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In this third part of the atlas of alien plants of Madrid, the orders Ranunculales, Proteales, Buxales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Fabales and Rosales have been included. Taxa introduced outside urban areas, naturalised or not, and those naturalised in urban areas are considered. Ninety taxa with certain or probable presence are analysed, and 22 others of doubtful presence or status are discussed. Of the taxa analysed, 82 are alien in Madrid (48 naturalised and 34 without evidence of being so, although 7 of them naturalised in nearby localities) and 8 in nearby localities (7 naturalised and 1 without evidence of being so). Half of the species are rare, and another 20% are scarce. Three species are abundant, with expanding populations, Gleditsia triacanthos, Robinia pseudoacacia and Ulmus pumila, the latter with invasive behaviour. Four cultivated archaeophytes, Vitis vinifera, Medicago sativa, Prunus amygdalus and Ficus carica, are widely naturalized, although without an expansive tendency. Four other species appear scattered, without being abundant but seem to be expanding: Papaver somniferum subsp. somniferum, Berberis aquifolium, Spartium junceum and Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea. Another 16 species appear scattered throughout the region, occasionally naturalized, but with no apparent expansive trend., En esta tercera parte del atlas de flora alóctona de Madrid, se incluyen los órdenes Ranunculales, Proteales, Buxales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Fabales y Rosales. Se consideran los taxones introducidos fuera de terrenos urbanos, naturalizados o no y aquellos naturalizados en zonas urbanas. Se analizan 90 taxones con presencia cierta o probable, y se discuten otros 22 de presencia o estatus dudoso. De los taxones analizados 82 son alóctonos en Madrid (48 naturalizados y 34 sin constancia de estarlo, aunque 7 de ellos naturalizados en localidades próximas) y 8 en localidades próximas (7 naturalizados y 1 sin constancia de estarlo). La mitad de las especies son raras, y otro 20 % son escasas. Tres especies son abundantes, con poblaciones en expansión, Gleditsia triacanthos, Robinia pseudoacacia y Ulmus pumila, la última con un comportamiento invasor. Cuatro arqueófitos cultivados, Vitis vinifera, Medicago sativa, Prunus amygdalus y Ficus carica, están ampliamente naturalizados, aunque si una tendencia expansiva. Otras cuatro especies aparecen dispersas, sin ser abundantes pero parecen en expansión: Papaver somniferum subsp. somniferum, Berberis aquifolium, Spartium junceum y Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea. Otras 16 especies aparecen dispersas por la región, ocasionalmente naturalizadas, pero sin una tendencia expansiva aparente.

Coastal dunes have high ecological value, but are often damaged or overexploited by beach tourism. The main problems for the vegetation of this ecosystem are the physical destruction and the synanthropisation, the latter due to the colonisation of both alien and apophyte species, favoured by human action. This study analyses the degree of synanthropisation of the vegetation of a stretch of coastline in southern Spain, by systematically surveying the flora present in six biotopes: beach, foredune, mid-dune, back-dune, creek and rocky area. The percentage of synanthropic species was 51%, of which 33% are apophytes, mainly ruderal species and weeds, and 18% are alien species, mostly from gardens adjacent to the coastal zone. The degree of synanthropisation varies by biotope, ranging from zero on the beach to 63% on the back-dune, with a marked increase from the beach inland. Richness and diversity is highest in biotopes with higher synanthropisation, but at the cost of lower naturalness. Measures need to be taken to protect coastal vegetation, both from destruction and synanthropisation.

Coastal dunes have high ecological value, but are often damaged or overexploited by beach tourism. The main problems for the vegetation of this ecosystem are the physical destruction and the synanthropisation, the latter due to the colonisation of both alien and apophyte species, favoured by human action. This study analyses the degree of synanthropisation of the vegetation of a stretch of coastline in southern Spain, by systematically surveying the flora present in six biotopes: beach, foredune, mid-dune, back-dune, creek and rocky area. The percentage of synanthropic species was 51%, of which 33% are apophytes, mainly ruderal species and weeds, and 18% are alien species, mostly from gardens adjacent to the coastal zone. The degree of synanthropisation varies by biotope, ranging from zero on the beach to 63% on the back-dune, with a marked increase from the beach inland. Richness and diversity is highest in biotopes with higher synanthropisation, but at the cost of lower naturalness. Measures need to be taken to protect coastal vegetation, both from destruction and synanthropisation.

In this second part of the atlas of allochthonous flora of Madrid, the Orders Nymphaeales, Magnoliales, Laurales and as well as Monocots plant are included. It has been considered the taxa introduced out of urban areas, parks or gardens, naturalized or not. A total of 101 taxa are analyzed and references to other 39 are included. Of the analyzed taxa, 58 are allochthonous in Madrid (49 naturalized, 8 without evidence of being so and one without specific known localities) and 9 in nearby localities (8 naturalized and 1 without evidence of being so). Another 11 are allochthonous in Madrid and could be naturalized, but there is no evidence of this; 5 appear in gardens and 6 are suspected of their possible presence due to their use in crops or extensive sowing. In 18 taxa there are discrepancies between authors on whether or not they are allochthonous; in this work it has been considered that they are not. Finally, it is proposed to exclude 5 taxa from the allochthonous flora of Madrid. Among the taxa included, Arundo donax is one of the most aggressive invasive plant in the world, Arundo donax. Some taxa are ancient introductions with stabilized or declining populations. There are very few references to naturalized cereals, which may be due to their low persistence. Some species are neocolonizers, like Limnobium laevigatum, the most recently detected, or Cortaderia selloana, in expansion., En esta segunda parte del atlas de flora alóctona de Madrid, se incluyen los órdenes Nymphaeales, Magnoliales, Laurales y las Monocotiledóneas. Se han considerado los taxones introducidos fuera de terrenos urbanos, parques o jardines, naturalizados o no. Se analizan 101 taxones y se incluyen referencias a otros 39. De los taxones analizados 58 son alóctonos en Madrid (49 naturalizados, 8 sin constancia de que lo estén y uno sin localidades concretas conocidas) y 9 en localidades próximas (8 naturalizados y 1 sin constancia de estarlo). Otros 11 son alóctonos en Madrid y podrían naturalizarse, pero no hay constancia de ello; 5 aparecen en jardines y en 6 hay sospechas de su posible presencia por usarse en cultivos o siembras extensivas. En 18 taxones hay discrepancias entre autores sobre si son o no alóctonas; en este trabajo se ha considerado que no lo son. Finalmente se propone excluir 5 taxones de la flora alóctona de Madrid. Entre los taxones incluidos Arundo donax está considerada una de las más agresivas invasoras del mundo. Algunos taxones son antiguas introducciones con poblaciones estabilizadas o en regresión. Hay muy pocas referencias a cereales naturalizados, lo que puede deberse a su baja persistencia. Algunas especies son neocolonizadoras, como Limnobium laevigatum, la más recientemente detectada, o Cortaderia selloana, en expansión.

This paper includes the first part of the atlas of alien plant of the Community of Madrid, which includes the taxa of ferns and gymnosperms. Only taxa that grow outside urban areas, parks and gardens, both introduced and naturalized, have been considered. In total, 48 taxa, 2 of ferns and 46 of gymnosperms (32 Pinaceae and 14 Cupressaceae) have been analyzed. Of these, 33 taxa (1 Salviniaceae, 21 Pinaceae, 11 Cupressaceae) have been considered, including distribution maps, while in another 15 their presence nowadays is doubtful, or are only located in urban areas. The species of Pinaceae dominate as a result of forest plantations. Many of the considered species have the capacity to naturalize (there is evidence in 19 of them), although their expansion is limited, not being invasive; only Azolla filiculoides Lam. has an invasive behaviour, although its distribution in Madrid seems stable., En este artículo se incluye la primera parte del atlas de flora alóctona de la Comunidad de Madrid, que incluye los taxones de helechos y gimnospermas. Únicamente se han considerado taxones que crecen fuera de zonas urbanas, parques y jardines, tanto introducidos como naturalizados. En total se han analizado 49 taxones, 2 de helechos y 47 de gimnospermas (33 Pinaceae y 14 Cupressaceae). De ellos, se han considerado 34 taxones (1 Salviniaceae, 22 Pinaceae, 11 Cupressaceae) incluyendo mapas de distribución, mientras que en otros 15 su presencia es dudosa en la actualidad o están únicamente localizadas en zonas urbanas. Dominan las especies de Pinaceae como resultado de las plantaciones forestales realizadas. Buena parte de las especies consideradas tienen capacidad para naturalizarse (se tiene constancia en 19 de ellas), pero por lo general su capacidad de expansión es limitada, no siendo invasoras; únicamente Azolla filiculoides Lam. tiene un comportamiento invasor, aunque su distribución en Madrid parece estable.