta a 1 año. Las bajas cifras de anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 S predicen la mortalidad en la COVID-19 crítica. Estos anticuerpos contribuyen a prevenir la diseminación sistémica del SARS-CoV-2. La gravedad de la COVID-19 influye en el perfil de miRNA circulantes. El perfil de miRNA plasmático emerge como un dato útil para la estratificación basada en el riesgo de los pacientes con COVID-19 en estado crítico. Conclusiones Se presenta la metodología utilizada en un gran estudio multicéntrico patrocinado por el ISCIII para determinar los resultados a corto y largo plazo en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en más de 50 UCI españolas. Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Madrid (COV20/00110, ISCIII) Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) 6.333 JCR (2021) Q1, 14/65 Respiratory System 0.263 SJR (2021) Q3, 102/144 Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine 0.263 SJR (2021) Q3, 102/144 Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine No data IDR 2021 UEM

8Pág. Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), To evaluate the performance of oral saliva swab (OSS) reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) compared with RT-PCR and antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) on nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) for SARS-CoV-2 in children., The study was funded by: Project PI20/00095, from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness) and cofounded by the European Regional Development Fund, by Infanta Sofia University Hospital and Henares University Hospital Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation (FIIB HUIS HHEN), and by SERMAS-Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre. EC-C is supported by the Spanish Society of Paediatrics (Asociación Española de Pediatría); Grant COVID-19 EPICO-AEP 2020. JMM is funded by SERMAS-Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infanta Sofía y del Henares and by Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain. MdlS is funded by Grant Cantera de Investigación Santander, Fundación Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain. ED is funded by the Juan de la Cierva–Incorporación granted by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. DB-G is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation—Instituto de Salud Carlos III and Fondos FEDER by ’Contratos para la intensificación de la actividad investigadora en el Sistema Nacional de Salud, 2020 (INT20/00086)’.

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCII; COV20/00108 y COV20/1144) Red Española de Investigación sobre el Sida (RD16/0025/0017, RD16/0025/0018 y RD16CIII/0002/0002) Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CB21/13/00044) ISCIII (CP14CIII/00010 y CP17CIII/00007) 38.637 JCR (2021) Q1, 4/94 Infectious Diseases 5.027 SJR (2021) Q1, 7/301 Infectious Diseases No data IDR 2020 UEM

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation. La precocidad y la eficacia de las vacunas desarrolladas hasta ahora frente al COVID-19, ha sido el avance más significativo y salvador frente a la pandemia. El desarrollo vacunal no ha impedido, durante todo el periodo de la pandemia, la búsqueda constante de remedios terapéuticos, tanto entre los medicamentos ya existentes y con indicaciones diversas, como en el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos. Sobre estos nuevos fármacos, sobre las novedades en la inmunoterapia y sobre lo aprendido de los moduladores de la respuesta inmune ya conocidos y que se han mostrado eficaces frente al virus, el Comité Científico del COVID-19 del Ilustre Colegio de Médicos de Madrid ha querido ofrecer una aproximación precoz, simplificada y critica que pueda ayudar a comprender la situación actual. Sin financiación 2.515 JCR (2021) Q3, 206/279 Pharmacology & Pharmacy 0.440 SJR (2021) Q3, 1353/2489 Medicine (miscellaneous) No data IDR 2020 UEM

Objectives: The aims of this study were to describe patients' experiences after single-tablet regimen (STR) desimplification and its impact on self-reported treatment adherence and quality of life. Methods: We performed a survey among all patients from the multicenter cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Network who had desimplified the STRs dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (DGT/ABC/3TC) or rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine to their separate components (DTG + generic ABC/3TC or RPV + generic TDF/FTC) between December 2016 and November 2018. Results: Among 216 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria, 138 (63.9%) completed the questionnaire. Most of the patients (78.3%) knew what generic drugs are, only 8.7% believed that treatment with 2 pills is less effective than treatment with an STR, and 67.4% agreed that it is reasonable to take 2 pills instead of 1 for HIV treatment to decrease costs for the health care system. After desimplification, 13.0% of the patients stated they had more secondary effects, 8.0% had forgotten one or more doses more frequently than before, and 10.9% had sometimes forgotten to take 1 pill, but not the other. A proportion of 30.4% reported not being happy to take more pills a day, and 10.1% experienced a worse quality of life after the treatment desimplification. Conclusions: After STR desimplification, most of the patients had a fair knowledge about generic antiretrovirals, and they agreed to desimplify their STR to decrease costs. Although almost a third of the respondents were not happy to take 2 pills a day, only a minority reported worse adherence or quality of life. Sin financiación 3.094 JCR (2021) Q3, 68/94 Infectious Diseases 1.469 SJR (2021) Q1, 51/301 Infectious Diseases No data IDR 2021 UEM

Sin financiación 6.288 JCR (2021) Q1, 33/212 Clinical Neurology 1.662 SJR (2021) Q1, 20/172 Neurology No data IDR 2021 UEM