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International audience; The study area is located in Central Europe and focusing on Mecsek Hills, a low mountain range in the south western part of Hungary. The region of central Europe includes complex mis of elements from mediterranean and continental climate, since the area is located in transitional zone of sub-atlantic and sub-mediterranean climate types. Mecsek Hills is a unique region of the Hungarian environment. Its central European location specifies distribution of diverse landscape types, formed under conditions of transitional climatic settings, mixed from sub-atlantic to sub-mediterranean. The distribution of ecosystems in the region illustrate adaptation of soil properties to actual climate conditions. As determined by the present-day climatic and geomorphological settings, soils in the Mecsek region are rich in nutrients, and landscapes are characterized by various mixed soil types. Brown forest soils predominate on hilltops of Mecsek, while alluvial soils on floodplains. According to the underlying soil types, the landscapes are characterized by mixed vegetation types. The most typical is Pannonian mixed forests of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, common in Euro-Siberian region. There are also forests of Turkey and hornbeam oak in the catchment area of Mecsek region. The dominating vegetation coverage types on the slopes of Mecsek Hills include beech forests, ravine forests and oaks. Some regions of the Mecsek Hills include unique biogeographic areas with endemic species, not founded elsewhere in Carpathian Basin. The overall climate change, especially the global temperature increase, controls balance of heat and water budget on the Hungarian landscapes, and has considerable impact on the agricultural landscapes. In the past decades there were changes in climate, detected in the Carpathian Basin region, which illustrate general fluctuations in the climatic settings in Hungary and change of overall average air temperatures. Combination of the satellite images with GIS techniques is a key method for land patterns identification and classification of ecosystems. Research methodology is based on the GIS spatial analysis tools and classification of Landsat TM image, which was used for visualizing landscapes. An ILWIS GIS was applied to perform spatial analysis and mapping. The research algorithm is clustering, which classifies pixels with similar value of Digital Numbers (DNs) to thematic classes. As a result, spatial analysis on distribution of land cover patterns was performed. Data processing include image pre-processing, enhancement, classification, spatial analysis and interpretation. A land cover map was created by classifying study area into land categories. The core method used in the current work for the interpretation of imagery is clustering algorithm. This method is based on the remote sensing general principle that each unique pixel on a multichannel image has spectral signature defined by the reflectance of its DN in each spectral band. The DNs of pixels create unique signatures for various objects, distinguishable from other objects. Multispectral cluster classification was applied for the Landsat TM image, by extracting information about values of the pixels DNs, analyzing their spectral signatures.Current work demonstrated analysis of climate factors affecting ecological settings of Mecsek Hulls, and local landscapes visualized by means of ILWIS GIS and remote sensing data (Landsat TM). The results consist in recognized distribution of land use patterns. ILWIS GIS is a convenient open source GIS, useful for spatial analysis and land use monitoring. Clustering method is useful for ecological mapping, since it enables objective identification of the land types in regions characterized by high land heterogeneity and complex structure, such as agricultural fields mixed with natural land cover types. The experience of Landsat TM imagery processing by means of ILWIS GIS, described in the current work, is a contribution towards agricultural mapping.

Аннотация. В настоящей работе рассмотрены отдельные аспекты проведения семинарских занятиях по географии на примере изучения Арктики. Так, рассмотрены принципы работы по проектированию индивидуальных ГИС на основе сбора и анализа доступной пространственной информацией по морской экологии с указаниями по составлению тематической базы данных карт. Abstract. This paper discusses some methodological aspects of the seminar classes on geography with a case study of Arctic Ocean. Particularly, is concerns general principles of the individual student work: how one can better design a GIS, how one can find, collect and analyze available geodata on the marine ecology. The paper presents a data reference sketch for the classes of geography.

International audience; This paper analyses the results of the experimental testing of the ArcGIS spatial analysis module Spatial Analyst used for mapping chemical pollution of the water areas. The use of the Spatial Analyst is explaied by its functionality and flexibility of applications. Thus, it has a wide range of spatial modelling embedded tools as well as data analysis features. This enables to create, query, and analyse a set of raster data. The Spatial Analyst module includes such tools as surface interpolation, contour and field construction based on the concentration of pollutants at individual points, processes and analyses raster data and creates spatial distribution fields based on them. Current paper briefly reports the effectiveness of the Spatial Analyst ArcGIS application.

International audience; Réhabiliter les utopies — et non pas l’utopie au singulier (en dépit du titre de son essai) — fut le souhait, guère exaucé il est vrai, de l’écologiste René Dumont qui, dès le milieu des années 1970, s’inquiétait déjà des menaces en tout genre qui détruisent à petit feu notre planète en danger de mort. L’utopie ou la mort donc. La première, pour bâtir et vivre dans une société, plus sûre et plus juste, plus verte et plus ouverte, dans une société surtout « sans mépris ». Près d’un demi-siècle plus tard, le constat n’est pas seulement amer, il est accablant. Malgré les chercheurs, penseurs et autres lanceurs d’alerte qui n’ont cessé de nous informer et nous prévenir des catastrophes annoncées.

International audience

The region of Izmir is a particular coastal part of western Turkey: it has unique landscapes with variety of vegetation types, diverse relief and natural reserve areas. At the same time, Izmir Bay is one of the most contaminated estuaries in the Mediterranean Sea. Polluted by chemical from agricultural activities and other sources, the region gradually change its natural local landscape structure and biodiversity level. The paper gives a review of current emerging ecological problems of the study area., Аннотация. Район г.Измир является уникальным прибрежным регионом Турции с ландшафтами природоохранного значения. В то же время, измирский залив является одним из самых загрязненных лиманов в Средиземном море. Естественная структура ландшафта и биоразнообразие региона, загрязненного химикатами, поступающими со сточными водами от аграрной деятельности и других источников, постепенно меняется. Доклад посвящен текущим экологическим проблемам прибрежной зоны Измира.

International audience; Ubanization and housing policies in Turkey have been transformed in a neoliberal fashion since the early 2000s. This has been accompanied by an abandonment of spatial planning to the benefit of the new competitive regionalism embodied in strategic urban planning with the objective of creating “brand cities.” Social policies in cities, the search for spatial justice fostering social diversity and support for disadvantaged populations are gradually being downgraded. The for-profit objectives of these policies also harm the environment and have caused many problems, including in health, public transport, mobility and housing. This current issue concentrates on Turkey’s approach to the environment and urbanization, which is also a vital global issue.

International audience

International audience

DOI:10.1787/011766488208; This global screening study makes a first estimate of the exposure of the world's large port cities to coastal flooding due to storm surge and damage due to high winds. This assessment also investigates how climate change is likely to impact each port city's exposure to coastal flooding by the 2070s, alongside subsidence and population growth and urbanisation. The study provides a much more comprehensive analysis than earlier assessments, focusing on the 136 port cities around the world that have more than one million inhabitants in 2005. The analysis demonstrates that a large number of people are already exposed to coastal flooding in large port cities. Across all cities, about 40 million people (0.6% of the global population or roughly 1 in 10 of the total port city population in the cities considered here) are exposed to a 1 in 100 year coastal flood event. For present-day conditions (2005), the top ten cities in terms of exposed population are estimated to be Mumbai, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Kolkata, Greater New York, Osaka-Kobe, Alexandria and New Orleans; almost equally split between developed and developing countries. When assets are considered, the current distribution becomes more heavily weighted towards developed countries, as the wealth of the cities becomes important. The top 10 cities in terms of assets exposed are Miami, Greater New York, New Orleans, Osaka-Kobe, Tokyo, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Nagoya, Tampa-St Petersburg and Virginia Beach. These cities contain 60% of the total exposure, but are from only three (wealthy) countries: USA, Japan and the Netherlands. The total value of assets exposed in 2005 is across all cities considered here is estimated to be US3,000 billion; corresponding to around 5% of global GDP in 2005 (both measured in international USD)... Available at : http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/ranking-port-cities-with-high-exposure-and-vulnerability-to-climate-extremes_011766488208

National audience

In three decades, international conventions have become a major tool for public action in the field of the environment.They offer the double promise of action that is broadly based on agreement and a strong commitment to collective responsibility.But what is the environmental effectiveness of these commitments? Are they followed by effects?The question arises for international conventions, as for all public, international, national or territorial environmental policies.In response, widespread today's approaches that see negotiation as coordination, cooperation or market principles are lacking. Normative evaluation frameworks are essential in this context, as well as the dimensions of power and strategy.In this perspective of strategic environmental management analysis, it is necessary to carry out fieldwork that clearly enlight the announcements of collective environmental responsibility in one hand and on the other, the concrete evolutions of the state of the environment the acts that cause them.In the case of the Senegal river valley, a vast floodplain of a river that crosses four states, we have analyzed several management measures put in place to take charge of the environment (the Mitigation and Monitoring Environmental Impacts Program of Senegal River Development -PASIE, Rive Gauche Management Plan and Planning -PDRG and Senegalese Environmental Planning: Regional Action Plan for the Environment -PRAE and the Regional Conservation Strategy Of Biodiversity - SRCB). It shows that they are far from taking care of the responsibilities to be assumed, particularly in the context of the Ramsar (wetlands) and biodiversity conventions.The thesis analyzes in depth the causes of this state of affairs. It identifies the consequences and replaces them in the broader picture of the long-term vicissitudes of development actions whose effectiveness and sustainability are highly questionable., Les conventions internationales sont devenues en trois décennies un outil majeur de l’action publique en matière d’environnement.Elles offrent la double promesse d’une action qui recueille un large accord et d’un engagement fort de responsabilité collective.Mais quelle est l’efficacité environnementale de ces engagements ? Sont-ils suivis d’effets ?La question se pose pour les conventions internationales, comme pour l’ensemble des politiques publiques, internationales, nationales ou territoriales en matière d’environnement.Pour y répondre les approches très répandues aujourd’hui qui ne voient dans la négociation que des principes de coordination, de coopération ou de marché sont insuffisantes. Des cadres normatifs d’évaluation sont incontournables dans ce contexte, ainsi que la prise en compte des dimensions de pouvoir et de stratégie. Dans cette perspective d’analyse stratégique de la gestion environnementale, il faut un travail de terrain qui mette clairement en regard d’un côté les annonces de prises de responsabilité environnementale collective et de l’autre les évolutions concrètes de l’état de l’environnement et des actes qui les causent.Dans le cas de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, vaste plaine d’inondation d’un fleuve qui traverse quatre états, nous avons analysé plusieurs dispositifs de gestion mis en place pour prendre en charge l’environnement (le Programme d’Atténuation et de Suivi des Impacts sur l’Environnement de la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal –PASIE, le Plan Directeur Rive Gauche et la planification –PDRG et la planification environnementale sénégalaise : Plan Régional d’Action pour l’Environnement –PRAE et la Stratégie Régionale de Conservation de la Biodiversité – SRCB). Il en ressort qu’ils sont très loin de permettre que soient assumées les responsabilités qui incombent, en particulier dans le cadre des conventions RAMSAR (zones humides) et Biodiversité, aux pays concernés et aux bailleurs de fonds.La thèse analyse en profondeur les causes de cet état de fait. Elle en cerne les conséquences et les replacent dans le tableau plus large des vicissitudes sur le long terme d’actions de développement dont l’efficacité et la durabilité sont très discutables.

In three decades, international conventions have become a major tool for public action in the field of the environment.They offer the double promise of action that is broadly based on agreement and a strong commitment to collective responsibility.But what is the environmental effectiveness of these commitments? Are they followed by effects?The question arises for international conventions, as for all public, international, national or territorial environmental policies.In response, widespread today's approaches that see negotiation as coordination, cooperation or market principles are lacking. Normative evaluation frameworks are essential in this context, as well as the dimensions of power and strategy.In this perspective of strategic environmental management analysis, it is necessary to carry out fieldwork that clearly enlight the announcements of collective environmental responsibility in one hand and on the other, the concrete evolutions of the state of the environment the acts that cause them.In the case of the Senegal river valley, a vast floodplain of a river that crosses four states, we have analyzed several management measures put in place to take charge of the environment (the Mitigation and Monitoring Environmental Impacts Program of Senegal River Development -PASIE, Rive Gauche Management Plan and Planning -PDRG and Senegalese Environmental Planning: Regional Action Plan for the Environment -PRAE and the Regional Conservation Strategy Of Biodiversity - SRCB). It shows that they are far from taking care of the responsibilities to be assumed, particularly in the context of the Ramsar (wetlands) and biodiversity conventions.The thesis analyzes in depth the causes of this state of affairs. It identifies the consequences and replaces them in the broader picture of the long-term vicissitudes of development actions whose effectiveness and sustainability are highly questionable., Les conventions internationales sont devenues en trois décennies un outil majeur de l’action publique en matière d’environnement.Elles offrent la double promesse d’une action qui recueille un large accord et d’un engagement fort de responsabilité collective.Mais quelle est l’efficacité environnementale de ces engagements ? Sont-ils suivis d’effets ?La question se pose pour les conventions internationales, comme pour l’ensemble des politiques publiques, internationales, nationales ou territoriales en matière d’environnement.Pour y répondre les approches très répandues aujourd’hui qui ne voient dans la négociation que des principes de coordination, de coopération ou de marché sont insuffisantes. Des cadres normatifs d’évaluation sont incontournables dans ce contexte, ainsi que la prise en compte des dimensions de pouvoir et de stratégie. Dans cette perspective d’analyse stratégique de la gestion environnementale, il faut un travail de terrain qui mette clairement en regard d’un côté les annonces de prises de responsabilité environnementale collective et de l’autre les évolutions concrètes de l’état de l’environnement et des actes qui les causent.Dans le cas de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, vaste plaine d’inondation d’un fleuve qui traverse quatre états, nous avons analysé plusieurs dispositifs de gestion mis en place pour prendre en charge l’environnement (le Programme d’Atténuation et de Suivi des Impacts sur l’Environnement de la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal –PASIE, le Plan Directeur Rive Gauche et la planification –PDRG et la planification environnementale sénégalaise : Plan Régional d’Action pour l’Environnement –PRAE et la Stratégie Régionale de Conservation de la Biodiversité – SRCB). Il en ressort qu’ils sont très loin de permettre que soient assumées les responsabilités qui incombent, en particulier dans le cadre des conventions RAMSAR (zones humides) et Biodiversité, aux pays concernés et aux bailleurs de fonds.La thèse analyse en profondeur les causes de cet état de fait. Elle en cerne les conséquences et les replacent dans le tableau plus large des vicissitudes sur le long terme d’actions de développement dont l’efficacité et la durabilité sont très discutables.

International audience; Geographic data issues in the North and the Arctic areasA vast arctic and subarctic territory, unknown or poorly known, Ood geographic databases, access problems to existing data… (if the data exist or are available). The Arctic SDI including old, fakes and low quality data.Need to produce geographical data and models of evolution of the territories specific to the uses for the planning, the environment, the needs of the populations and the exploitation of the resources.Loss of skills in geospatial technologies (limited to the security and defense) and especially in their applications and uses for the environment, land management and populations.