Search

AbstractEnrofloxacin (ENR) is commonly used to treat bacterial infections in animals and can pose a potential threat to human health with overuse. Therefore, the development of an accurate method for enrofloxacin is urgently needed. In this work, we have developed a method for enrofloxacin based on aptamer and SYBR Green I (SG-I). To our knowledge, this strategy is used for the first time for enrofloxacin. The enrofloxacin aptamer had a G-quadruplex structure, which can be identified and modified by SG-I to emit strong fluorescence. In the presence of the analyte, the aptamer preferentially bound causing a conformational change in the double-stranded portion of aptamer, which caused the SG-I fluorescence quenching. The fluorescence exhibited a consistent reduction in proportion to the concentrations of enrofloxacin from 1.95 to 400 nM. The limit of detection was 0.59 nM. Furthermore, the sensor was employed to determine enrofloxacin in food and serum with recovery rates ranging from 98.04% to 103.08%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of zero-valent iron (Fe0) activated persulfate (PDS) on the removal of enrofloxacin (ENR) was investigated, and the effect and mechanism were analyzed by exploring the effects of Fe0 concentration, PDS concentration, pH, and the influence of anion and aqueous matrix on the removal of ENR by the Fe0/PDS system. The results showed that when [ENR] = 20 µmol/L, [Fe0] = 0.15 g/L, [PDS] = 0.4 mmol/L, the removal rate of ENR was 85.3% at 90 min, the mainradicals were HO•, SO4•− and O2•−. At the same time, the system had a good mineralization effect (TOC removal rate > 40%), in addition, the system did not show obvious toxicity to soil microorganisms after the reaction, furthermore the Fe0/PDS system had a good removal effect on ENR in a wide pH range (4 ≤ pH ≤ 10). There is basically no difference in the removal rate of Fe0/PDS system in ultrapure water and river water. The results of this experiment could provide a reference for the removal of antibiotics based on advanced oxidation techniques based on SO4•−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives We performed a retrospective analysis of MRSA isolates collected at the university equine clinic including clinical isolates from 2008 to 2021 and screening environmental, equine and personnel isolates from 2016. Methods Screening and clinical samples were cultured on Brilliance MRSA 2 and Columbia agar (Oxoid), respectively, with enrichment for environmental samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disc diffusion. All the isolates were characterized by spa typing. Eighteen selected isolates were subjected to WGS with subsequent wgMLST clonal analysis. Results Among 75 MRSA isolates, five spa types were identified, the majority (n  = 67; 89.33%) was t011. All isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and ampicillin and carried the mecA gene. In addition, the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (n  = 74; 98.67%), gentamicin (n  = 70; 93.33%), enrofloxacin (n  = 54; 72.00%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (n  = 5; 6.67%) and lincomycin (n  = 3; 4.00%) with corresponding genetic markers for the resistance detected in the sequenced isolates. All 18 sequenced isolates belonged to ST398, 16 carried SCC mec type IVa and two carried SCC mec type Vc (5C2&5). Further, isolates carried aur , hlgA , hlgB and hlgC virulence genes, and five isolates carried sak and scn genes, which are part of the immune evasion cluster. Close genetic relatedness was found between isolates from the staff of the clinic and clinical samples of horses. Conclusions Repeated introduction and long-term persistence of the equine LA-MRSA subclone (ST398-MRSA-IVa/Vc(5C2&5), t011) among the infected horses at the equine clinic with the colonization of personnel, and the environment contamination that might contribute to transmission were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether advanced biological waste treatment technologies, such as hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) integrated anaerobic digestion (AD), could enhance the removal of different antibiotics remains unclear. This study investigated the outcome of antibiotics and methane productivity during pig manure treatment via HTP, AD, and HTP + AD. Results showed improved removal efficiency of sulfadiazine (SDZ), oxytetracycline (OTC), and enrofloxacin (ENR) with increased HTP temperatures (70, 90, 120, 150, and 170 °C). OTC achieved the highest removal efficiency of 86.8% at 170 °C because of its high sensitivity to heat treatment. For AD, SDZ exhibited resistance with a removal efficiency of 52.8%. However, OTC and ENR could be removed completely within 30 days. When HTP was used prior to AD, OTC and ENR could achieve complete removal. However, residual SDZ levels reduced to 20% and 16% at 150 and 170 °C, respectively. The methanogenic potential showed an overall upward trend as the HTP temperature increased. Microbial analysis revealed the antibiotics-induced enrichment of specific microorganisms during AD. Firmicutes were the dominant bacterial phylum, with their abundance positively correlated with the addition of antibiotics. Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina emerged as the dominant archaea that drove methane production during AD. Thus, HTP can be a potential pretreatment before AD to reduce antibiotic-related risks in manure waste handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (EF) is a broad-spectrum and highly efficient antibiotic commonly used for treating diseases in aquatic animals. However, its abuse in aquaculture applications often leads to excess residue in tissues of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Hence, this study aimed to estimate the withdrawal time (WT) of EF and its metabolite of ciprofloxacin (CF) administered medicated feed in natural culture environments and conduct a risk assessment. Plasma and tissue samples were gathered at appropriate time points and detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The data homogeneity was evaluated by Bartlett's test and Cochran's test. The linearity of the regressed line was evaluated by visual inspection and F test. Outliers were estimated on a normal probability scale by plotting the standardized residual versus their cumulative frequency distribution. Finally, the WT was calculated to be 51 days in muscle + skin based on the maximum residue limit of 100 µg/kg. After 51 days, the concentration of EF and CF fell below 10 µg/kg. The estimated daily intake was calculated to be 0.009 µg/kg/d. Hazard quotient was computed to be 0.002, which was far below one. These results suggested that calculated WT of EF could ensure the safety of products from grass carp for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Antimicrobials can select for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. After treatment the active compound is excreted through urine and faeces. As some antimicrobials are chemically stable, recirculation of subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials may occur due to coprophagic behaviour of animals such as chickens. Methods The persistence of three antimicrobials over time and their potential effects on antimicrobial resistance were determined in four groups of broilers. Groups were left untreated (control) or were treated with amoxicillin (unstable), doxycycline or enrofloxacin (stable). Antimicrobials were extracted from the faecal samples and were measured by LC-MS/MS. We determined the resistome genotypically using shotgun metagenomics and phenotypically by using Escherichia coli as indicator microorganism. Results Up to 37 days after treatment, doxycycline and enrofloxacin had concentrations in faeces equal to or higher than the minimal selective concentration (MSC), in contrast to the amoxicillin treatment. The amoxicillin treatment showed a significant difference (P  ≤ 0.01 and P  ≤ 0.0001) in the genotypic resistance only directly after treatment. On the other hand, the doxycycline treatment showed approximately 52% increase in phenotypic resistance and a significant difference (P  ≤ 0.05 and P  ≤ 0.0001) in genotypic resistance throughout the trial. Furthermore, enrofloxacin treatment resulted in a complete non-WT E. coli population but the quantity of resistance genes was similar to the control group, likely because resistance is mediated by point mutations. Conclusions Based on our findings, we suggest that persistence of antimicrobials should be taken into consideration in the assessment of priority classification of antimicrobials in livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensor based on graphite nanosheets was fabricated through the electrochemical expansion of a graphite electrode in dimethyl sulfoxide for the sensitive electrochemical determination of enrofloxacin. The modified electrode surface exhibited a distinctive structure of nanoplates, characterized by layer thickness ranging from a few nanometers to ten nanometers. The developed electrode displayed notable electrochemical properties, including a faster charge transfer rate and a larger electrochemically active surface area, which was 1.3 times greater compared to the unmodified electrode. As a result, the sensor improved square wave voltammetric signals for enrofloxacin, exhibiting a 2.4-fold enhancement compared to the unmodified electrode. By optimizing the experimental parameters such as electrode fabrication conditions, pH of analytical solution, and adsorption time for enrofloxacin, the sensor demonstrated good reproducibility and a strong linear correlation over two ranges of enrofloxacin concentrations from 0.05–0.15 μM and 0.1–20 μM. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.002 μM. The sensor was successfully employed for the determination of enrofloxacin in spiked surface water samples before and after treating enrofloxacin by a photocatalytic method. The obtained results exhibited consistency with those obtained using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry reference method, and a high recovery rate of 105.5% further confirmed the reliability of the proposed method for enrofloxacin detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been extensively used in clinical treatments for human and animal diseases. However, their long-term presence in the environment increases the risk of producing resistance genes and creates a potential threat to ecosystems and the health of humans and animals. Batch equilibrium experiments were utilized to investigate the adsorption and retention behavior and mechanism of the quinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR) in farmland soil in North China. The adsorption and desorption kinetics of ENR in soil were best fitted by pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.999). Both the adsorption and desorption processes of ENR in soil reached equilibrium in 1 h. The desorption amounts of ENR were significantly lower than the adsorption amounts, with the hysteresis coefficient (HI) being less than 0.7. The adsorption thermodynamic process of ENR followed the Linear and Freundlich models (0.965 < R2 < 0.985). Hydrophobic distribution and heterogeneous multimolecular layer adsorption were identified as critical factors in the adsorption process. The adsorption amount of ENR gradually decreased with increasing temperature and the initial concentration of ENR. The adsorption rate of ENR was above 80%, while the desorption rate remained below 15%, indicating strong retention ability. The adsorption rate of ENR in soil decreased with increasing pH, the adsorption rate reached 98.3% at pH 3.0 but only 31.5% at pH 11. The influence of coexisting ions on adsorption primarily depended on their properties, such as ion radius, ionic strength, and hydrolysis properties, and the inhibition of adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength. These findings contribute to understanding the fate and risk of veterinary antibiotics in loess soil in North China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, the effect of zero-valent iron (Fe0) activated persulfate (PDS) on the removal of enrofloxacin (ENR) was investigated, and the effect and mechanism were analyzed by exploring the effects of Fe0 concentration, PDS concentration, pH, and the influence of anion and aqueous matrix on the removal of ENR by the Fe0/PDS system. The results showed that when [ENR] = 20 µmol/L, [Fe0] = 0.15 g/L, [PDS] = 0.4 mmol/L, the removal rate of ENR was 85.3% at 90 min, the mainradicals were HO•, SO4 •− and O2 •−. At the same time, the system had a good mineralization effect (TOC removal rate > 40%), in addition, the system did not show obvious toxicity to soil microorganisms after the reaction, furthermore the Fe0/PDS system had a good removal effect on ENR in a wide pH range (4 ≤ pH ≤ 10). There is basically no difference in the removal rate of Fe0/PDS system in ultrapure water and river water. The results of this experiment could provide a reference for the removal of antibiotics based on advanced oxidation techniques based on SO4 •−.

Abstract Antibiotics play a crucial role in the treatment of infectious diseases in both humans and animals. However, their extensive utilization has caused significant potential harm to both wildlife and humans. Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a common veterinary antibiotic, which is not approved for human use due to associated toxicities. It is often combined with other antibiotics to expand the antibacterial range. It is crucial to monitor and measure the levels of ENR medication in various matrices. RP-HPLC is highly effective for analyzing antibiotics due to its sensitivity, specificity, and ability to handle complex samples. By adopting eco-friendly solvents, decreasing solvent consumption, and limiting waste we developed a method for determination and quantification of ENR, amoxicillin (AMX), and ENR active metabolite in different matrices. The method utilized a reversed stationary phase and a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer pH 3.0: ethanol (90:10 v/v) pumped at 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 254.0 nm. Moreover, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental friendliness of the established method was conducted using various tools including the Green Certificate Classification (GCC) and Analytical Greenness AGREE and RGB12. The method was validated for its accuracy and precision in quantifying ENR, demonstrating its potential for the effective monitoring of ENR and contributing to public health protection. Graphical Abstract

Develop the ic-ELISA rapid detection method of Enrofloxacin (ENR). Corresponding antibodies are obtained by animal immunity to identify their titer and specificity. The optimal coating time was obtained by indirect competition ELISA, and the antigen coating time, suitable coating concentration, primary antibody dilution factor, blocking solution blocking time, primary antibody reaction time and secondary antibody reaction time were optimized, and the specificity and accuracy of the method were evaluated. The ic-ELISA rapid detection method of ENR, IC50 was 9.13 ng/mL, and the linear detection range (IC20-IC80) was 4.16–20.03 ng/mL. The LOD limit is 2.11 ng/mL. The cross-reactivity rate of 9 fluoroquinolones was above 10%, and the average recovery rate was above 80%. The reason why the heterologous coating is more sensitive may be due to the fact that the piperazine group of ofloxacin is one less carbon atom than enrofloxacin, and ofloxacin is connected to the main ring by N and O hybridization, while enrofloxacin is connected to the main ring through a ternary ring, these two reasons may cause the charge density of extracyclic oxygen at the ofloxacin binding site to be higher than that of enrofloxacin, and the binding ability to antibodies is stronger. Therefore, when heterologous coating, the competitive inhibition rate against enrofloxacin is higher and the effect is better. The conclusion obtained through this experiment is that the detection method has strong broad spectrum and good sensitivity, and can quickly detect the total amount of enrofloxacin and its seven common fluoroquinolones in fish and eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Piezoelectric catalysis using perovskite‐type barium titanate (BaTiO3) has been applied to the decomposition of refractory organic pollutants through piezoelectric catalytic persulfate (PS). Nevertheless, challenges such as a limited specific surface area, poor electrical conductivity and a tendency towards agglomeration in BaTiO3 necessitate the exploration of novel methods to enhance its piezoelectric efficiency. RESULTS: Sludge carbon (SC) from sewage treatment and BaTiO3 was utilized to develop a novel piezoelectric catalytic material (BaTiO3/SC). The specific surface area of BaTiO3/SC reached 67.92 m2 g−1, which is nine times larger than that of BaTiO3 alone. The inclusion of SC in the composite enhanced the number of active sites and contributed to a higher degree of graphitization, improved electrical conductivity, and provided a more stable structure for BaTiO3/SC. This material was capable of harvesting mechanical vibration energy from ultrasound, thereby generating piezoelectric catalytic properties and activating PS to achieve a 93% decomposition ratio of enrofloxacin (ENR) in water within 80 min. The activation of PS by BaTiO3/SC piezocatalysis led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as •OH and SO4−•. These ROS attack the quinolone ring of ENR, which is susceptible to cleavage, resulting in the decomposition of ENR into intermediates of lower toxicity. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of SC has enhanced the piezoelectric performance of BaTiO3, rendering BaTiO3/SC a novel perovskite‐type piezoelectric catalytic material that improves piezoelectric efficiency. The BaTiO3/SC system, through its piezoelectric catalytic activation of PS, demonstrates potential for decomposition of refractory organic pollutants in water treatment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, biochar-supported bismuth iodide-oxidized composite catalyst(BC-BiOI) was prepared by hydrothermal method, and persulfate(PMS) was introduced into the system to couple photocatalysis and PMS advanced oxidation technology. The degradation effect of Enrofloxacin(ENR) by the light /BC-BiOI/PMS composite system was investigated, and the effect of reaction conditions on the removal of ENR was examined. The mechanism of ENR degradation in light/BC-BIOI/PMS system was studied. The best degradation effect of typical antibiotic ENR was determined by light /BC-BiOI/PMS system. Under the conditions of BC-BiOI dosage of 0.2 g/L, PMS dosage of 1.0 g/L, pH of 7, the degradation rate of ENR could reach 76%. The interaction among pH, BC-BiOI dosage and PMS dosage was analyzed by response surface methodology. The results indicated that the order of the effect of various factors on ENR degradation was initial pH>PMS dosage>BC-BiOI dosage. According to free radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), the main active oxidation species in the system were ·OH, SO4·-, and 1O2, which jointly oxidized and degraded ENR. In the reusability test, BC-BiOI photocatalysis composite material could still remain more than 65% removal rate of ENR after four cycles.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in Nanyang cattle after a single intravenous (IV), and intramuscular (IM) administration of enrofloxacin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight (BW). Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in plasma were simultaneously determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay method and subjected to a non‐compartmental analysis. After IV administration, enrofloxacin had a mean (±SD) volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) of 1.394 ± 0.349 L/kg, a terminal half‐life (t1/2λz) of 3.592 ± 1.205 h, and a total body clearance (Cl) of 0.675 ± 0.16 L/h/kg. After IM administration, enrofloxacin was absorbed relatively slowly but completely, with a mean absorption time (MAT) of 6.051 ± 1.107 h and a bioavailability of 99.225 ± 7.389%. Both compounds were detected simultaneously in most plasma samples following both routes of administration, indicating efficient biotransformation of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin. After IV injection, the peak concentration (Cmax) of ciprofloxacin was 0.315 ± 0.017 μg/mL, observed at 0.958 ± 0.102 h. Following IM injection, the corresponding values were 0.071 ± 0.006 μg/mL and 3 ± 1.095 h, respectively. Following IV and IM administration, the conversion ratio of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was calculated as 59.2 ± 9.6% and 31.2 ± 7.7%, respectively. The present results demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for enrofloxacin, characterized by complete absorption with relatively slow kinetics, extensive distribution, efficient biotransformation to ciprofloxacin, and prolonged elimination in Nanyang cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In commercial aquaculture, aquatic animals are generally administered medicine ad libitum (at one's pleasure) via medicated feed. However, the estimation of withdrawal times for aquatic medicine is mostly carried out through the forced administration of medicine via oral gavage, which is not consistent with commercial aquaculture. This process may influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of medicine in aquatic animals and further affect the calculation of withdrawal times (WTs) for medicines. Therefore, in the current study, we selected the important aquatic medicine enrofloxacin (EF) to estimate its WTs in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) after the administration of medicated feed. This study will obtain practical estimations of the WT of EF in actual aquaculture to aid in the surveillance of medication residue in fish products. The present study investigated the residue depletion and WTs of EF and its main metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in largemouth bass after ad libitum administration in commercial fish farming based on statistical approaches. Samples collected at pre-determined time points were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. If the concentrations of medicine were less than the quantitative limit, they were set to be half of the limit of quantitative. The terminal elimination of the target compound was assumed to fit a one-compartment model. The statistical methods of Bartlett's test and Cochran's test were used to inspect the homogeneity of the log-transformed data. The lack-of-fit test and F-test were used to check the linearity of the regression line. Outliers were assessed using standardized residuals. The final WT was estimated using the 95% percentile with a 95% confidence level. The WTs of EF were calculated to be 46, 29, 33, 46, and 20 days for the muscle + skin, plasma, gill, kidney, and liver, respectively. After the risk assessment, the values of the hazard quotient were calculated to be far less than 1, indicating that the risk of residual EF was particularly low in the edible tissues of largemouth bass after medicine depletion for various WTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overuse of antibiotics in both humans and livestock has led to the antibiotic resistance phenomenon which is now considered one of the biggest problems in the modern world. Some antibiotics used to control or prevent infections in livestock poultry were registered a long time ago, and as a result, data on the possible side effects of their use, both for birds and humans, are incomplete and should be updated. An example of such an antibiotic is enrofloxacin which has been widely used in poultry since 1989. Data in recent years have begun to indicate that this antibiotic induces the process of apoptosis in diverse types of eukaryotic cells. Unfortunately, such studies have never been conducted on chicken models even though it is in poultry that this antibiotic is most commonly used. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to investigate whether enrofloxacin induces apoptosis in chicken cells of the UMNSAH/DF-1 line and to study the molecular mechanism of its action. The results of these experiments indicated that enrofloxacin induces apoptosis in chicken cells but not in human HEK-293 and PC3 cells. This induction was accompanied by changes in the morphology and size of mitochondria, the process of apoptosome formation and activation of executive caspases, which clearly indicates the role of the mitochondrial pathway in the induction of apoptosis by enrofloxacin. This study is the first to show the toxicity of enrofloxacin against chicken cells and to demonstrate the exact mechanism of its action. The results presented in this work show the need to monitor the concentration of antibiotic residues in poultry foods as well as to study their impact on public health to guarantee consumer safety and prevent the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aluminum-doped Ni0.4Mn0.3Cu0.3Al0.4Fe1.6O4(X = 0.0.4) ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized via a sol–gel method, and their photocatalytic activity for the degradation of enrofloxacin was investigated. XRD confirmed the formation of a single-phase spinel structure, whereas FTIR revealed the presence of characteristic metal–oxygen bonds. The SEM images showed agglomerated nanoparticles with a porous structure, and EDX confirmed the expected elemental composition. BET) analysis revealed that Al doping significantly enhanced the surface area and pore volume of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by studying the degradation of enrofloxacin under various conditions. The experiment employed 100 mg of the catalyst Ni0.4Mn0.3Cu0.3AlxFe2-xO4(where x = 0 and 0.4) at a pH of 7. A 10 ppm enrofloxacin solution was treated under 100 W bulb irradiation. The aluminum-doped sample exhibited superior photodegradation efficiency (94.69%) compared to its undoped counterpart (68.42%), which was attributed to enhanced light absorption, charge separation, and catalytic activity. Scavenger experiments suggest that hydroxyl radicals play a dominant role in the degradation process. The bandgap decreased from 2.3 to 1.9 eV upon aluminum doping, facilitating enhanced light absorption, conductivity and reduce the charge-carrier recombination. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated promising reusability, although a slight decrease in photocatalytic activity was observed after multiple cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of canine otitis externa. Enrofloxacin is often applied topically to treat this condition, although recalcitrant and recurring infections are common. There is evidence that exposure to blue light (400-470 nm) has a bactericidal effect on P. aeruginosa and other microorganisms. Methods: In the present study, we tested the biocidal effect of blue light (375-450 nm), alone or in combination with enrofloxacin, against six isolates of P. aeruginosa from dogs with otitis externa (5 of which were resistant to enrofloxacin). Results: Treatment of planktonic cell cultures with blue light resulted in significant (p < 0.5) reductions in Colony Forming Units (CFU) for all seven strains tested, in some cases below the limit of detection. The greatest bactericidal effect was observed following exposure to light at 405 nm wavelength (p < 0.05). Exposure to blue light for 20 min usually resulted in a greater reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa than enrofloxacin treatment, and combination treatment typically resulted in the largest reductions in CFU. Analysis of the genome sequences of these strains established that enrofloxacin resistance was likely the result of a S466F substitution in GyrB. However, there was no clear association between genotype and susceptibility to blue light treatment. Discussion: These results suggest that blue light treatment, particularly at 405 nm wavelength, and especially in combination with enrofloxacin therapy, could be an effective treatment for otherwise recalcitrant canine otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It may also provide a way of extending the usefulness of enrofloxacin therapy which would otherwise be ineffective as a sole therapeutic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR), a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, is widely used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections. Like many antibiotics, ENR has limited water solubility and low bioavailability. To address these challenges, drug formulations using solid dispersions, nanosuspensions, surfactants, cocrystal/salt formation, and inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins may be employed. The approach described herein proposes the development of ENR formulations by co-electrospinning ENR with custom-prepared cyclodextrin–oligolactide (CDLA) derivatives. This method benefits from the high solubility of these derivatives, enabling polymer-free electrospinning. The electrospinning parameters were optimized to incorporate significant amounts of ENR into the CDLA nanofibrous webs, reaching up to 15.6% by weight. The obtained formulations were characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy methods and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study indicates that the presence of CDLA derivative does not inhibit the antibacterial activity of ENR, recommending these formulations for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A label-free electrochemical aptasensor was developed using a 3D porous chitosan-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite matrix for rapid and ultrasensitive quantification of enrofloxacin residues in mutton samples. The high conductivity nanoscaffold allowed enhanced aptamer loading yielding improved dynamic range of 0.01-10 ng/mL and low detection limit of 0.005 ng/mL. The biosensor demonstrated good precision (RSD 2.7%) between measurements and selectivity against potentially interfering species. It also showed excellent accuracy with 92.7–97.5% recovery of spiked enrofloxacin in meat extracts. A storage stability of 91% was retained over 4 weeks without noticeable performance loss. Further, analysis of actual mutton samples using the aptasensor revealed enrofloxacin levels of 6.8 ng/g and 15.2 ng/g, validated by HPLC-UV reference technique. Thus, the proposed label-free impedimetric aptasensor provides a viable analytical platform for rapid on-site screening of trace enrofloxacin residues in complex food matrices within minutes, without requiring extensive sample processing steps or expensive instrumentation. The biosensor fabrication methodology exploiting advanced nanomaterials to tune sensitivity shows promise for enabling rapid detection of diverse targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of antibiotic residues using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based methods is simple to operate and time-efficient, but susceptible to the interference of the sample matrix. In this study, 4-MBN which has characteristic signal in the biological samples Raman signal silent region is used as the signal molecule to construct the SERS probe.Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized with aptamer (Apt) are used as the capture probe. And the SERS probe and the capture probe are used to assemble a composite probe through the hybridization of the complementary DNA (cDNA) in the SERS probe and Apt in the capture probe. In the presence of enrofloxacin, the aptamer in the composite probe binds specifically to enrofloxacin, leading to the release of the SERS probe.The intensity of the characteristic SERS signal of 4-MBN at the Raman shift of 2 227 cm-1 shows a good linear correlation with the logarithm value of enrofloxacin concentration in the range of 1～500 nM,with a determination coefficient of 0.99 and a detection limit of 0.07 nM.The recovery rate of enrofloxacin detection in fish and pork is between 84.0%～109.0%,and the relative standard deviation is varied in 0.2%～0.8%.The results provide a new method for the rapid detection of enrofloxacin in complex matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Despite the beneficial effects of antibiotics in treating livestock diseases and increasing their weight, their residual effects on food can cause harmful effects on both livestock and humans and endanger human health. The presence of antibiotic residues in food, especially meat, and its transfer to the body of consumers is one of their most important harmful effects. One of the practical ways to reduce drug residues in meat is to use heating methods such as cooking in boiling water. OBJECTIVES: This research aimed to use a suitable cooking method and optimize its conditions in terms of salt content. Organic acids (citric acid) and cooking time to reduce antibiotic residues. METHODS: For this purpose, fifteen 20-day-old Ras broiler chickens were used. To clean their bodies from possible antibiotic residues, the chickens were kept for 10 days and given antibiotic-free food. Then, the antibiotic enrofloxacin was injected into the chest muscle, and 24 hours later, they were killed. Based on the protocol provided by Design Expert software, 18 treatments with different cooking time ranges and percentages of salt and citric acid were designed and implemented, and the drug residue after cooking the samples was determined by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) method. RESULTS: Based on the obtained results, proper cooking methods and optimization of its conditions, such as the amount of salt, organic acids (citric acid), and cooking time, had a significant effect on the reduction of enrofloxacin antibiotic residues. Also, after optimizing the process by the software, the best conditions to achieve the minimum amount of antibiotics could be achieved by the cooking time of 26.59 minutes, 2.95% w/v salt, and 1.49% v/v citric acid. CONCLUSIONS: By cooking properly and adding ingredients such as acids and salt at the optimum level, the amount of antibiotics in chicken meat can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of the mechanistic drivers of animal‐microbial symbiosis and associations generally requires experiments that manipulate specific symbionts or microbial communities. As part of an ongoing study of the mechanisms that drive microbial communities in coral reef fishes, and specifically the role of cleanerfish in microbial transmission, we tested the effects of the commonly used antibiotics Enrofloxacin and Nitrofurazone on the skin microbiome of three ornamental reef fish species: the four‐eyed butterflyfish, Chaetodon capistratus (Chaetodontidae), the cleanerfish neon goby Elacatinus oceanops (Gobiidae) and the beaugregory damselfish Stegastes leucostictus (Pomacentridae). Our main aim was to characterize dysbiosis prompted by the delivery of the two antibiotics and understand whether both could be used to establish good starting points for microbial transmission experiments. We bathed the fish in antibiotic (or no exposure in the controls), sampled the skin microbiota via swabbing at zero (before treatment) and 3 and 7 days during the treatments, and examined the microbial community using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. Nitrofurazone reduced skin‐associated microbial diversity in all species, whereas the same effect for Enrofloxacin was only seen in S. leucostictus. Although each antibiotic had its own, unique impact in microbial community, all treatments showed positive and negative shifts in the most abundant microbial taxa over time. Moreover, soon after the delivery of both antibiotics, increases in the abundance of opportunistic bacteria or potential pathogens, such as Alteromonas and Vibrio, were observed. Although both antibiotics are effective, Nitrofurazone more successfully reduces microbial diversity and therefore may be more ideal for experiments seeking to disrupt fish microbiomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the Design of Experiments methodology (Response-Surface Methodology and Derringer's Desirability Function), a simple, fast and robust RP-HPLC method was developed for the analysis of enrofloxacin (EFC), its impurity A (fluoroquinolonic acid, FQ) and impurity B (ciprofloxacin, CPX). Gradient elution of samples was performed on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 32 mM phosphate buffer pH 3.5 – methanol (0 min-19.6% methanol; 15.5 min-19.6% methanol; 29.5 min-80% methanol; 30 min-19.6% methanol; 35 min-19.6% methanol), delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min−1, wavelength of detection 278 nm (for EFX and CFX) and 265 nm for FQ. A good linear response was achieved in the range 15–35 μg mL−1 (EFX) and LOQ-150% for impurities (CFX and FQ). Other validation parameters were also tested: precision, accuracy, sensitivity and robustness. The developed method was shown to be simple, practical and suitable for the analysis of EFC and its impurities (CPX, FQ) in veterinary drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early administration of antibiotics may worsen the functioning of the turkeys’ antioxidant system. It was also assumed that the longer the time of administration of an antibiotic, e.g. a coccidiostat, the greater the risk of its accumulation in the liver. The study aimed to determine whether early administration of antibiotics or feeding a diet containing coccidiostats causes accumulation in the liver and whether it affects the deterioration of the antioxidant system, and whether preventive vaccinations can intensify it. A total of 3 080 female turkeys were randomly allocated to eight groups. The experiment had a two-factorial design, with four treatments (C, M, E, D) and two groups of birds (vaccinated +, unvaccinated −). The C group did not receive the coccidiostat or antibiotics. Group M was administered monensin at 90 mg/kg feed for 56 days of life. Group E received enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg BW, and group D received doxycycline at 50 mg/kg BW, added to drinking water, for the first 5 days of life. One-day-old turkeys from groups C+, M+, E+, and D+ were administered live-attenuated vaccines against turkey rhinotracheitis and Newcastle disease by coarse spray; 28-day-old birds were administered a subcutaneously injected inactivated vaccine against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. Turkeys from groups C-, M-, E-, and D- were not vaccinated. It was determined that as a result of administration of enrofloxacin or doxycycline until the 5th day of life, biotransformation of these antibiotics occurred in the liver until the 56th day of life of the turkeys, which was confirmed by their lower level than the Maximum Residue Level. Because the concentration of monensin in the liver of turkeys gradually increased with the extension of the time of its administration in the diet, it is probable that discontinuing its addition a day before the slaughter of birds will result in the presence of this coccidiostat in the liver of turkeys. Despite the accumulation of monensin in the liver of turkeys, this coccidiostat did not increase oxidative reactions in the organism of turkeys. Vaccination of turkeys can reduce oxidative reactions and apoptosis in the body. However, the effect of the redox system reaction is different immediately after vaccination, which is due to the mechanism of action of the immune system. If it is necessary to administer an antibiotic in the early rearing period, the effects of doxycycline on the organism’s immunity including antioxidant defence will be less severe than those of enrofloxacin.

Residual enrofloxacin (ENR) exposed in aqueous environments is challenging to the ecosphere. In this work, a layered double hydroxide CoAl-LDH was used to activate the common oxidizing agent persulfate (PS) for photodegradation of ENR, and the degradation pathways of ENR were scrutinized and elucidated. The results indicated that, under the optimal conditions obtained through orthogonal experiments, even though the degradation rate of ENR was as high as 97.72%, the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) from the system was only about 30%. Eleven probable reaction pathways were categorized, and thirty-one types of intermediates were identified in participating in the complex degradation process. The major products of ENR were P4 (C17H20FN3O3), P22 (C19H22FN3O4), P19 (C17H18FN3O3), which are mainly derived from the cleavage of the piperazine groups and quinolone rings. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the Fukui index for ENR revealed that the two N atoms in the piperazine ring were the core reactive sites in triggering the degradation chains, which were sensitive for electrophilic attack by the dominant radicals (•OH and SO4•-) generated from the composite PS-UV-CoAl-LDH system.

ObjectiveTo develop a rapid and quantitative method for the detection of enrofloxacin in chicken and pork using magnetic solid phase extraction （MSPE） combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS）.MethodsMagnetic Fe3O4@ covalent organic framework （COF） nanocomposites were synthesized and applied as absorbent to separate and enrich enrofloxacin. The SERS spectra of enrofloxacin were collected by a portable Raman spectrometer with Ag nanoparticles as enhancing substrate. The characteristic SERS signals of enrofloxacin were used to realize its quantification.ResultsIntensities of SERS signals at 745.77 cm-1 and the logarithmic values of the concentrations of enrofloxacin in the range of 5.0×10-7 to 1.0×10-5 mol/L displayed a good linear relationship with a coefficient of determination of 0.962. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.07 and 0.23 µg/g respectively. The recoveries of enrofloxacin in chicken and pork were 80.97%~100.98% with relative standard deviations of 1.6%~4.6%.ConclusionThe developed method has the advantages of simple in operate， short in time， high in sensitivity and stability， which provides a new method for the rapid detection and on-site detection of enrofloxacin.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the determination uncertainty of four quinolones residues in honey by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. Methods: Based on GB 31657.2—2021, a mathematical model for sources of uncertainty evaluation was established. The uncertainty of each variable which affect the result were calculated and the weight of each uncertainty component was assessed. Results: The uncertainties in the determination of enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in honey were （4.97±0.81）, （10.13±1.58）, （7.67±1.23）, （14.97±2.25） μg/kg （P=95%，k=2） respectively. Conclusion: The main influencing factors of the determination uncertainty were preparation and dilution process of standard solution and fitting of standard curve, which should be controlled in practical work.

The problem of veterinary drug residues in black-feathered silky fowl (BFS) has garnered significant attention. This study investigated the residue elimination patterns and causes of enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfachloropyrazine sodium (SPZ), and doxycycline (DOX) in BFS using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), along with the drug adsorption and melanin binding tests. The findings indicated that ENR and SPZ were metabolized slowly, DOX was metabolized faster in BFS, with optimum withdrawal time was 87.8, 37.26, and 24.7 days, respectively. The adsorption capacity of skin + fat to drugs and the binding capacity of melanin to the three drugs in BFS were in the order of ENR > SPZ > DOX, confirming that melanin's binding ability influences the drug residues in BFS. This study is highly significant for addressing the issue of veterinary drug residues in BFS.

FOP is a rare genetic condition, described mainly in man and cats, characterized by progressive, painful debilitation and shortened lifespan. A 10-month-old neutered male Savannah cat was referred for progressive gait abnormalities and multifocal firm masses within the soft-tissues that were unresponsive to previous treatment. Diagnosis of FOP was based on histopathological evaluation of intralesional biopsies, which revealed osteo-cartilaginous metaplasia and fibrocellular proliferation with intralesional chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. The cat was managed with 5 mg/kg BID enrofloxacin and hydrotherapy for 3 years until acute death. During that three-year period, the cat displayed consistent improvement in endurance, quality of life, and range of motion. Postmortem histopathology further confirmed the diagnosis of FOP via identification of intramuscular and intra-fascial ossification with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, degeneration, and regeneration of adjacent myocytes. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of long-term enrofloxacin treatment and hydrotherapy for the management of FOP in a cat, leading to improved mobility and survival time, and the first report of FOP in an exotic breed cat.

Quinolone antibiotics are a common class of antibiotics in the environment and have received considerable attention. In this study, three groups of mixed degradation strains targeting mixed quinolone antibiotics, norfloxacin (NOR), and enrofloxacin (ENR) were selected through screening, enrichment, and microbial diversity detection experiments. The strains screened in this study are divided into two categories through degradation efficiency experiments, community composition detection and functional enrichment analysis. In groups mix and ENR, the resistant bacteria are the main microorganisms and the degrading bacteria are the secondary ones, while in group NOR, the strains with degradation effects are the main ones, and the strains with resistance effects are the secondary ones. What's more, that carbon sources have little effect on the community composition of the quinolone antibiotic degrading and tolerant bacteria, the difference between groups is mainly controlled by the type of antibiotics. On this basis, we found the key to NOR degradation is the cleavage of carbon nitrogen bonds on the piperazine ring, followed by oxygenation and deethylation. Preliminary studies have confirmed that the optimal degradation conditions for NOR degrading strains, and also found that environmental factors did not significantly affect the degradation efficiency of the Mix and NOR degrading strains, which indicating that the mixed bacteria can degrade NOR in different real environments effectively such as tap water, seawater, river water, and lake water. This manuscript is the first report on a mixed strain of quinolone antibiotic microbial degradation, and it is also the study with the highest NOR degradation efficiency among known reports. It has great research value for the co-metabolism and biodegradation of quinolone antibiotics in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes a variety of infections outside the intestine. The treatment of these infections is becoming increasingly difficult due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, which can also be a direct or indirect threat to humans as consumers of poultry products. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial agents are being sought, which could be essential oils, either administered individually or in interaction with antibiotics. Sixteen field isolates of E. coli (originating from 1-day-old broilers) and the ATCC 25922 reference strain were tested. Commercial cinnamon bark, clove bud, lavender flower essential oils (EOs) and enrofloxacin were selected to assess the sensitivity of the selected E. coli strains to antimicrobial agents. The checkerboard method was used to estimate the individual minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each antimicrobial agent as well as to determine the interactions between the selected essential oil and enrofloxacin. In the case of enrofloxacin, ten isolates were resistant at MIC ≥ 2 μg/mL, three were classified as intermediate (0.5–1 μg/mL) and three as sensitive at ≤0.25 μg/mL. Regardless of the sensitivity to enrofloxacin, the MIC for cinnamon EO was 0.25% v/v and for clove EO was 0.125% v/v. All MDR strains had MIC values for lavender EO of 1% v/v, while drug-sensitive isolates had MIC of 0.5% v/v. Synergism between enrofloxacin and EO was noted more frequently in lavender EO (82.35%), followed by cinnamon EO (64.7%), than in clove EO (47.1%). The remaining cases exhibited additive effects. Owing to synergy, the isolates became susceptible to enrofloxacin at an MIC of ≤8 µg/mL. A time–kill study supports these observations. Cinnamon and clove EOs required for up to 1 h and lavender EO for up to 4 h to completely kill a multidrug-resistant strain as well as the ATCC 25922 reference strain of E. coli. Through synergistic or additive effects, blends with a lower than MIC concentration of enrofloxacin mixed with a lower EO content required 6 ± 2 h to achieve a similar effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The CeO 2-x /C 3-y N 4 /Ce(CO 3)(OH) double S-scheme heterojunctions with atomic vacancies tunable band gap are designed and fabricated. • The novel double S-scheme photogenerated electron-hole (e--h+) transfer path is found. • This study opens a window for the design of double S-scheme heterojunctions towards photocatalytic ENR decomposition. Building narrow band gap semiconductors and fast separation of photogenerated electron-hole (e--h+) structures are of great significance for photocatalytic process. In this contribution, the CeO 2-x /C 3-y N 4 /Ce(CO 3)(OH) double S-scheme heterojunctions with atomic vacancies tunable band gap (2.54 eV) have been designed and fabricated as a boost photocatalyst for enrofloxacin (ENR) photodegradation. Compared with the control samples, the experimental results indicate that the typical sample (CeO 2-x /C 3-y N 4 /Ce(CO 3)(OH)-2) achieves the highest ENR photodegradation efficiency (93.6 %) in 240 min under a pH of 6, and the possible photodegradation pathways are also proposed. The superior performance is ascribed to the CeO 2-x /C 3-y N 4 /Ce(CO 3)(OH) double S-scheme heterojunctions for selective recombination of photogenerated electrons with weak-reduction ability in conduction band (CB) of CeO 2-x , C 3-y N 4 and the photogenerated holes with weak-oxidation nature in valance band (VB) of C 3-y N 4 , Ce(CO 3)(OH), which increase the retention rate of photogenerated electrons in CB of Ce(CO 3)(OH) and photogenerated holes in VB of CeO 2-x to degrade ENR. This is the first systematic study of CeO 2-x /C 3-y N 4 /Ce(CO 3)(OH) double S-scheme heterojunctions for ENR photodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a commonly used veterinary antibiotic and poses a health risk when present as residues in food. This study describes a dual-mode immunochromatographic test strip (DITS) biosensor for the detection of ENR residues in food. Magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles (MGO-NPs) are two-dimensional magnetic nanomaterials with a large specific surface area and fine biocompatibility, which can better provide more adsorption points for biological antibodies. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can stimulate the localized surface plasmon resonance effect under laser irradiation, which will increase the temperature to achieve photothermal conversion. The photothermal conversion efficiency of MGO-NPs can be effectively enhanced by combining AuNPs with MGO-NPs to form MGO@Au nanocomposites (MGO@Au-NCs). Then, MGO@Au-NCs were combined with an ENR monoclonal antibody to form the MGO@Au@Ab probe, and the MGO@Au@Ab-DITS biosensor was developed. The biosensor was employed to assess ENR samples spanning concentrations from 0 to 1000 μg/mL. Sample solutions containing ENR were mixed with the MGO@Au@Ab solution, deposited on the test strip's sample pad, and analyzed using both colorimetric and photothermal methods employing an 808 nm infrared laser in a photothermal infrared imaging instrument. The results show that the sensitivity of the photothermal mode sensor is 0.0159°C whereas, the standard deviation (SD) and limit of detection (LOD) is 0.058 and 10.89 μg/mL, respectively with quantification limit (LOQ) of 36.31 μg/mL. In colorimetric mode, the sensitivity of the developed sensor is 5.222 au, with SD, LOD and LOQ of 40.13, 23.05 μg/mL, and76.85 μg/mL, respectively. This innovative MGO@Au@Ab-DITS system has been effectively applied to detect ENR residues in food samples such as juice and milk, laying the groundwork for the detection of other drug residues in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR) residues in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) often exceed the standard due to excessive use. This study explored the pharmacokinetics of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) in yellow catfish following a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight via intramuscular injection (IM), oral gavage (PO), or a 5‐h drug bath at 10 mg/L and 25°C. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry was used to determine the ENR and CIP concentrations in various tissues. The highest ENR concentration occurred with IM administration, peaking at 4.124 mg/L in the plasma, 8.359 mg/kg in the kidney, 6.272 mg/kg in the liver, and 5.192 mg/kg in the muscle. However, PO administration resulted in the longest metabolic time, with elimination half‐lives of 56.47 h in plasma, 86.43 h in the kidney, 76.25 h in the liver, and 64.75 h in muscle. Additionally, the area under the concentration–time curve values for IM, PO, and bath administration in yellow catfish plasma were 108.36, 88.96, and 22.08 mg·h/L, respectively. These results indicate the effectiveness of all three administration methods in treating bacterial diseases in yellow catfish. The selection of an appropriate administration method depends on the minimal inhibitory concentration of ENR against pathogenic bacteria. Yellow catfish subjected to PO and IM administration require longer resting periods before they can be marketed than those receiving drug bath administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to develop a chromatographic analytical method, for separation, identification and quantification of degradation products, in veterinary finished product with two active substances enrofloxacin and bromhexine hydrochloride. Analytical method used an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) and a mobile phase A consisted of 2.5% (v/v) phosphoric acid adjusted to pH 2.3 with triethylamine and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. Elution was in a gradient mode with total chromatographic time being 21 min. Detection was performed at 248 nm for bromhexine hydrochloride and at 272 nm for enrofloxacin. The method was developed to assure the separation of impurities of enrofloxacin and bromhexine hydrochloride. Specificity in relation with degradation products revealed up to 20 impurities for enrofloxacin and 7 impurities related with bromhexine hydrochloride. The spectra of impurities were chosen among the compounds found in forced degradation studies. Method validation was performed according to VICH GL 2—validation of analytical procedures and included selectivity/specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification, limit of detection, robustness, and system suitability. Linearity was between 0.015 and 0.06 mg/mL for enrofloxacin and 0.001125–0.005625 mg/mL for bromhexine hydrochloride. Limit of quantification was 0.00292 mg/mL for enrofloxacin and 0.001103 mg/mL for bromhexine hydrochloride. These limits assured method performance, because they are under the reporting threshold of 0.3% as stated in VICH GL11 Impurities in new veterinary medicinal products which is 0.30%. Recovery was calculated on three concentrations for every compound and was 102.99% for enrofloxacin and 102.91% for bromhexine hydrochloride. In terms of intermediate precision, a relative maximum deviation of 2.50% was obtained for area and retention time using two analysts in two different days of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin is a special antibacterial agent for animals and is a synthetic third-generation fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. It has excellent antibacterial effects and is widely used in clinical practice. However, the solubility of enrofloxacin is extremely low and this has greatly limited its clinical use. We assessed progress in overcoming this deficiency by tracking pharmaceutical alterations to enrofloxacin in vivo delivery systems. We used the keywords 'enrofloxacin', 'pharmaceuticals' and 'preparations' to assess relevant literature sources collected in CNKI, Wanfang, Vepsa, China Patent Information Network, PubMed, Web of Science and other domestic and foreign databases from 2010 to 2022 to summarize the research progress of enrofloxacin pharmaceutics. A total of 62 valid literature were retrieved and we found that pharmaceutic technologies successfully were able to increase enrofloxacin solubility, palatability, bioavailability and half-life. The continuous development and promotion of new drug formulations and new materials will give enrofloxacin preparations broad application prospects in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at evaluating the level of enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline residues in chicken meat and giblets and the effect of freezing and heat treatment methods on reduction of these residues. One hundred random samples of chicken breast, thigh, kidney and liver (25 of each) were collected from different chicken slaughter shops located in Sharkia Governorate for evaluation of their enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline residues. The collected samples were examined by using qualitative method by antimicrobial assay and quantitative method by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in addition to the effect of heat treatment (boiling and freezing) on these residues was studied. The obtained results revealed that the incidence of antibiotic residues in chicken breast, thigh, kidney, and liver were 0%, 8%, 20% and 20% respectively by qualitative method and by HPLC the level of enerofloxacine109, 122 and 202 ppb in thigh, liver and kidney respectively; meanwhile oxytetracycline level were 236, 523 and 1153 ppb in thigh, liver and kidney respectively. The results indicated that 75% of the positive samples did not exceed the MRL of enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline residues. Regarding to treatment trials either by freezing for (1month, 3month and 6 months) or by heating (boiling, roasting or frying) The reduction percent of residue levels was calculated and the public health significance and some recommendations to control such antibiotic residue in chicken tissues for human safety were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, but the study of its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PKs/PDs) in donkeys is rarely reported. The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intragastrically, and to study the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in plasma, urine, and feces, and the PK/PD parameters were investigated to provide a rationale for enrofloxacin treatment in donkeys. A total of five healthy donkeys were selected for intragastric administration of 7.5 mg·kg−1 BW of enrofloxacin by gavage, and blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected. The results showed that the elimination half-life of plasma enrofloxacin was 11.40 ± 6.40 h, Tmax was 0.55 ± 0.12 h, Cmax was 2.46 ± 0.14 mg·L−1, AUC0–∞ was 10.30 ± 3.37 mg·L−1·h, and mean residence time (MRT) was 7.88 ± 1.26 h. The Tmax of plasma ciprofloxacin was 0.52 ± 0.08 h, Cmax was 0.14 ± 0.03 mg·L−1, and AUC0–∞ was 0.24 ± 0.16 mg·L−1·h. Urinary Cmax was 38.18 ± 8.56 mg·L−1 for enrofloxacin and 15.94 ± 4.15 mg·L−1 for ciprofloxacin. The total enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin recovered amount in urine was 7.09 ± 2.55% of the dose for 144 h after dosing. The total enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin recovered amount in feces was 25.73 ± 10.34% of the dose for 144 h after dosing. PK/PD parameters were also examined in this study, based on published MICs. In conclusion, 7.5 mg/kg BW of enrofloxacin administered intragastrically to donkeys was rapidly absorbed, widely distributed, and slowly eliminated in their bodies, and was predicted to be effective against bacteria with MICs < 0.25 mg·L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall goal of this research was to develop the Vis/BC-BiOI/PMS system, integrating multiple advanced oxidation technologies, to effectively treat Enrofloxacin (ENR), a typical antibiotic pollutant known for its resistance to degradation. The modified biochar underwent thorough characterization, including analysis of its structure, morphology, surface material composition, and other properties. Adsorption experiments revealed that the Biochar (BC) component exhibited the most robust adsorption removal rate, reaching 15%, followed by Bismuth Iodide Oxide loaded Biochar (BC-BiOI) (9%) and Bismuth Iodide Oxide (BiOI) (2%). The control experiment was separately conducted under dark or visible light conditions, demonstrating that photocatalysis primarily contributed to ENR degradation. The subsequent degradation kinetics also showed this point. The pathway and mechanism of ENR degradation in the Vis/BC-BiOI/PMS system were extensively analyzed. The contribution of each active substance was determined through free radical quenching tests and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra. The results indicated that ·OH and SO4−· played dominant roles in the early stages of ENR degradation, while 1O2 became the primary contributor in the later stages, with 1O2 > ·OH > SO4−·. In addition, the toxicity and applicability of the Vis/BC-BiOI/PMS system were evaluated. This study demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the Vis/BC-BiOI/PMS system in treating ENR wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is widely used as a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic for disease control in aquatic animals. ENR aptamers were screened in this study using the magnetic bead-SELEX method, and a graphene oxide fluorescent sensor was developed to detect the ENR residues in aquatic products. Firstly, ENR was conjugated to amino magnetic beads by amidation reaction, and then the aptamer sequences showing high affinity to ENR were screened step by step by using the SELEX screening method. Finally, after 10 rounds of SELEX screening, six candidate aptamers with high affinity were obtained. Among these, ENR-Apt 6 was selected based on its secondary structure features, high affinity (Kd = 35.08 nM), and high specificity to ENR. Furthermore, a fluorescent sensor was prepared using graphene oxide and ENR-Apt 6. The results showed that the linear range of the sensor could reach 600 nM (R2 = 0.986), while its optimal linear range was 1–400 nM (R 2 = 0.991), with the lowest detection limit of 14.72 nM. The prepared sensor was successfully used for the detection of ENR in real samples, with a recovery range of 83.676–114.992% and a relative standard deviation < 10% for most of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the efficacious performance of bimetallic Fe-Zn loaded 3A zeolite in catalytic ozonation for the degradation of highly toxic veterinary antibiotic enrofloxacin in wastewater of the pharmaceutical industry. Batch experiments were conducted in a glass reactor containing a submerged pump holding catalyst pellets at suction. The submerged pump provided the agitation and recirculation across the solution for effective contact with the catalyst. The effect of ozone flow (0.8–1.55 mg/min) and catalyst dose (5–15 g/L) on the enrofloxacin degradation and removal of other conventional pollutants COD, BOD5, turbidity was studied. In batch experiments, 10 g of Fe-Zn 3A zeolite efficiently removed 92% of enrofloxacin, 77% of COD, 69% BOD5, and 61% turbidity in 1 L sample of pharmaceutical wastewater in 30 min at 1.1 mg/min of O3 flow. The catalytic performance of Fe-Zn 3A zeolite notably exceeded the removal efficiencies of 52%, 51%, 52%, and 59% for enrofloxacin, COD, BOD5, and turbidity, respectively, achieved with single ozonation process. Furthermore, an increase in the biodegradability of treated pharmaceutical industrial wastewater was observed and made biodegradable easily for subsequent treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is widely used in aquaculture practice, but little is known about its pharmacokinetic, withdrawal period and dietary risk in fish via bath administration. The purpose of this study was to provide data support for the use of ENR bath therapy in the northern snakehead (Channa argus). The pilot study was carried out to evaluate the therapy concentrations of ENR in northern snakehead with immersion concentrations ranged from 5 to 40 mg/L for 6 h. Based on results of the pilot study, an ENR immersion concentration of 20 mg/L was used for the formal experiment. At this dose, the peak concentrations of ENR in plasma, muscle plus skin, liver and kidney were 4.85, 4.55, 3.87 and 7.42 μg/mL (or g), respectively. According to the AUC0‐∞ values, the distribution of ENR in northern snakehead followed the order of kidney > plasma > liver > muscle + skin. The elimination of ENR in northern snakehead was very slow, the half‐lives (T1/2λz) were up to 90.31, 85.5, 104.56 and 120.9 h in plasma, muscle plus skin, liver and kidney, respectively. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) was not detected in any samples in the pilot study and was only occasionally detected in muscle plus skin and liver samples in formal experiment. Based on the calculated PK/PD index AUC/MIC and Cmax/MIC, the current bath treatment regimen will have a good therapeutic effect on infections caused by bacteria with MIC below 0.6 μg/mL. The dietary risk assessment suggested that there was a dietary risk (Hazard Quotients > 10%) until day 6 after bath treatment. It is mandatory for ENR to maintain a withdrawal period of at least 450°C‐day in northern snakehead after bath treatment ceased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is one type of widely-used potent antibacterial drug to treat the bacterial infections of cultured animals. However, the ingested ENR cannot be fully metabolized or absorbed. About 15%-50% of the original ENR is discharged into the external environment and wastewater in the form of urine, resulting in serious antibiotic pollution. Furthermore, the low removal performance of traditional sewage treatment plants has led to the widespread antibiotic residues in surface water, underground water, and even drinking water. And drug contamination caused by these residues and the development of drug-resistance genes can pose serious ecological risks. Biochar (a new type of carbon material adsorbent) can be expected to serve as antibiotic removal, due to the extremely low entry conditions, extensive and cost-free raw materials, and renewable properties. Tianshui City of Gansu Province is one of the main cherry-producing areas in China. The resulting cherry stone has been a solid waste. A few cherry stones have been used for pillow primary processing and utilization. But most of them have been discarded, leading to a waste of resources and great pollution to the environment. As a result, there is a high demand for the processing and utilization of cherry stone. Taking the cherry stone (an agricultural solid waste) as the raw material, this study aims to prepare the biochar composites using high-temperature pyrolysis. Zinc chloride was also used to modify the property. N2 adsorption-desorption experiment and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the specific surface area, porosity, and morphology of unmodified biochar (PBC) and modified biochar (Zn-BC). Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the composition of active groups and functional groups before and after the adsorption of ENR by PBC and Zn-BC, respectively. Adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption experiments were used to clarify the adsorption mechanism of ENR by the two kinds of carbon. The results show that the surface aperture of PBC was relatively less, and the surface was mostly porous and smooth. Zn-BC exhibited a large pore size and layered structure, where each layer was distributed with a large number of honeycomb pore sizes, and the surface was irregular with the larger specific surface area and more pore structure. The specific surface area was 1 148.79 m² /g, which was 2.5 times that of PBC. The total pore volume increased by nearly 85 times. Zinc chloride changed the structure of biochar by etching holes on the biochar skeleton. The modified biochar shared a better adsorption effect on ENR, indicating a higher adsorption capacity than PBC. IR and XPS analysis confirmed that Zn-BC also introduced more oxygencontaining functional groups. The adsorption was attributed to the formation of complexes between ENR and oxygencontaining functional groups. As such, the adsorption mechanism was related to the pore filling, π-π bond interaction, and hydrogen bond interaction. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isothermal model fitted better with the quasi-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. The chemical adsorption of ENR was dominated by the two biochar types. The adsorption was mainly controlled by pore filling, π-π bond interaction and hydrogen bond, indicating the singlelayer adsorption. There was better consistency with the previous analysis of IR and XPS. The particle diffusion model showed that the ENR was firstly adsorbed by the outer surface of Zn-BC during the whole adsorption. And then ENR was adsorbed by the inner surface in the Zn-BC micropore. This adsorption was controlled by intra-particle diffusion. Thermodynamic analysis showed that gibbs free energy (∆G0 ) and enthalpy change (∆H0) of both biochars were negative, but entropy change (∆S0 ) of both biochars was positive, indicating the spontaneous adsorption ENR by both biochars, increasing entropy and exothermic reaction. Therefore, Zn-BC-modified biochar can be used as a better material to remove ENR in water, particularly for the water treatment and remediation caused by antibiotic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)