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1. An outbreak of leptospirosis among kayakers in Brittany, North-West France, 2016

Author

Florence Ayral, Céline Richomme, Benoît Combes, Yvonnick Guillois, Pascale Bourhy, Mathilde Pivette, Célia Malhère, Marine Le Guyader, José Héctor Aranda Grau, Lisa Antoinette King, Benoît Champenois, Alexandra Septfons, Anouk Decors, SANTE PUBLIQUE FRANCE - RENNES, Centre National de Référence de la Leptospirose - National Reference Center Leptospirosis (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Rongeurs Sauvages, Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations - UR 1233 (RS2GP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Office Nationale de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Agence régionale de santé (ARS) de Bretagne (ARS Bretagne), Direction Générale de l'Alimentation (DGAL), Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Funding :- The Agence régionale de santé de Bretagne, Santé publique France and the National Reference Centre for Leptospirosis are supported by public funds allocated by the French Ministry of Health.- The Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses) is supported by public funds mainly from the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food.- VetAgro Sup is supported by public funds allocated by the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food.The Entente de Lutte Interdépartementale contre les Zoonoses is an association of 40 administrative Local Collectivities mainly funded by French departmental Councils and partly by the French Ministry of Agriculture.- The Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage is supported by public funds from French Ministries of Agriculture and Environment., The authors wish to thank the team at the Agence régionale de santé Bretagne who validated the outbreak alert, Météo- France that provided weather data and all patients and private and clinical laboratories who cooperated with the investigations., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), and Entente de Lutte Interdépartementale contre les Zoonoses (ELIZ)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, DNA, Bacterial, Male, Skin wound, descriptive study, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Animals, Wild, Disease cluster, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Serology, Disease Outbreaks, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Environmental health, medicine, Animals, Humans, leptospirosis, kayak, Water Sports, Leptospira, biology, outbreak, animal reservoir, Individual prevention, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreaks, Outbreak, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Leptospirosis, Antibodies, Bacterial, 3. Good health, Leptospira kirschneri, Geography, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, North west, Female, France, Sports
Abstract

In September 2016, a cluster of seven kayakers with clinical symptoms of leptospirosis with onset since July 2016 was reported to French health authorities. Human and animal investigations were undertaken to describe the outbreak, identify the likely place and source of infection and implement necessary control measures. We identified 103 patients with clinical symptoms of leptospirosis between 1 June and 31 October 2016 who lived in the Ille-et-Vilaine district in Brittany. Of these, 14 (including the original seven) reported contacts with the river Vilaine during the incubation period and were defined as outbreak cases: eight were confirmed by serology tests or PCR and six were probable without a laboratory confirmation for leptospirosis. All 14 cases were kayakers. Three distinct contamination sites were identified on a 30 km stretch of the river Vilaine. Nine cases reported having skin wounds while kayaking. None were vaccinated against leptospirosis. The outbreak was attributed to Leptospira kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa. Animal investigations did not allow identifying the possible reservoir. Leptospirosis outbreaks associated with freshwater sports are rare in temperate climates. The prevention of such outbreaks requires control of potential animal reservoirs in zones such as the Vilaine valley and that kayakers adopt the recommended individual prevention measures.

Published
2018
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2. Echinococcus multilocularis management by fox culling: An inappropriate paradigm

Author

Franck Boué, Gérald Umhang, Vincent Raton, Patrick Giraudoux, Benoît Combes, Francis Raoul, Sebastien Comte, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages ( LERPAS ), ANSES, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages (LERPAS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), and Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Veterinary medicine, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Immigration, Population, Foxes, Alveolar echinococcosis, Culling, Wildlife disease management, Biology, Echinococcus multilocularis, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 03 medical and health sciences, Zoonosis, 0302 clinical medicine, Food Animals, Echinococcosis, medicine, Prevalence, Animals, education, media_common, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Fox culling, Communicable Disease Control, Control area, Animal Science and Zoology, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Demography
Abstract

International audience; With the ongoing spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe, sanitary authorities are looking for the most efficient ways of reducing the risk for human populations. Fox culling is one particular tool that has recently shifted from predation control to population health management. Our study aims to assess the effectiveness of this tool in limiting E. multilocularis prevalence in fox populations in France. During four years, a culling protocol by night shooting from cars was implemented around the city of Nancy (eastern France) representing ∼1700h of night work and ∼15,000km driven. The 776 foxes killed represented an overall increase of 35% of the pressure on the fox population over 693km2. Despite this consequent effort of culling, not only did night shooting of foxes fail to decrease the fox population, but it resulted in an increase in E. multilocularis prevalence from 40% to 55% while remaining stable in an adjacent control area (585km2). Though no significant change in age structure could be described, an increase in immigration and local recruitment is the best hypothesis for population resilience. The increase in prevalence is therefore considered to be linked to a higher rate of juvenile movement within the culled area shedding highly contaminated faeces. We therefore advocate managers to consider alternative methods such as anthelmintic baiting, which has been proven to be efficient elsewhere, to fight against alveolar echinococcosis.

Published
2017
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3. Fox baiting against Echinococcus multilocularis: Contrasted achievements among two medium size cities

Author

Vincent Raton, Deborah Gottschek, Francis Raoul, Stéphanie Favier, Gérald Umhang, Daniel Hegglin, Franck Boué, Sebastien Comte, Patrick Giraudoux, Peter Deplazes, Benoît Combes, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich [Zürich] ( UZH ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages ( LERPAS ), ANSES, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages (LERPAS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Council of the Communes of Pontarlier, Council of the Communes of Annemmasse, University of Zurich, and Comte, S

Subjects
10078 Institute of Parasitology, Urban fox, Veterinary medicine, Vulpes, Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, Praziquantel, 030308 mycology & parasitology, Feces, Zoonosis, 0302 clinical medicine, Food Animals, 600 Technology, Zoonoses, INFECTION, Prevalence, POPULATION, Anthelmintics, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, Incidence (epidemiology), VULPES-VULPES, VOLE MICROTUS-ARVALIS, France, Seasons, 3403 Food Animals, medicine.drug, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, INTESTINAL HELMINTHS, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, 610 Medicine & health, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ALVEOLAR ECHINOCOCCOSIS, Context (language use), Echinococcus multilocularis, [ SDV.EE.SANT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 03 medical and health sciences, Echinococcosis, SWITZERLAND, parasitic diseases, RED FOXES, medicine, Animals, Humans, Cities, education, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, LAND-USE, Prophylaxis, biology.organism_classification, Echinococcus multilocularis control, Control area, 570 Life sciences, Animal Science and Zoology, 1103 Animal Science and Zoology, URBAN FOXES, Rural area
Abstract

International audience; In Europe, most cities are currently colonized by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which are considered to be the main definitive host of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The risk of transmission to humans is of particular concern where high fox populations overlap with high human populations. The distribution of baits containing praziquantel has successfully reduced the infection pressure in rural areas and in small plots within large cities. The purpose of this study was to assess its efficiency in two medium size cities (less than 100,000 inhabitants) in areas of high human alveolar echinococcosis incidence. From August 2006 to March 2009, 14 baiting campaigns of praziquantel treatment were run in Annemasse and Pontarlier (Eastern France), each of which encompassed 33km(2), with a density of 40baits/km(2). The bait consumption appeared to be lower in strictly urban context compared to suburban areas (78.9% vs. 93.4%) and lower in Annemasse than in Pontarlier (82.2% vs. 89.5%). During our study, the prevalence of E. multilocularis, as assessed by EM-ELISA on fox faeces collected in the field in Annemasse, was lower within the treated area than in the rural control area. A "before/during" treatment comparison revealed a significant decrease of spring prevalence from 13.3% to 2.2%. No significant change in prevalence was detected in Pontarlier (stable prevalence: 9.1%) where the contamination of the treated area followed the temporal trend observed in the control area. There, a greater resilience of the parasite's life cycle, probably due to a strong pressure of recontamination from outside the treated area, may have counteracted the prophylaxis treatment. These contrasted outcomes suggest that the frequency of fox anthelmintic treatment should be adapted to the local situation.

Published
2013
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4. Retrospective analyses of fox feces by real-time PCR to identify new endemic areas of Echinococcus multilocularis in France

Author

Gérald Umhang, Vincent Raton, Patrick Giraudoux, Stéphanie Favier, Franck Boué, Sebastien Comte, Vanessa Hormaz, Benoît Combes, Jean-Marc Boucher, Francis Raoul, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'Alimentation, de l'environnement et du Travail ( ANSES ), ANSES, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), and Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Veterinary medicine, Endemic Diseases, 030231 tropical medicine, Foxes, Alveolar echinococcosis, Biology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Echinococcus multilocularis, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Feces, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, medicine, Retrospective analysis, Animals, Humans, Parasite hosting, Retrospective Studies, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Fox, Surveillance, General Veterinary, Zoonosis, General Medicine, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Insect Science, Real-time copro-PCR, Parasitology, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Alveolar echinococcosis is considered to be the most serious zoonosis in the Northern Hemisphere's cold or temperate regions. In Europe, the parasite has a sylvatic life cycle based on predator-prey interactions, mainly between red foxes and small rodents. Echinococcus multilocularis has been observed to have spread across Europe over the last three decades. In France, a westward spread of the parasite's known endemic areas has been described. In this study, a retrospective analysis of fox feces by real-time PCR was carried out in four départements not previously investigated and considered free along with two endemic control departments. The fox feces collected from 2000 to 2004 were analyzed by real-time PCR. Fecal prevalence in the two endemic departments of Doubs and Côte d'Or were estimated at 12 % [6.4-20.0 %] and 4.2 % [1.1-10.3 %], respectively. No positive samples were identified among the 72 feces collected in Drôme or the 112 from Allier, which is consistent with the very low expected prevalence should the parasite be present. Three positive samples were recovered in the Seine-Maritime and Hautes-Alpes départements, resulting in a prevalence of 3.5 % [0.7-10.0 %] and 2.5 % [0.5-7.1 %], respectively. From now on, Hautes-Alpes constitutes the new southern border of the endemic areas in France and confirms the southward expansion previously highlighted. Real-time copro-PCR proved useful in identifying new endemic areas even with low prevalence. Due to the spread of E. multilocularis in France and associated zoonotic risk, it is necessary to expand surveillance in order to fully define all the country's endemic areas. On a continental scale, the development and harmonization of surveillance programs are now needed in order to obtain a global overview of the presence of E. multilocularis and to tailor potential countermeasures.

Published
2016

5. Real time PCR to detect the environmental faecal contamination by Echinococcus multilocularis from red fox stools

Author

Patrick Giraudoux, Jenny Knapp, Sebastien Comte, Frédéric Grenouillet, Gérald Umhang, Francis Raoul, Laurence Millon, Zeinaba Said Ali, Lorane Mouzon, Houssein Gbaguidi-Haore, Benoît Combes, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages (LERPAS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Entente Rage et Zoonoses (ERZ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), JSPS/CNRS funding, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Besançon] ( CHRU Besançon ), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages ( LERPAS ), ANSES, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), and Entente Rage et Zoonoses ( ERZ )

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, [ SDV.MP.PAR ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION, Environmental contamination, Fox faeces, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Foxes, Alveolar echinococcosis, Vulpes vulpes, Biology, Echinococcus multilocularis, DIAGNOSIS, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, 030308 mycology & parasitology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, LIMITS, Feces, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Echinococcosis, Parasite hosting, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Polymerase chain reaction, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0303 health sciences, SSCT, General Veterinary, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], EGGS, Oncosphere, General Medicine, DNA, Contamination, biology.organism_classification, CARNIVORES, 3. Good health, qPCR, VULPES-VULPES, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Parasitology, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

International audience; : The oncosphere stage of Echinococcus multilocularis in red fox stools can lead, after ingestion, to the development of alveolar echinococcosis in the intermediate hosts, commonly small mammals and occasionally humans. Monitoring animal infection and environmental contamination is a key issue in public health surveillance. We developed a quantitative real-time PCR technique (qPCR) to detect and quantify E. multilocularis DNA released in fox faeces. A qPCR technique using a hydrolysis probe targeting part of the mitochondrial gene rrnL was assessed on (i) a reference collection of stools from 57 necropsied foxes simultaneously investigated using the segmental sedimentation and counting technique (SSCT) (29 positive for E. multilocularis worms and 28 negative animals for the parasite); (ii) a collection of 114 fox stools sampled in the field: two sets of 50 samples from contrasted endemic regions in France and 14 from an E. multilocularis-free area (Greenland). Of the negative SSCT controls, 26/28 were qPCR-negative and two were weakly positive. Of the positive SSCT foxes, 25/29 samples were found to be positive by qPCR. Of the field samples, qPCR was positive in 21/50 (42%) and 5/48 (10.4%) stools (2 samples inhibited), originating respectively from high and low endemic areas. In faeces, averages of 0.1pg/μl of DNA in the Jura area and 0.7pg/μl in the Saône-et-Loire area were detected. All qPCR-positive samples were confirmed by sequencing. The qPCR technique developed here allowed us to quantify environmental E. multilocularis contamination by fox faeces by studying the infectious agent directly. No previous study had performed this test in a one-step reaction.

Published
2014
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6. Expansion géographique du parasite Echinococcus multilocularis chez le renard en France

Author

Combes , Benoit, Comte , Sébastien, Raton , Vincent, Raoul , Francis, Boué , Franck, Umhang , Gérald, Favier , Stéphanie, Dunoyer , Charlotte, Woronoff , Natacha, Giraudoux , Patrick, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages ( LERPAS ), ANSES, Fédération Nationale de la Chasse, Association des Gestionnaires de Laboratoires Vétérinaires Départementaux, Association française des Directeurs et cadres de Laboratoires Vétérinaires publics d'Analyses, Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages (LERPAS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), and Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)

Subjects
[SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, fox, parasitic diseases, geographic distribution, Echinococcus multilocularis, risk, [ SDV.EE.SANT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health
Abstract

National audience; From 2005 to 2011, fox infection by the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis (Em) was investigated in 44 French departments. Geographic expansion and prevalence increase have been evidenced. Em is now located over a large area including the western part of France. Its presence in urban areas such as in the vicinity of Paris has been shown.

Published
2013

7. Westward spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes, France, 2005-2010

Author

Francis Raoul, Gérald Umhang, Charlotte Dunoyer, Stéphanie Favier, Patrick Giraudoux, Vincent Raton, Franck Boué, Benoît Combes, Sebastien Comte, Natacha Woronoff, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages ( LERPAS ), ANSES, Fédération Nationale de la Chasse, Association des Gestionnaires de Laboratoires Vétérinaires Départementaux, Association française des Directeurs et cadres de Laboratoires Vétérinaires publics d'Analyses, Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire de la rage et pathologie des animaux sauvages (LERPAS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), and Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), fox, Epidemiology, Vulpes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 030231 tropical medicine, prevalence, lcsh:Medicine, Foxes, parasites, Echinococcus multilocularis, Cestode parasite, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 030308 mycology & parasitology, [ SDV.EE.SANT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cestod parasite, Echinococcosis, parasitic diseases, medicine, Parasite hosting, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, human alveolar echinococcosis, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 0303 health sciences, disease, biology, Ecology, lcsh:R, Dispatch, Echinococcus multilocularis transmission, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, zoonoses, Europe, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Infectious Diseases, Echinococcus multilocularis infection, France, Seasons
Abstract

International audience; During 2005-2010, we investigated Echinococcus multilocularis within fox populations in a large area in France. The parasite is much more widely distributed than hitherto thought, spreading west, with a much higher prevalence than previously reported. The parasite also is present in the large conurbation of Paris.

Published
2012
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8. L’échinococcose alvéolaire humaine en France en 2010 / Box – Human alveolarechinococcosis in France, update 2010

Author

Grenouillet, Frédéric, Knapp, J., Millon, Laurence, Raton, Vincent, Richou, Carine, Piarroux, Martine, Piarroux, Renaud, Mantion, Georges André, Vuitton, D.A., Bresson-Hadni, Solange, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale ( SESSTIM ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -ORS PACA-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Entente de Lutte Interdépartementale contre les Zoonoses (ELIZ), Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
[SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [ SDV.EE.SANT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health
Abstract

International audience

Published
2010

9. Identification of environmental risk factors for the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis

Author

Tolle, Florian, Pleydell, David, Combès, Benoit, Cliquet, Florence, Piarroux, Martine, Giraudoux, Patrick, Tourneux, François-Pierre, Théoriser et modéliser pour aménager ( ThéMA ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses ( ELIZ ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches sur la rage et la pathologie des animaux sauvages, AFSSA, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement Claude Nicolas Ledoux ( MSHE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Théoriser et modéliser pour aménager (UMR 6049) (ThéMA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement Claude Nicolas Ledoux (MSHE), Clauzel, Céline, Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement Claude Nicolas Ledoux (UAR 3124) (MSHE)

Subjects
[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [ SHS.GEO ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography
Abstract

International audience; The tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis is dependent upon foxes and microtine rodents to complete its life cycle and is a parasite of public health importance causing the fatal zoonotic disease alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Concerns that AE could be in emergence in Europe have arisen from recent studies. In France, a monitoring survey led to the collection of 2813 georeferenced faecal samples of which 82 have been diagnosed positive for the presence of the parasite. A geographically weighted logistic regression was used to assess potential spatial variation in the effect of putative environmental risk variables. Landscape and climatic variables were expected to play a role in epidemiological factors. The results showed no significant spatial heterogeneity. This suggests a constant prevalence across the study area. The parasite is now identified in regions where it was formerly unknown, outside of traditional endemic areas.

Published
2005

10. Rural and urban distribution of wild and domestic carnivore stools in the context of Echinococcus multilocularis environmental exposure

Author

Célie Garcia, Jean-Michel Demerson, Christophe Caillot, Laurence Millon, Mallory Vacheyrou, Jenny Knapp, Zeinaba Said-Ali, Benoît Combes, Sebastien Comte, Francis Raoul, Gérald Umhang, Stéphanie Favier, Soufiane Aknouche, Patrick Giraudoux, Franck Boué, Vincent Raton, Audrey Laboissière, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Entente de lutte interdépartementale contre les zoonoses (ELIZ), Etablissement Public Interdépartemental, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches sur la rage et la pathologie des animaux sauvages, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Institut Ecologie Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (INEE-CNRS), France, Interdisciplinary program 'Transmission ecology of alveolar echinococcosis', and 'Agence Sante Publique France' National Reference Center for Echinococcosis

Subjects
Rural Population, 0301 basic medicine, Urban Population, Badger, Definitive host, Carnivora, Zoology, Animals, Wild, Context (language use), Copro-qPCR diagnosis, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Echinococcus multilocularis, Risk Assessment, Feces, 03 medical and health sciences, Echinococcosis, Zoonoses, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Risk of transmission, medicine, Animals, Parasite environmental distribution pattern, Cities, Carnivore, Rural settlement, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Spatial Analysis, Host faecal test, biology, Environmental Exposure, Environmental exposure, DNA, Helminth, 030108 mycology & parasitology, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Animals, Domestic, Parasitic disease, Parasitology, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Rural area
Abstract

International audience; In zoonotic infections, the relationships between animals and humans lead to parasitic disease with severity that ranges from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions. In cities and their surrounding areas, this statement is truer with the overcrowding of the protagonists of the parasites' life cycle. The present study aims to investigate the distribution of a parasite, Echinococcus multilocularis, which is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, using copro-sampling in historically endemic rural settlements of the eastern part of France and in newly endemic areas including urban parks and settlements surrounding Paris. Based on 2741 morphologically identified and geolocalized copro-samples, the density of fox faeces was generally higher in the surrounding settlements, except for one rural area where the faeces were at larger density downtown in the winter. Fox faeces are rare but present in urban parks. Dog faeces are concentrated in the park entrances and in the centre of the settlements. DNA was extracted for 1530 samples that were collected and identified from fox, dog, cat, stone marten and badger carnivore hosts. Echinococcus multilocularis diagnosis and host faecal tests were performed using real-time PCR. We failed to detect the parasite in the surroundings of Paris, but the parasite was found in the foxes, dogs and cats in the rural settlements and their surroundings in the historically endemic area. A spatial structuring of the carnivore stool distribution was highlighted in the present study with high densities of carnivore stools among human occupied areas within some potentially high-risk locations.

Published
2018
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11. Echinococcus multilocularis management by fox culling: An inappropriate paradigm.

Author

Comte S, Umhang G, Raton V, Raoul F, Giraudoux P, Combes B, and Boué F

Subjects
Animals, Echinococcosis epidemiology, Foxes, France epidemiology, Prevalence, Communicable Disease Control methods, Echinococcosis prevention & control, Echinococcus multilocularis physiology
Abstract

With the ongoing spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe, sanitary authorities are looking for the most efficient ways of reducing the risk for human populations. Fox culling is one particular tool that has recently shifted from predation control to population health management. Our study aims to assess the effectiveness of this tool in limiting E. multilocularis prevalence in fox populations in France. During four years, a culling protocol by night shooting from cars was implemented around the city of Nancy (eastern France) representing ∼1700h of night work and ∼15,000km driven. The 776 foxes killed represented an overall increase of 35% of the pressure on the fox population over 693km 2 . Despite this consequent effort of culling, not only did night shooting of foxes fail to decrease the fox population, but it resulted in an increase in E. multilocularis prevalence from 40% to 55% while remaining stable in an adjacent control area (585km 2 ). Though no significant change in age structure could be described, an increase in immigration and local recruitment is the best hypothesis for population resilience. The increase in prevalence is therefore considered to be linked to a higher rate of juvenile movement within the culled area shedding highly contaminated faeces. We therefore advocate managers to consider alternative methods such as anthelmintic baiting, which has been proven to be efficient elsewhere, to fight against alveolar echinococcosis., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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12. Retrospective analyses of fox feces by real-time PCR to identify new endemic areas of Echinococcus multilocularis in France.

Author

Umhang G, Comte S, Hormaz V, Boucher JM, Raton V, Favier S, Raoul F, Giraudoux P, Combes B, and Boué F

Subjects
Animals, Echinococcosis, Hepatic epidemiology, Echinococcosis, Hepatic parasitology, Endemic Diseases veterinary, Feces parasitology, France epidemiology, Humans, Prevalence, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Retrospective Studies, Echinococcosis, Hepatic veterinary, Echinococcus multilocularis isolation & purification, Foxes parasitology
Abstract

Alveolar echinococcosis is considered to be the most serious zoonosis in the Northern Hemisphere's cold or temperate regions. In Europe, the parasite has a sylvatic life cycle based on predator-prey interactions, mainly between red foxes and small rodents. Echinococcus multilocularis has been observed to have spread across Europe over the last three decades. In France, a westward spread of the parasite's known endemic areas has been described. In this study, a retrospective analysis of fox feces by real-time PCR was carried out in four départements not previously investigated and considered free along with two endemic control departments. The fox feces collected from 2000 to 2004 were analyzed by real-time PCR. Fecal prevalence in the two endemic departments of Doubs and Côte d'Or were estimated at 12 % [6.4-20.0 %] and 4.2 % [1.1-10.3 %], respectively. No positive samples were identified among the 72 feces collected in Drôme or the 112 from Allier, which is consistent with the very low expected prevalence should the parasite be present. Three positive samples were recovered in the Seine-Maritime and Hautes-Alpes départements, resulting in a prevalence of 3.5 % [0.7-10.0 %] and 2.5 % [0.5-7.1 %], respectively. From now on, Hautes-Alpes constitutes the new southern border of the endemic areas in France and confirms the southward expansion previously highlighted. Real-time copro-PCR proved useful in identifying new endemic areas even with low prevalence. Due to the spread of E. multilocularis in France and associated zoonotic risk, it is necessary to expand surveillance in order to fully define all the country's endemic areas. On a continental scale, the development and harmonization of surveillance programs are now needed in order to obtain a global overview of the presence of E. multilocularis and to tailor potential countermeasures.

Published
2016
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13. Fox baiting against Echinococcus multilocularis: contrasted achievements among two medium size cities.

Author

Comte S, Raton V, Raoul F, Hegglin D, Giraudoux P, Deplazes P, Favier S, Gottschek D, Umhang G, Boué F, and Combes B

Subjects
Animals, Cities, Echinococcosis, Echinococcosis, Hepatic epidemiology, Echinococcosis, Hepatic parasitology, Echinococcosis, Hepatic prevention & control, Echinococcus multilocularis physiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Feces parasitology, France epidemiology, Humans, Prevalence, Seasons, Zoonoses prevention & control, Anthelmintics administration & dosage, Anthelmintics economics, Echinococcosis, Hepatic veterinary, Foxes, Praziquantel administration & dosage, Praziquantel economics
Abstract

In Europe, most cities are currently colonized by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which are considered to be the main definitive host of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The risk of transmission to humans is of particular concern where high fox populations overlap with high human populations. The distribution of baits containing praziquantel has successfully reduced the infection pressure in rural areas and in small plots within large cities. The purpose of this study was to assess its efficiency in two medium size cities (less than 100,000 inhabitants) in areas of high human alveolar echinococcosis incidence. From August 2006 to March 2009, 14 baiting campaigns of praziquantel treatment were run in Annemasse and Pontarlier (Eastern France), each of which encompassed 33 km(2), with a density of 40 baits/km(2). The bait consumption appeared to be lower in strictly urban context compared to suburban areas (78.9% vs. 93.4%) and lower in Annemasse than in Pontarlier (82.2% vs. 89.5%). During our study, the prevalence of E. multilocularis, as assessed by EM-ELISA on fox faeces collected in the field in Annemasse, was lower within the treated area than in the rural control area. A "before/during" treatment comparison revealed a significant decrease of spring prevalence from 13.3% to 2.2%. No significant change in prevalence was detected in Pontarlier (stable prevalence: 9.1%) where the contamination of the treated area followed the temporal trend observed in the control area. There, a greater resilience of the parasite's life cycle, probably due to a strong pressure of recontamination from outside the treated area, may have counteracted the prophylaxis treatment. These contrasted outcomes suggest that the frequency of fox anthelmintic treatment should be adapted to the local situation., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2013
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