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The concept of motivation and willingness to communicate is by many researchers considered to be essential in learning a foreign language. The purpose of the study was to investigate the concept of willingness to communicate and motivation of English language learners in the context of Slovak university students aged 18-22 learning English as a foreign language. The theoretical framework is based on the theories by Dorney [4], Gardner [1,5,6], McGroskey [7], Arnold [2], and Horwitz [18]. The manuscript is divided into two main parts, the theoretical and the empirical. The first part of the research study discusses the concepts of integrative motivation and foreign language willingness to communicate. The second presents the results of the research. The results indicated the degree of factor of foreign language and the factor of willingness to communicate (FL-WTC) of the respondents being moderately high, as the students achieved 67.57% on the scale of WTC-FL. The current research study aimed to clarify the interrelatedness of the selected affective factors and their correlation to foreign language willingness to communicate. The findings supported the motivational construct outlined in the Socio-educational model of second language acquisition of Gardner [1] suggesting that students’ motivation, namely desire, effort and attitude towards learning a language is supported by the two attitudinal components: integrativeness and attitude towards the learning situation. Although the strongest correlation occurred between the component of integrativeness and motivation the attitude towards the learning situation also significantly contributed to integrative motivation. Even though attention was paid to the importance of integrative motivation of English language learners, it also stands in a close relationship with the concept of foreign language WTC.

ContextNonnative English speakers (NNESs) in the United States have more than doubled since 1990, increasing the likelihood of their seeking health care and experiencing language barriers. Language barriers in health care result in ineffective communication, a decreased level of care, and a reduction in overall provider satisfaction.ObjectiveTo investigate the experiences of secondary school athletic trainers (ATs) who provided care to patients who were NNESs or communicated with their NNES support systems.DesignQualitative study.SettingSemistructured interviews.Patients or Other ParticipantsFifteen secondary school ATs with experience communicating with NNES patients or their support systems.Data Collection and AnalysisParticipants were interviewed, and the interviews were transcribed. A 3-person data-analysis team used the multiphase, consensual qualitative research approach to develop a consensus codebook with domains and categories. Trustworthiness was established through member checking, multiple-researcher triangulating, and auditing.ResultsFour domains emerged from the data: (1) communication, (2) welcoming environment, (3) cultural agility, and (4) resourcefulness. Participants enhanced communication by relying on nonverbal communication, translated resources, and interpreters. The ATs discussed a difference in care delivery based on fluency. Respondents explained efforts to create a welcoming environment by speaking in the NNES's native language, increasing comfort, and serving as an advocate within the health care system. Acknowledging customs, demonstrating respect, and understanding potential fear, shame, or both associated with language barriers were discussed as ways to increase cultural agility. The ATs identified a lack of formal training, which increased their on-the-job training and health information technology use. Participants perceived spending increased amounts of initiation, effort, and time on adaptability while caring for and communicating with NNESs.ConclusionsThe ATs perceived that they had little formal training and, therefore, became more resourceful and increased communication strategies to provide equitable care. Participants indicated that adapting their care to meet cultural needs and creating a welcoming environment for NNESs were important when cultivating a patient-centered experience.

In 2017, Kari Moore of Exodus Refugee Immigration and Ginger Kosobucki of the Immigrant Welcome Center met and discussed the unique needs Kari had noticed in her beginning literacy learners at Exodus. In 2018, Ginger led the Immigrant Welcome Center’s Adult ELL Research Project, which exposed the need for more classes geared for literacy-level learners, as well as more teacher training. In 2020, Kari and Ginger collaborated to lead professional development opportunities for Indianapolis teachers, including ATLAS Study Circles and a 2-day TESOL training with an expert from Literacy Minnesota. Since that time, they have formed a cohort -- the Pathway to Literacy development team -- consisting of teachers from programs around the city. The team has developed a 10-week pilot program, an assessment tool, and a website all designed to more effectively serve the needs of adult immigrants and refugees developing literacy skills for the first time. The Adult ELL Pathway to Literacy Initiative, a collaborative effort among educators in Indianapolis, is an attempt to provide access to vulnerable learners who have had limited access to educational opportunities.

The growing English language learner (ELL) population is expanding in the United States from concentrated, urban areas to smaller, rural school districts in which mainstream content teachers provide most instruction for these students (DelliCarpini & Alonso, 2014). Most mainstream content teachers at the secondary level, however, have had little or no training in teaching ELLs and do not currently provide the differentiated instruction necessary for ELLs to be successful (Musanti & Pence, 2010; Rubinstein-Avila & Lee, 2014). Previous research has explored teacher attitudes toward ELLs in mainstream classes and the teacher beliefs related to teacher identity, teacher responsibility, and self-efficacy which all emerge as relevant to teaching ELLs. However, there is no prior research on the association these three factors potentially have with teachers’ willingness to differentiate their instruction for ELLs in mainstream classrooms. This study explored these three factors of identity, responsibility, and self-efficacy as well as EL training, their relationship to each other, and their potential correlation with a teacher’s willingness to differentiate (WTD) instruction for ELLs in a mainstream classroom. Results indicate that identity and responsibility correlate most with a willingness to differentiate, but self-efficacy, along with several other emergent factors, are also relevant.

To stem the text-borrowing practices of language learners—considered plagiarism in the U.S. academic community—educators can use the strategies presented in this article to teach writing processes ...

The purpose of this study was to examine if and the way in which a central argumentative discourse schema, as a cognitive tool, was appropriated by an English language learner. There has been little research on the development of L2 written argumentative discourse after a period of instruction and no study, to my knowledge, examining and detailing a systematic pedagogy for L2 learners. Grounded in both C-BLI (concept-based language instruction) and cognitive-process theory of writing (Bereiter and Scardamlaia, 1987), the present study details the appropriation of a central Toulmin (1958/2003) SCOBA, ‘schema for complete orientating basis of an action,’ (Gal’perin, 1989: 70) to mediate the cognitive processes leading to the production of texts that feature argumentative discourse features. The central Toulmin SCOBA and the text generation artifacts that were (co-) constructed during C-BLI will be examined and evidence will be provided for the effectiveness of the SCOBA. There will be a theoretical and empirical discussion of how the SCOBA and its related artifacts made the-rule-of thumb (Negueruela, 2003) and amorphous idea (Vygotsky, 1986) of thesis-support scientific and discrete. In order to guide the teaching-learning of written argumentative discourse, the cognitive processes of writing were conceptualized as mental actions (Gal’perin, 1989). The findings indicate that the learner’s cognitive processes of composing and the quality of his texts improved during and after instruction.

This paper investigates the ‘imagined’ English language learner (ELL) identities of Korean undergraduates in comparison with the construction of their ‘past/current’ identities. In an environment o...

Multitiered systems of support hold promise for dual language learners when culturally and linguistically responsive practices guide instruction. We modeled growth on Spanish and English early lite...

Ushbu maqola ingliz tilini o‘rganuvchi iqtisod yo‘nalishi talabalariga ingliz tilini o‘rganishning innovatsion yondashuvlarini ham o‘rganishda qo‘llashi kerak bo‘lgan metodlar va vositalardan foydalanishning samarali, zamonaviy usullarini o‘rgatadi

The present study aims to investigate the self-efficacy and goal orientation of college-level English Language Learners (ELLs). It further explored the relationship between self-efficacy and goal orientation. The data were collected from 198 ELLs by using an English Language Learning Survey. Participants had positive self-efficacy toward their English learning. ELLs who were 25 years old and above had a higher level of self-efficacy than those who were less than 25 years old. Females had a greater mastery goal orientation tendency than males. There was a positive correlation between self-efficacy and mastery goals, whereas self-efficacy was negatively correlated with performance-avoidance goals. Teachers are encouraged to provide scaffolding and set assessment focus on ELLs improvement and mastery of content to enhance their self-efficacy and facilitate adopting mastery goals.

The percentage of English Language Learners (ELLs) has grown in public schools across the United States in recent decades. Curriculum materials libraries associated with teacher education programs ...

This qualitative study employs Communities of Practice (Lave& Wenger, 1991) framework to map out how female learner identity is built and negotiated within Post-colonial Pakistan. The study traces out the ongoing identity struggles of young Pakistani female ESL learners at The Institute of English Language and Literature (IELL), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, from a broadly poststructuralist perspective .Data analysis and interpretation were guided by CoPframework which views learner as essentially part and parcel of the learning environment within which learning takes places. The data revealed a complex picture of Female English Language Learner Identity (FELLI), as diverse subject positions emerged while the participants developed a sense of alignment with different CoP and displaying acts of resistance to counter discrimination. Higher education appeared as a site of identity negotiation and transition into new CoP for the participants. The participants demonstrated signs of social, linguistic and academic participation in as participating members of academic CoP

This article presents a protocol for utilizing conferring strategies for reading conferences with English Language Learners (ELLs) as a means to support their reading comprehension skills and devel...

BackgroundLiterature on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggestslowerASD prevalence andhigherage of diagnosis among children of color, from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and from families with lower educational levels. These disparities have been attributed to factors such as limited access to diagnostic and treatment services, less opportunity for upward mobility to locales with ample resources, and linguistic barriers. However, few studies describe prevalence and geographic differences of ASD diagnoses by English Language Learner (ELL) status.ObjectivesThe primary objectives of this study are to (1) spatially explore the prevalence of ASD among New York State school districts and (2) examine differences of ASD prevalence rates between ELLs and native English-speaking peers.MethodsUsing the 2016–2017 district-level data on public and non-public school age students (3–21 years old) receiving special education services in New York, we analyzed sociodemographic trends among school districts with varying percentages (low, medium, and high ranges) of students with ASD and ELLs. To do this, we conducted exploratory spatial analyses using GIS software, analysis of school district level demographic data, and multivariate linear regression.ResultsIn contrast to prior research on ASD prevalence among minority groups, we found disproportionately higher rates of ASD among school districts with higher proportions of Black and Hispanic students. Geographic analysis revealed statistically significant clustering of school districts with high ASD rates in New York City and Albany. Higher proportions of ELLs tended to be concentrated in densely populated, urban, and geographically smaller school districts and had higher proportions of Black, Hispanic, and Asian students.ConclusionsSchools with higher rates of ASD and ELL students tend to be concentrated in urban regions throughout New York and have higher representation of Black and Hispanic/Latino students, as well as higher rates of learning disabilities in general. Further research is warranted to explore possible reasons for this phenomenon.

This study reported four–week English bedtime story of Rara, a young English language learner from Indonesia. A case study approach was employed in this study. Fitri, Rara’s mother, was asked to read five different English stories to her on the basis of the period of four weeks regularly. These stories were given as media for children to have comprehensible input. The data were taken from daily journal written by the mother and a semi-structure interview in which was then analyzed and interpreted. The result showed that the child was able to follow the storylines and was able to comprehend them. The story also helped the child acquiring some English vocabularies and fixed utterances naturally. Hence, English bedtime story program can be considered as an alternative way in introducing English to EFL young learners.

13 páginas Studying English is challenging and, for many learners, undiagnosed learning disabilities can present a serious threat to their success. Recent studies indicate that up to 10% of the world population has a non-apparent disability, such as autism or dyslexia. At the same time, few English language learner (ELL) instructors in higher education have training in learning disabilities, and they are often unsure of how to support learners who seem to have extra challenges. This is especially true when it comes to assessment, as instructors often rely on traditional tools that could negatively affect the validity of the assessment outcomes. In this brief reflection, the authors share how instructors can apply the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) to their assessment practices to support students with disabilities, regardless of diagnostic status. First, disabilities that affect language learning will be briefly discussed, followed by the explanation of how English to speakers of other languages (ESOL) assessments present specific challenges for students with disabilities. Then, the authors will provide an overview of UDL theory, which proposes that learners with disabilities are often best served by accommodations in representation, expression and engagement that can benefit the entire class. Most of the paper will focus on specific, practical strategies for implementing UDL within assessment in higher education. Such strategies include building executive function, implementing multi-channel assessment, and learning about students through an “evaluation loop.” Estudiar inglés es un desafío y, para muchos estudiantes, las discapacidades de aprendizaje no diagnosticadas pueden representar una seria amenaza para su éxito. Los más recientes estudios indican que, hasta un 10 % de la población mundial tiene una discapacidad no aparente, como el autismo o la dislexia. Al mismo tiempo, pocos profesores de aprendices de inglés (ELL) en educación superior han recibido entrenamiento en discapacidades de aprendizaje y, a menudo, no están seguros de cómo apoyar a los alumnos que parecen tener otros desafíos. Esto es particularmente cierto en lo que respecta a la evaluación, ya que los instructores a menudo se basan en herramientas tradicionales que podrían afectar negativamente la validez de los resultados de la evaluación. En esta breve reflexión, los autores comparten cómo los instructores pueden aplicar los principios del Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje (DUA) a sus prácticas de evaluación para apoyar a los estudiantes con discapacidades, independientemente del estado de diagnóstico. Luego, los autores proporcionarán una descripción general de la teoría DUA, que propone que los estudiantes con discapacidades a menudo se benefician más con adaptaciones en representación, expresión y participación que pueden beneficiar a toda la clase. La mayor parte del artículo se centrará en estrategias prácticas específicas para implementar la DUA dentro de la evaluación en la educación superior. Dichas estrategias incluyen desarrollar la función ejecutiva, implementar evaluaciones multicanal y aprender sobre los estudiantes a través de un “ciclo de evaluación”.

ESL environments are often spaces where the negotiation of responsibility for students may affect a teacher’s sense of responsibility in unique ways. Without a sense of responsibility to apply one’...

We analyzed data from a large-scale ( N = 39,213), longitudinal study of urban students to assess child factors (gender, ethnicity, English language learner status, school readiness skills, type of pre-K attended, early elementary school academic performance) prospectively associated with eventual gifted identification in elementary school. Overall, 14.2% of students were identified as gifted in K-5th grade, with the majority identified by second grade. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that White and Latino students were more likely to be identified as gifted than Black students, even controlling for poverty and early academic performance. English language learners, boys, and those who attended public school pre-K programs were more likely to be identified controlling for other factors. School readiness assessments were also useful for predicting giftedness.

Many US K-12 teachers in ethnolinguistically homogenous, rural areas are not adequately prepared to meet the needs of their English language learner (ELL) students. Such educators often lack conceptual understanding of language pedagogy and affective investment in ELLs. The field of language teacher education (LTE) needs research on how to better prepare these teachers to serve ELLs. The teacher educator and lead researcher in this article responded to this need, implementing an LTE pedagogy of embodiment for preservice K-12 teacher-learners. Embodiment refers to ways in which a concept or feeling, related to language pedagogy in this case, is made physically or emotionally tangible. Participants – undergraduates in a TESOL survey course – took part in an embodied ELL lesson, which was rich in tasks that the teacher educator had developed years earlier for her own language learner students. In the context of the university teacher education classroom, teacher-learners participated in this authentic ELL lesson. Data include LTE classroom discourse, focus groups, written reflections, and background questionnaires. Findings reveal that two language learning tasks from the embodied lesson especially enabled teacher-learners’ language pedagogy concept learning. Namely, in a timed reading and video enactment, teacher-learners experienced and reflected on language pedagogy concepts related to task sequencing, collaborative interaction, fluency development, and engagement. The participants performed two distinct roles during the embodied lesson: at some moments, they ‘acted like’ language learners while at others like reflective language educators. These teacher-learners reported increased empathy towards ELLs as a consequence of their participation in the embodied lesson. This research offers insights into LTE pedagogical practices that promote preservice K-12 educators’ learning of language pedagogy concepts and their development of empathy for ELLs. By presenting the notion of an LTE pedagogy of embodiment, we contribute to sociocultural frameworks of learning.

Using a multidisciplinary approach to social justice teaching, this article explores the often invisible impact of double consciousness on adult English language learners in the United States and provides examples of classroom practice that invite students to reflect on its effects. The experience of double consciousness is examined as it relates to English language learner identities. A Critical Language Awareness (CLA) framework and identity-conscious teaching practices are explored to encourage student participation and reflection. This approach, demonstrated through examples used in writing classes, encourages the exploration of identity in the face of oppression by interrogating social constructions and fiction and nonfiction stories containing connected themes. Three classroom lessons and consequent writing are analyzed with a critical discourse lens to examine student responses and reflections on language and identity. Student writing demonstrates that encouraging English language classes to interrogate the language of institutionalized inequity and identity formation can illuminate potential influences of double consciousness, which can empower students to think critically about their identities and choose whether to take steps to mediate the ways in which they could be affected by double consciousness.

The authors present a qualitative study which investigates the intersections between English Language Learner (ELL) status, disability, and special education in a mid-sized urban school district in...

Many studies examine how bilinguals and monolinguals differ in their executive function abilities at one time-point or cross-sectionally. Fewer examine how these groups of children may differ over ...

This ethnographic case study grounded in constructivist approaches reveals the problems, gaps and challenges within one local K-12 school system that prevent consistent collaboration between teachers and specialists to appropriately and sufficiently support dually identified students. A dually identified student for the purpose of this research is defined as an English language learner who is also diagnosed with an identified disability. Qualitative data was collected to help answer the research question, “What conditions do classroom teachers, special education teachers, and English as a new language(ENL) teachers believe allow them to collaborate effectively to appropriately support dually identified students and their families?” Through analysis of semi structured interviews, the existing gaps, themes, and implications are identified in order to better support dually identified K-12 students and their families.

INTRODUCTION: Although many low-income families have experienced food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, rates have been particularly high among low-income Hispanic and immigrant households. METHODS: The present study draws on data from an ongoing longitudinal study of low-income families and children in Tulsa, Oklahoma to examine food insecurity among English Language Learners (ELLs), all of whom were Hispanic and most of whom came from immigrant families. RESULTS: Findings indicate that, although low-income ELL families were somewhat more likely to experience food insecurity than other low-income families before the pandemic, once COVID-19 erupted, they had 3 times the odds of experiencing food insecurity, even after controlling for prior risk factors and COVID-related income loss. Further, food-insecure ELLs were less likely to receive SNAP benefits than other food-insecure families. DISCUSSION: Taken with other research, results suggest that because of concerns around immigration status, ELL families may have less access to critical benefits that have supported other families throughout the pandemic, such as SNAP and CARES Act stimulus checks. Thus, to meet the urgent needs of persistent food insecurity, aid should refocus on using rapid response systems with community ties, such as mutual aid organizations and school systems, to provide financial and monetary support to low-income ELL families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This article examines immigrant students’ stories through the documentation of their testimonios. Given the high number of immigrant students in public schools, it is imperative for teachers and te...

This study investigates English language learner (ELL) perceptions of using a prototype virtual reality learning environment (VRLE) designed for teaching and learning writing structure. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating pre- and post-participation questionnaires, as well as semi-structured interviews. Participants consisted of 10 ELLs enrolled in first year English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses at a university in Mainland, China. Results indicate that while the majority of students enjoyed using the VRLE, they maintained varying attitudes regarding the usefulness of the VRLE. Additionally, results from a correlation analysis suggest that learners' attitudes towards the material or content being learned (EAP writing) significantly correlates with learners' attitudes towards using the VRLE for learning writing structure.

Analyzed in this investigation were the current Texas state-mandated assessments in reading and the extent to which test scores differed between English Language Learner boys and English Language Learner girls. Data were obtained on the reading performance of all Grade 3 English Language Learner boys and girls for three school years. Inferential statistical analyses revealed that English Language Learner girls had statistically significantly better reading performance than English Language Learner boys in all three school years. Implications for policy and practice, as well as recommendations for future research, are provided.

Given the fact that reading is considered as a crucial language skill through which the reader can interact with the author to obtain the required information for the higher communication and participation in the current literary society (Walker in Diagnostic teaching of reading: techniques for instruction and assessment, Merril, Columbus, 2000), the present study contributes to the important, yet, a small body of research on the impact of reading emotions and reading engagement on reading comprehension. In so doing, a sample of 220 Iranian English as a Foreign Language learners from different language institutes were requested to complete English Language Learners’ Reading Emotions Scale, English Language Learner’s Reading Engagement Inventory as well as taking three tests of reading comprehension. The findings disclosed the mediating role of reading engagement in the relation between reading emotions and reading comprehension. Moreover, the results revealed that reading emotions and reading engagement can significantly predict reading comprehension. In the end, to assist the policymakers and material developers in meeting the operational challenges of reforming the prevalent materials, the results and the implications of the study for research and educational practices are discussed.

Using novel variation in special education and English language learner classification from admissions lotteries, I find that students can achieve large academic gains without specialized services. Enrolling in a Boston charter doubles the likelihood that students lose their special education or English language learner status, but exposes students to a high-performing general education program. Effects extend to college—charters nearly double the likelihood that English language learners enroll in four-year colleges and quadruple two-year college graduation rates for special education students. Results suggest that high-quality general education practices drive the gains and find no detrimental effect from reduced classification.

This cohort-sequential study explored the components of working memory that underlie math calculation in elementary school children who are monolingual (English) or English language learners (ELLs) whose first language is Spanish. To this end, children (

This study seeks to identify literacy strategies that support English language learner literacy development in secondary English courses. The study occurs over a six-week unit where whole-class reading of the novella Animal Farm takes place. The study features qualitative methods of data collection and analysis situated in an advocacy, change-oriented perspective. Data include teaching journal entries, lesson plans, field notes, student conference interviews (conferring notes), and student records and artifacts. Constant comparison and grounded theory methods of analysis are used, along with open coding and pattern matching. Findings reveal four emergent patterns that have a significant positive correlation to comprehension, participation, and academic achievement: the frequency of teacher read-alouds, the use of visual aids with graphic organizers, the use of group activities as part of scaffolding exercises, and sustained repetition of strategies and material.

To address the needs of English Language Leaners (ELLs) in grade-level content-area classrooms, teacher education programs are moving toward “infused” models of instruction where preservice...

Teacher-report is commonly used to assess executive functions (EFs) in schools, but teachers’ perceptions of EF skills may be biased by students’ demographic characteristics. In this short-term longitudinal study, we assessed whether students’ gender, ethnicity, and English language learner (ELL) status predicted teachers’ reports of students’ EFs, beyond what would be expected based on direct assessment of EFs. In addition, we tested whether these associations changed between the fall and spring. Data were drawn from a school-based study of third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students (N = 558, 33 classrooms, 8 schools) in which students’ EFs were measured using direct assessments and teacher reports in the fall and spring. Using path analysis to control for the contribution of the direct assessment of EFs, we found systematic gender, ethnic, and ELL status disparities in teachers’ reports of students’ EFs. Moreover, these disparities did not change between the fall and spring. Given increased interest in incorporating teachers’ report of students’ EF skills into student report cards and school accountability indices, researchers and practitioners should further investigate and address the potential for systematic disparities in teachers’ reports of EFs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

This paper aims to answer how autonomy has been conceptualized in the literature, and what characterizes the different approaches to the conceptualization of adult English language learner autonomy...

The number of English language learners (ELs) across the United States continues to grow, particularly in rural and new destination settings. However, educators remain un- and under-prepared for working with ELs nationally. This article provides findings from a study of one teacher leader professional development program in a rural school district that sought to prepare educators for ELs. We describe the professional development program and the rural context of the district. Findings from this study derive from an online survey of participants. Data reveal that rural educators seek to acquire skills and strategies that go beyond the classroom setting and that enable them to connect with EL families. They also believe that teacher leaders of ELs demonstrate compassion and build social-emotional support networks for themselves as professionals, as well as with EL families.

In recent years, tertiary institutes worldwide have begun to emphasize capacity building of their students for future employment, particularly with regard to international mobility. An integral part of building such capacity among English language learners (ELLs) is to equip them with the ability to apply for jobs in English. This paper reports on a research project which tracked, over the course of eight weeks an Israeli English language learner's improved understanding of how to write a US-oriented job application letter. Using the theoretical framework of systemic functional linguistics (cf. Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004), we present the results of a fine grained linguistic analysis of the texts produced by a student at three different points in the learning process. Against the background of a large corpus of linguistically analysed successful job application letters, the paper focuses on the extent to which the student developed in managing the applicant-potential employer relationship, which we call 'demonstrating solidarity', as evidenced through his changing use of interpersonal linguistic resources. We interpret the student's development in light of cross-cultural differences that might have influenced his learning trajectory. The paper concludes by setting out the most significant implications of the findings for pedagogic practice and institutional policy, especially important for English language learners.

With the steady increase in the English Language Learner (ELL) population in the U.S., this case study was aimed at capturing elementary teachers’ perceptions of how well their teacher preparation program was prepared to teach ELLs. This work utilized the case study design, and included five North American elementary teachers as the subjects of the research who were teaching ELLs in a small Christian Academy located in southern Haiti. All of the teachers were fluent in English, and two of the teachers from Canada were also fluent in French. All of the elementary students spoke Creole. The instruments in the case study included a questionnaire, two interviews, and classroom observations of teaching. The data was coded and triangulated. The results of this study supported existing research, and specifically included a desire for explicit coursework on how to teach reading to ELLs within their teacher preparation program, as well as increased time instructing ELL students in high ELL population schools that utilized inclusive instruction during their student teaching placements. Required second language coursework was also recommended, as the teachers believed it would have enhanced their understanding of the complexity of language acquisition and develop empathy for ELL students. Key words: Teacher education, English Language Learners, teacher perceptions.

Implementing challenging mathematics tasks with multilingual students who are not yet fluent in the instructional language is difficult for monolingual teachers because of the linguistic and cultur...

Literacy is more than the ability to decode words and digital literacy is more than the ability to use a computer. This paper will attempt to define digital literacy and the benefits it provides to both the English language learner (ELL) and the English language instructor. It will also explore some of the misconceptions surrounding digital literacy and try to show that there is a need for basic training in this area for all language educators. Schools have taken the first step by providing access to computer technology in the classrooms; however, most have short-changed students in the development of digital skills.

CAN and COULD have multiple uses and multiple interpretations which can be difficult for learners of English to understand. For example, the difference of Can you help me? and Could you help me? may go unnoticed to an English language learner, but a native speaker of English would recognise a difference in politeness. The current paper reports on an investigation of learners’ use of the modal auxiliaries CAN and COULD, including their negative counterparts (cannot/can’t and could not/couldn’t), in an English Proficiency Program (EPP) classroom at a New Zealand University. Through first examining the learners’ use of CAN and COULD in spoken and written contexts, comparisons are made to their use in the British National Corpus, which results in the identification of areas in which learners’ use could be strengthened.

The purpose of this study was to examine how faculty in the department of Curriculum and Instruction at one university perceived the usefulness of a website which contained ELL (English language learner) teaching resources (e.g., videos, lesson plans, handouts) created by graduate students. The website was created as part of a graduate level course which positioned students as contributors to the growing body of resources available to educators at both the university and K-12 level. The faculty members reviewed the webpage and provided survey feedback indicating whether or not they felt that the resources should be shared with the pre-service and in-service teachers they taught, and if so, how the resources may be utilized. The survey responses indicated nearly all faculty members felt they would be somewhat likely or very likely to share the website with the educators they taught and offered a variety of ideas of how they may integrate the resources into their courses.

This chapter considers the challenges and the opportunities that are involved in sharing picturebooks in the primary-school language classroom. I argue that challenging picturebooks with young language learners can avoid sole reliance on a standard coursebook, while also being an important step in a literary apprenticeship. Deep reading of a challenging picturebook requires reading between the lines, guessing and predicting, leading to reading beyond the lines, in-depth learning and critical literacy. Two picturebooks, The Crayon Box that Talked (Shane and Letzig 1997) and The Day the Crayons Quit (Daywalt and Jeffers 2013) are explored, examining first a picturebook that seems designed to overtly teach the young learner, then comparing this to a non-didactic picturebook that seems to offer the challenge of creativity, critical thinking, cognitive and affective involvement. A teaching sequence on Zoo (Browne 1992) is used to illustrate how an inspiring picturebook can challenge young language learners educationally, without overchallenging linguistically.