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Context/objective: The border conflict between Peru and Ecuador (1910) over the definition of their frontiers fueled the Peruvian nationalism that emerged in the nineteenth century. The trigger was a series of clashes at the Consulate and the Legate's Office of Peru in Ecuador between March and May 1910. In the following pages, we will analyze the role of local and regional political bodies (prefectura and subprefecturas of the Andean region of Ayacucho) in the exaltation of nationalism used to collect resources and the "blood contingent" for the war. Methodology: We use discourse and documentary analysis of telegrams and memos sent from and to the prefectura and subprefecturas of Ayacucho. Originality: The role played by local authorities in constructing Peruvian nationalism has not been sufficiently addressed; however, it is of great importance since it allows us to understand the homogenizing effort of the nascent State and its multiple contradictions. Conclusions: We will note how the nationalism imposed by regional and local governments was accepted in theory. However, it was pretty diminished among citizens of all social sectors when it was needed to swell the troops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the sporting advances in football, not only in technological but also human material, the integration of new female talents in refereeing becomes imperative. Therefore, the objective of this article is to determine the perceptions of gender equality in soccer refereeing among male and female referees in Ecuador. A quantitative methodological approach was used, using inductive-deductive, historical-logical, and synthetic analytical methods. A questionnairetype instrument of 29 questions was applied to a sample of 120 subjects who work in Ecuadorian soccer refereeing. In conclusion, the need to break culturally constituted stereotypes is highlighted, enabling new scenarios to make the female referee visible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: The objective pursued by this research is to analyse the possible existence of a social and political fracture around the figure of former President Rafael Correa and his political legacy, the Citizen Revolution, which would act as a kind of polarizing division of Ecuadorian society: correismo/anti-correismo axis. A division that, born of politics, would have been established within society, allowing the existence of two opposing sides that feel, perceive and act in politics in a very different way. Methodology: To this end, a study has been drawn up with a quantitative methodological approach based on an analysis of the data contained in the Study of Politics and Emotions in Ecuador, March 2021 (SPEE), carried out by the EIP-USC after the first round of the 2021 presidential elections. Conclusions: The results of this first approach (descriptive and multivariate) allow us to affirm the existence of important differences between supporters and detractors of correismo, especially as regards political and emotional issues, but not so regarding sociodemographic issues. Originality: The influence that the emotional factor expressed towards the different political leaders would have in the construction of this fracture is especially relevant; providing a novel vision to the literature on the influence of Rafael Correa and his project in the Ecuadorian political system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the role of the spokesperson in the context of the digital era is analyzed, combining theoretical frameworks and empirical experiences of the authors. It takes as a starting point the pandemic, an event that significantly accelerated the adoption of digital platforms, transforming the dynamics of institutional and media communication at national and global level. The text highlights the need for modern spokespersons to adapt their communication strategies to manage real-time interactions, address digital crises, and connect with audiences that increasingly value authenticity and transparency, especially millennials and generation Z. In this context, it is important to consider the progressive integration of influencers in institutional communication strategies, highlighting their ability to amplify key messages. The analysis also considers the role of journalism in the digital era, emphasizing its concern for interaction with audiences through different platforms, where they are adapting to the new dynamics of the digital environment. Through Ecuadorian examples, such as the direct interaction of former President Rafael Correa on Twitter (today X), the predilection of the current President of the Republic, Daniel Noboa, for social networks, and the strategies of the mayors of Guayaquil and Cuenca, it is visualized how local leaders are experimenting with new approaches in digital spokespersonship. The findings suggest that spokespersons must continue to adapt to digital platforms, combining technology with a deep understanding of their audiences, in order to effectively fulfill their role in an increasingly dynamic and complex communication environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the national strike of June 2022 in Ecuador, the media was the scene of confrontational discourses regarding the mobilization. The community media, unlike the private media, allied themselves with the demonstrators' positions. This theoretical-analytical reflection addresses two particularities that were evidenced in the practices of community media, the media-space relationship and the configuration of discourses, in order to evaluate the power of these media to sustain different and more responsible communication proposals, especially in contexts of high social conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment and subsequent configuration of peripheral barrios in Latin America are phenomena intrinsic to the history of these nations. Despite the many years that have passed since the first informal settlements, we are far from being able to comprehend the complex realities of their inhabitants. Against this background and by producing two social cartographies, the purpose of this article is to examine the sociospatial production of peripheral barrios in Guayaquil (Ecuador), particularly Bastión Popular and Nigeria. Drawing on the voices of the inhabitants, these cartographies captured shared experiences and trajectories, revealing the boundaries and bordering processes that (re)produce and condition their social practices in everyday neighborhood space. Social cartographies served as a flexible and suitable methodological tool for symbolizing abstract and concrete elements in the neighborhood territory, establishing connections between the meanings attributed to each neighborhood and the contextual features of the city. The originality of this research and article lies in its use of this methodological tool for understanding these realities in Guayaquil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Com o advento da globalização, instaurou-se um cenário de alta interdependência no âmbito comunidade internacional, notabilizado pela afirmação de premissas neoliberais como a desregulamentação da economia, o monetarismo e a exploração intensiva dos recursos ambientais. Tendo em vista os trágicos efeitos do neoliberalismo sobre as democracias contemporâneas, os objetivos deste artigo, cujo referencial teórico maior é o espanhol Gerardo Pisarello, são: a) traçar um panorama do constitucionalismo neoliberal, evidenciando as suas consequências; b) apresentar o Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-Americano como possível alternativa às tradicionais estruturas de poder, conforme recentemente experimentado no Equador e na Bolívia. Conclui-se que, embora sujeito a oposições do status quo e a contradições inerentes às sociedades dos países que o adotaram, o Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-Americano avançou significativamente nos desideratos de fortalecer a representação popular junto às instâncias políticas e de reduzir o poder destrutivo do grande capital. Para a consecução do trabalho de pesquisa, foram empregados o método hipotético-dedutivo e a técnica de revisão bibliográfica.

Objective. To estimate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the supply, uptake, coverage, and timeliness of vaccination in children under 5 years of age in Ecuador. Methods. Concurrent mixed-methods design with two rapid evaluation cycles. In each cycle, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were administered to health personnel and mothers of children under 5. The instruments explored the immunization program in terms of supply (availability of material and personnel) and uptake (demand and access). To estimate vaccination coverage, we randomly sampled children under 5 in five provinces and analyzed monthly administrative program records for the period 2017-2020. Results. Approximately 50% of respondents perceived a reduction in personnel and supplies for the program. The demand for care declined 26% between 2020 and 2021, mainly due to fear of contracting COVID-19 in health facilities. Access to program services was affected by changes in schedules, ventilated spaces, and the provision of virtual care, none of which were well accepted by the population. Only 50% of children under 1 year of age completed their full vaccination schedule, and most vaccines were not administered in a timely manner. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the immunization program in terms of supply and uptake. This led to a precipitous decline in the coverage and timeliness of vaccination, which have fallen to suboptimal levels in children under 5 in Ecuador. This has increased the risk of children contracting vaccine-preventable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the experiences of the National Advisory Commission on Serious Events Supposedly Attributable to Vaccination or Immunization (ESAVI) implemented in Ecuador for the period 2020-2023. Method. A report analyzing the implementation, operations, and results of the National Advisory Commission on Serious ESAVI in Ecuador was prepared. A quantitative analysis of vaccination records was carried out, as well as a qualitative analysis based on expert interviews, reflecting the direct experiences and operational challenges faced by the members of the Commission. Results. Implementation of the Commission has allowed for the systematic recording and analysis of serious ESAVIs. Of 256 reported cases, 139 were analyzed: 59% were considered coincident events; 16.6%, unclassifiable; 6.5%, indeterminate; 5%, stress-related; 3.6% as events related to a programmatic error; and 9.4% as vaccine-related, which included allergic reactions, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and thrombosis, among others. The experts highlighted the need to improve staff training and technology infrastructure, and noted that the Commission played a crucial role in monitoring vaccine safety, as well as in increasing public confidence in vaccination processes. Conclusions. The National Advisory Commission has played an essential role in vaccine safety surveillance in Ecuador by ensuring reporting, causality analysis, and investigation of serious ESAVIs. Challenges were identified and will need to be addressed to maintain public trust in immunization programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study aimed to analyze estimates of in-hospital delivery-related maternal mortality and sociodemographic factors influencing this mortality in Ecuador during 2015 to 2022. Methods. Data from publicly accessible registries from the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Censuses were analyzed. Maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) were calculated, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to obtain unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. Results. There was an increase in in-hospital delivery-related maternal deaths in Ecuador from 2015 to 2022: MMRs increased from 3.70 maternal deaths/100 000 live births in 2015 to 32.22 in 2020 and 18.94 in 2022. Manabí province had the highest rate, at 84.85 maternal deaths/100 000 live births between 2015 and 2022. Women from ethnic minorities had a higher probability of in-hospital delivery-related mortality, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 9.59 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.98 to 13.18). More maternal deaths were also observed in private health care facilities (AOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.84). Conclusions. Efforts to reduce maternal mortality have stagnated in recent years. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, an increase in maternal deaths in hospital settings was observed in Ecuador. Although the pandemic might have contributed to the stagnation of maternal mortality estimates, socioeconomic, demographic and clinical factors play key roles in the complexity of trends in maternal mortality. The results from this study emphasize the importance of addressing not only the medical aspects of care but also the social determinants of health and disparities in the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in invasive cervical cancer samples from Ecuadorian women who attended the Cancer Institute (Sociedad de Lucha Contra el Cáncer - SOLCA). Methods. Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical cancer tissue samples collected during 2017-2021 were deparaffinized, and nucleic acid extraction and purification was performed using silica columns. The obtained nucleic acids were analyzed using INNO-LiPA® HPV Genotyping Extra II per the manufacturer's specifications. Data were retrieved from records, and HPV genotypes were determined from the FFPE samples. Results. The study included samples from 190 women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer, with a median age of 52.78 years. Squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 78.94% of the cases, while 21.05% had adenocarcinoma. Among the 190 samples, 80.53% tested positive for HPV DNA, while 19.47% were negative. The most common genotypes detected were HPV 16 (64.05%), 18 (16.99%), and 58 (6.54%). HPV infection frequency was higher in samples from patients with elementary level education (p < 0.05). Conclusions. This study provides valuable insights into the distribution of HPV genotypes in invasive cervical cancer samples from Ecuadorian women. The results indicate an elevated presence of HPV 16, HPV 18, and HPV 58, which are vaccine-preventable genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research is to evaluate from a multidimensional perspective the current situation of public transport in Ibarra city. This work uses data obtained from Movildelnor Public Company, Ecuadorian Institute of Statistics and Census, and also obtained from the application of a survey of a sample of 391 taxi users in Ibarra city. The results obtained have been analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics and the application of an econometric model in order to estimate the variables that affect the frequency of use of the service. An important result of this study shows that there is statistically significant evidence indicating that in the case evaluated, being a woman reduces the probability of daily use of the taxi service, confirming the existing gap between men and women in terms of access to services. Therefore, it is important to guarantee access to transport services that reduce the inequality of vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research contrasts two scenarios of analysis (2017-2018 and 2020-2021) of the materials of heritage architecture in consolidated urban contexts based on the case of the Historic Center of Cuenca (Ecuador); the first, from the architectural and environmental and anthropic incidence in 35 heritage facades, and the second evaluating changes in the interaction of variables through four control points and limiting the parameter of citizen perception. The study included bibliographic analysis, application of architectural cards, simple quantification matrices, environmental valuation matrices and descriptive survey of citizen perception. In the two scenarios, the affected materials (travertine, wood, brick and mortar) coincide in representativeness and degree of deterioration due to environmental contamination, precipitation, solar radiation, relative humidity and anthropic activity. In turn, 92 % of the population identifies only aesthetic features, while subordinating pathological processes, which hinders the conservation and enjoyment of heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Este artículo analiza la aportación de José Nicolás Vacas a la teoría gramatical ecuatoriana de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, a través del análisis de su tratado de Sintaxis castellana extractada de varias obras, especialmente de la Gramática del Sr. Don Andrés Bello y dedicada á los estudiantes del Colegio Seminario de Ibarra (1899). Se analiza la influencia en él de las fuentes canónicas hispánicas de la época, como Andrés Bello, su única fuente declarada, y la Real Academia Española, así como de otras fuentes extendidas en la enseñanza gramatical del Ecuador finisecular, como los manuales de los Hermanos de las Escuelas Cristianas. En concreto, se contrasta el tratamiento de los conceptos de sintaxis, concordancia, régimen, construcción y proposición. Los resultados permiten cuestionar la influencia real de Bello en la doctrina de este autor, así como vislumbrar la presencia en esta obra de otras posibles fuentes no canónicas.

O presente ensaio analisa a novela de Miguel Riofrío, intitulada "La Emancipada", considerada uma das primeiras obras latino-americanas a explorar as temáticas de gênero, indigenismo e emancipação no século XIX. Utilizando a teoria crítica da sociedade e a Teoria Estética de Theodor Adorno como fundamentos teóricos, este estudo se desdobra em duas etapas; primeiramente, uma análise sobre os momentos de verdade da obra em sua relação com contexto sociocultural; em seguida, um momento interpretativo que destaca os principais antagonismos da sociedade que se desenrolam ao longo da narrativa, com foco em elementos dissonantes, críticos e utópicos. O ensaio também salienta os ideais de emancipação da mulher e do índio na sociedade equatoriana, consolidando-se como um marco vanguardista na formação cultural do Equador do século XIX. Por meio dessa análise, busca-se contribuir para uma compreensão mais profunda das complexidades da literatura e da formação cultural crítica na América Latina do século XIX.

Cooperativism as a socioeconomic model, with its organizations, increasingly has the potential to influence the needs of communities, especially in the Latin American region. In Ecuador, the presence of cooperatives in the savings and credit sector is notorious from the economic and financial point of view, however, the evidence that the social component is not handled at the same level, based on previous studies, constitutes the main background for the development of this work that shows an analytical and systemic reflection on the matter. An analysis of the situation of the national cooperative sector was carried out to reinforce the role of cooperatives as socioeconomic enterprises with extraordinary capacities to achieve the change to which families, communities and the nation aspire. The research developed is of a theoretical and analytical nature. A systemic analysis was obtained with certain recommendations in relation to overcoming the problems present in Ecuadorian savings and credit cooperatives, with a view to integrally managing the social and economic components, a fundamental premise for achieving the results expected from their activity at the local and national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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