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Two-layer flow of a density-stratified fluid with mass transfer between the layers is considered. In the Boussinesq approximation, the equations of motion are reduced to a homogeneous quasilinear system of partial differential equations of mixed type. The flow parameters in the intermediate mixed layer are determined from the equilibrium conditions in a more general model of three-layer flow of a miscible fluid. In particular, the equilibrium conditions imply the constancy of the interlayer Richardson number in velocity-shift flows. A self-similar solution to the problem of breakdown of an arbitrary discontinuity (the lock-exchange problem) in the domain of hyperbolicity of the system under consideration is constructed. The transcritical flow regimes over a local obstacle are studied and the conditions under which the obstacle determines the upstream flow are determined. A comparison of steady-state and time-dependent solutions with the solutions obtained for the original three-layer models of miscible fluid flow is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic congestion and roadside emissions are severe and common problems in metropolitans. As a promising and sustainable solution to mitigating these vehicle externalities, shared mobility reduces the required vehicle fleet size for serving a given level of demand by sharing a vehicle among travelers with similar schedules and itineraries. Public acceptance is the key to the success of shared mobility development. This study investigates the acceptance of drivers and passengers of two typical competing shared mobility modes, car-pooling and taxi ride sharing, taking Hong Kong as a case study. For an empirical evaluation, an on-street stated preference survey was conducted, and 829 respondents, including 257 private car owners and 572 non-private car owners were interviewed about their travel preferences in three given hypothetical scenarios. In total, 2,487 observations were collected for calibrating two proposed logit-based discrete choice models for drivers and passengers. The model results show that the out-of-pocket cost, in-vehicle travel time, and out-of-vehicle time are key factors influencing travelers' decisions toward car-pooling and taxi ride-sharing. An equilibrium model was proposed and an iteration solution procedure was applied to obtain a convergent solution to balance the demand and supply of drivers and passengers for car-pooling services. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were carried out to examine the effects of variations in proportions of travel cost and taxi fare shared by passengers for car-pooling and taxi ride-sharing, and to assist in the formulation of relevant transport policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extended Langmuir (EL) model remains a popular tool within the adsorption community to describe mixture adsorption. Nevertheless, its thermodynamic consistency breaks down when the saturation capacities of the species differ. This effect also triggers large differences with other fundamental and popular models, the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) and Nitta model, requiring an implicit calculation. A loading-explicit multicomponent model (dsEL) was proposed more recently and attracted attention by its implementation in open-source software. The thermodynamic consistency of dsEL is established here. Furthermore, to aid general model selection including this new model, predictive properties are presented in comparison to various other models, especially the popular EL and (Langmuir based) IAST. While the low loading predictions are similar for all models, the high pressure limit for EL varies from the preferential uptake of the smallest component (dsEL, IAST, Nitta). By presenting analytic equations for the infinite dilution behaviour and by introducing iso-selectivity lines, remaining differences with dsEL and IAST are easily demonstrated. In a model toolbox, dsEL models present themselves as relatively simple and robust, thermodynamically consistent, explicit modifications of the EL model, capturing various features of IAST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main purpose is to understand the microeconomic foundations of the South Korean miracle through careful analysis and a realistic equilibrium model. Methodology: The paper constructs a simple equilibrium model where productivity growth is endogenous to (i) human capital, (ii) the country’s distance to the global technology frontier, and (iii) the level of urban agglomeration. The paper identifies and calculates unobserved productivity terms using various observed variables from South Korean national accounts for the post-1960 period. The paper then presents the structural estimates of the model parameters and the results of the decomposition analysis. Findings: While the South Korean economy was initially using a backward technology, it became an innovation economy in the early 1980s. Structural estimates show that urban agglomeration is not statistically significant in the South Korean case. Finally, a decomposition analysis shows that, in the early 1960s, human capital and distance to the frontier made similar contributions to productivity growth. Originality: The model economy has two sectors. Technology in the modern sector exhibits Constant Returns to Scale, but traditional technology is constrained by Decreasing Returns to Scale. In addition, both the technology adoption regime and the innovation regime can be represented by the same mathematical function, and the article is therefore theoretically original.

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Abstract Purpose The tensions and threats in historic urban landscapes brought about by heritage tourism are still regional, global, general, and dynamic issues. For Kulangsu, there is an obvious problem in the connection between the current conservation plan and public policy. To a large extent, public policy cannot effectively, specifically, and flexibly respond to the dynamic problems in the implementation of the conservation plan, which seems insufficient concerning the effect of these conservation plans and public policies on promoting the adaptive reuse and sustainable tourism of the historic urban in Kulangsu heritage sites. Thus, giving more consideration to the combination of public policies and conservation plans of historic urban landscapes under the heritage tourism milieu, ensuring a balanced, sustainable, and integrated development pattern still calls for new discussions in achieving good performance of sustainable heritage tourism. This study conceptually discusses the equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes with a range of strategies under a sustainable heritage tourism background and responds to the synthetic contradiction of the imbalances among public policy, conservation plans, and development practices. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a range of prepared desktop studies (public policy studies, conservation plans), field surveys, participant observations, and randomised interviews to respond to the insufficiency of the current heritage practices. Findings This study discusses the equilibrium model of sustainable heritage tourism at heritage sites. It takes Kulangsu Island, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Southeast China, as an example to discuss the equilibrium model, which encompasses a convergent parallel framework and three dimensions concerning heritage management and policymaking. The equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes is a dynamic framework that integrates social, economic, environmental, and cultural concerns into a holistic collaborative framework under a sustainable heritage tourism background. Originality/value In line with the requirements of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach and general principles in support of sustainable urban heritage management promoted by UNESCO and ICOMOS, the study points out the peculiarities and potential of the equilibrium mode in solving the current challenges of historic urban landscapes for sustainable heritage tourism. Finding ways of linking policymaking, conservation, development, heritage tourism, and different interest groups to a holistic framework can stimulate effective means and management mechanisms for the complicated and changeable issues of sustainable heritage tourism.

The effect of feed composition and temperature on the carbon black yield and off-gas amount and composition was studied for oil-furnace process reactor with benzene as a model feedstock. Because of the high furnace temperature (>1200 °C), the reactions were considered as very fast and thus the products close to chemical equilibrium. The equilibrium composition was calculated by a non-stoichiometric thermodynamic model using Gibbs free energy minimization method. The equilibrium and energy balance equations were solved simultaneously to obtain the product composition and reactor temperature under different reaction conditions. The equilibrium carbon black yield increases with gas/air and oil/air ratio whereas the reactor temperature exhibits the reverse trend which are consistent with practical data. Quantitative comparison with real data showed that the product may be kinetically controlled, and thus the thermodynamic model gives the lower limit of carbon black yield. The model can be easily applied to any feedstock including bio-oil without a need for the specific properties.

We develop a dynamic equilibrium model of insurance pricing in a competitive market consisting of heterogeneous insurance companies. The insurers have different beliefs on expected loss rate of an underlying risk process and the belief divergences are stochastic. The insurers select optimal insurance market shares to maximize their individual utilities. The equilibrium insurance price is formulated when the insurance market is cleared. We provide a general equilibrium framework with a continuum of insurers in the market and then solve for the equilibrium insurance price explicitly in the case of N insurers. We find that the stochastic heterogeneity brings extra volatility to insurance price and makes it dynamic. The mean-reverting divergences of insurers may explain cycles of insurance business documented by empirical studies. Compared to the previous literature of optimal insurance, this paper introduces an asset pricing framework of general equilibrium to the research of insurance pricing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and tradable green certificate schemes will exert significant influences on the market equilibrium outcomes and generation firms' strategic behaviors. To quantitatively investigate these influences, firstly, considering the difference in power generation cost and the uncertainty of renewable energy power generation, the equilibrium model for various trade subjects in the electricity market is established. Secondly, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II is adopted for solving the equilibrium model to find well-distributed Pareto-optimal solutions. Finally, the grey relational projection method is used to calculate the priority membership of each decision-making scheme so as to determine the optimal compromise solution. The simulation focuses on analyzing the impact of RPS on the equilibrium results and market behavior of power generators and introduces the Lerner index to quantify the market power of generators. The results show that: (1) An increase in the quota ratio can effectively increase power generation in renewable energy generators. The game between thermal power generators and renewable energy generators raises the prices of both markets at the same time. (2) Improving the forecasting accuracy is conducive to alleviating the market power behavior of various power generators, thereby ensuring the healthy operation of the power market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the behavior of agents in the housing sector, including investors, households and developers, is very important. A large part of housing price fluctuations is caused by the activities of these agent, especially the investors in this sector, and these housing price fluctuations influence other economic sectors because the housing sector has a lot of backward and forward relationships with other sectors. This research aims to analysis of the behavior of agent in the housing sector in the forming of the equilibrium pattern of housing prices in Iran using the mathematical optimization method for the period of 1991 to 2022. The results show that there is a positive relationship between the equilibrium price of housing with the construction cost of each residential unit, household income and investors' expectations of housing prices. Also, there is a direct relationship between the volume of trading of investors and their expectations of housing prices. When the expectations of housing prices are in the range of zero to 1.71 and more than 1.71, investors will be in the position of selling and buying housing, respectively. Hence, the relationship between the equilibrium price of housing and the volume of trading of investors with the risk component of investors is positive, and if the equilibrium price of housing is more (less than) 2.33, investors take a selling (buying) position. On the other hand, if the investors are in the low range of zero according to the amount of risk and volume of trading of investors, then the investors are in the selling position and if they are in the upper range of zero, the investors are in the buying position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beach slope is a critical parameter to, e.g., beach safety, wave reflection at the coast and longshore transport rate. However, it is usually considered as a time-invariant and profile-average parameter. Here, we apply a state-of-the-art equilibrium model to hindcast beach slope variability from the time scales of days to years at the high-energy meso-macrotidal sandy beach of Truc Vert, southwest France. We use 9 years of bimonthly beach surveys to compute beach slope time series at different elevations. Results show that beach slope exhibits an equilibrium response with contrasting behaviors along two distinct areas of the beach profile. From 0 to 2 m above mean sea level, which is located under the berm crest, a slope response predominantly at the storm time scale is observed. The beach slope steepens under low energy waves, with the equilibrium model explaining up to 40% of the observed beach slope variability. In contrast, from 2.5 to 4 m above mean sea level, which is above the berm crest, the beach slope steepens under high-energy waves. Within this region of the beach profile, the response time scale increases upwards from seasonal (~2.5 m) to seasonal (~4 m), with the model explaining up to 65% of the observed beach slope variability. Such behaviors are found to be enforced by the berm dynamics developing from the end of the winter to early autumn, providing new perspectives to model and predict beach slope on sandy beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the effectiveness of various bioactive agents reversibly acting within a cell on a target intracellular macromolecule, it is necessary to assess effective cytoplasmic concentrations of the delivered bioactive agents. In this work, based on a simple equilibrium model and the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), an approach is proposed to assess effective concentrations of both a delivered bioactive agent and a target protein. This approach was tested by evaluating the average concentrations of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated-protein 1 (Keap1) proteins in the cytoplasm for five different cell lines (Hepa1, MEF, RAW264.7, 3LL, and AML12) and comparing the results with known literature data. The proposed approach makes it possible to analyze both binary interactions and ternary competition systems; thus, it can have a wide application for the analysis of protein–protein or molecule–protein interactions in the cell. The concentrations of Nrf2 and Keap1 in the cell can be useful not only in analyzing the conditions for the activation of the Nrf2 system, but also for comparing the effectiveness of various drug delivery systems, where the delivered molecule is able to interact with Keap1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy production and consumption exert considerable environmental pressure on climate change, deterioration of natural ecosystems and adverse health impacts. Our paper/scientific approach starts from the premise that in the near future the Romanian Electricity Market will be completely liberalized in order to be integrated in the Single Market Electricity. These profound changes will have a strong impact on the household behaviour. In this regard, we develop a dynamic model for the electricity market, based on the principle of supply and demand equilibrium. At the same time, by means of extrapolation methods we are deducing the expressions of demand and supply functions for electricity. These expressions are entered in a demand-supply model given by a dynamical system. The aim of this study is to investigate the equilibrium and the evolution of this system based on data sets from 1999 to 2021, in order to determine the evolution of electricity consumption and to establish competitive advantages for sustainable consumption.

The present investigation involves the numerical studies on the thermochemical conversion of bamboo biomasses conducted in a Double Tapered Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor. Six different bamboo biomass species suitable for the gasification process available in Mizoram state, India, are selected for the study. The 0D equilibrium-based model predicts the percentage composition of syngas constituents viz; H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4 obtained through the gasification process. The global gasification reaction of biomass is formulated from the chemical reactions at various gasification stages. The composition of constituents in the syngas obtained is numerically determined at varied temperature ranges (400–1400 K) and Moisture content (0–40%). The percentage of syngas constituents obtained for Bambusa vulgaris Wamin is outstanding compared to the other biomass species used in the study. The production of CH4 is found suitable at low temperature (< 1000 K) and moisture content (< 35%). The result presented over the equivalence ratio range of 0.2–0.5, and gasification temperature of 1073 K, better recognizes the percentage yield of the syngas components. However, the percentage of H2 and CO2 increases due to the water gas shift reaction with the temperature rise. The obtained results are suitably compared with the literature in the same areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of forest disturbances has increased under intensifying climate changes, and the economic impacts of forest disturbances should receive more attention. This paper systematically reviews models of the economic impacts of forest disturbances and summarizes four commonly applied models, which are "with and without" analysis, equilibrium models, the intervention model, and the social welfare model. The advantages and disadvantages of these four models are presented and compared, and literature using these models is introduced. The review of the economic assessment of damage caused by forest disturbances is expected to provide insights for researchers in this field and useful information about economic losses, price dynamics, and welfare redistribution for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal nature of wine production results in the accumulation of significant quantities of grape pomace (GP) during harvest, presenting management challenges for wineries that traditionally regard this solid byproduct as low-value waste. However, extracting phenolic compounds (PCs) from GP offers a promising avenue for creating bioactive extracts for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This study develops a mathematical model for predicting the total phenolic content (TPC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in liquids obtained from multi-equilibrium-stage extraction processes using a 50% aqueous ethanol solution to recover PCs from Tannat GP. The model is applicable across a wide range of TPC and TDS concentrations in the liquid (0.2–45.4 gGAE/L for TPC and 1–118 g/L for TDS) and extraction temperatures between 30 and 70 °C. It is used to determine the optimal operational conditions of a Shanks extraction system, either to minimize fresh solvent consumption or to maximize selectivity for PCs extraction, achieving a desired extraction yield with a specified number of extraction vessels. • The Sips equilibrium model effectively describes phenolic extraction from grape pomace. • Total phenolic content and dissolved solids in the extract can be predicted. • The model is applicable across a wide range of extract concentrations. • The model is useful for simulating the countercurrent multi-stage extraction process. • Solvent use in countercurrent multi-stage extraction is optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Propose a parking-size weibit (PSW) model for the parking choice with emerging shared parking services. • Propose a spatially correlated weibit (SCW) model for the destination choice with spatial information. • Address the spatial similarity and heterogeneity issues in the joint destination and parking choice. • Develop the combined SCW-PSW equilibrium model with an equivalent mathematical programming formulation. • Develop a partial linearization algorithm combined with an iterative balancing scheme for solving the SCW-PSW equilibrium model. This paper proposes a weibit-based equilibrium choice model for investigating the effect of the emerging shared parking services, which have recently received increasing interest, on combined destination location and parking choice behaviors. The model considers the features of shared parking services, including the avoidance of cruising to search for a parking space and limited supply of shared parking spaces. The spatial similarity issues of destination and parking choices, i.e., the correlations among spatially adjacent destination locations and the parking spaces around them, are separately considered through the advanced spatially correlated weibit (SCW) model and parking-size weibit (PSW) model, respectively. Subsequently, an equivalent mathematical programming (MP) formulation of the equilibrium SCW-PSW model is developed, which guarantees the existence and uniqueness of the solutions. Based on the MP formulation, a partial linearization algorithm embedded with the iterative balancing direction-finding scheme and self-regulated averaging line search scheme is developed to solve the proposed equilibrium model. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the properties of the proposed model and its applicability to analyzing planning scenarios with different shared parking supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, a simple, efficient, and eco-friendly procedure for the biosorption of Cr(VI) ions was studied. A detailed comparative study was performed to check the adsorption efficiency of agrowaste (banana and potato peels)-based adsorbents. Firstly, mixed biosorbent was washed, dried and ground into powder, secondly, biosorbent was pyrolyzed into biochar and thirdly TiO2 nanocomposite (TiO2 NC) biosorbent was made by sonicating using prepared biochar and TiO2 NPs. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were synthesized by a green method using Psidium guajava leaf extract. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX FT-IR, XRD and UV-visible analysis. The effect of four different factors, i.e., pH of the synthetic metallic solution, time, concentration and adsorbent dosage was studied. The optimum conditions were time (120 min), pH (3), concentration (10 ppm) and adsorbent dosage (1.0 g). The kinetic modeling showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) ion follows a pseudo second-order mechanism and the Langmuir isotherm model was found to fit better for this study. Response surface methodology (RSM)-based optimized parameters provided optimal parameter sets that better represent the adsorption rate models. The uptake capacity of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was found to be biomass (76.49 mg/L) ˂ biochar (86.51 mg/L) ˂ TiO2 NC (92.89 mg/L). It can be suggested that the produced TiO2 NC could possibly be an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Cr(IV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the supply chain network equilibrium model which composites of the disaster relief part is constructed. In such model, we consider five tiers of decision makers: manufacturers who produce the products for sale and donation, retailers, demand market who can purchase products, freight service providers who transport the relief items (or the products) to demand points and, finally, the demand points. The behavior of all decision makers is considered by using the variational inequality formulation. Furthermore, the qualitative properties of such model are studied. Finally, we give some numerical supply chain examples of such model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of biomass to olefin by employing gasification has recently gained the attention of the petrochemical sector, and syngas composition is a keystone during the evaluation of process design. Process simulation software is a preferred evaluation tool that employs stoichiometric and kinetic approaches. Despite the available literature, the estimation errors of these simulation methods have scarcely been contrasted. This study compares the errors of stoichiometric and kinetic models by simulating a downdraft steam gasifier in PRO/II. The quantitative examination identifies the model that best predicts the composition of products for the gasification of Japanese wood waste. The simulation adopts reaction mechanisms, flowsheet topology, reactions parameters, and component properties reported in the literature. The results of previous studies are used to validate the models in a comparison of the syngas composition and yield of products. The models are used to reproduce gasification at temperatures of 600∼900 °C and steam-to-biomass mass ratios of 0∼4. Both models reproduce experimental results more accurately for changes in the steam-to-biomass mass ratio than for temperature variations. The kinetic model is more accurate for predicting composition and yields, having global errors of 3.91%-mol/mol and 8.16%-g/gBM, respectively, whereas the simple stoichiometric model has an error of 7.96%-mol/mol and 16.21%-g/gBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving estuarine water quality problems on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, or elsewhere, is difficult. Nitrogen from septic systems takes years to decades to travel by groundwater to estuaries, depending on local hydrogeology, meaning that nitrogen loading in future years may exceed current conditions. We created a dynamic nitrogen model of Cape Cod's 54 estuaries to better understand 1. how past and present conditions, including legacy nitrogen in groundwater, influence future nitrogen loading, and 2. how different development and nitrogen abatement scenarios could have additional effects. We find that 43 of 54 estuaries are not in equilibrium with current watershed nitrogen loading levels; this increases to 52 of 54 under a buildout scenario. Watersheds contain up to 1000 tons of legacy nitrogen in groundwater; yet, we find that a rapid investment in source control successfully reduces nitrogen loading, revealing a wide range of potential outcomes that depend ultimately on the resources and attention invested in the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report the adsorptive removal of Deltamethrin (DEL) from wastewater using activated carbon (AC) from the inner stem bark of the C. Verum tree. The raw material was chemically activated using H3PO4, with different impregnation ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 (wt%) followed by pyrolysis at 700 °C. Adsorption experiments are carried out to study different effects on the removal of DEL by the prepared AC. The prepared AC has a high surface area between 1009 and 1954 m2/g, total pore volume between 0.47–1.22 mL/g, and a pore diameter around 2 nm. FTIR results revealed the presence of acidic and basic functional groups within the new adsorbent. Kinetic studies showed that adsorption data followed the pseudo-second-order model. Langmuir's model showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 89.3 mg/g at 40 °C. Changes in free energy (∆G°), enthalpy (∆H°), and entropy (∆S°) were also calculated. The thermodynamic characteristics demonstrated that DEL adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process.

Marketing and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are crucial factors that affect closed-loop supply chain network (CLSCN) equilibrium. And the environment of enterprises’ behaviors often occurs during durations and dynamics. To explore the optimal marketing and CSR strategies in a dynamic multi-period CLSCN system, this paper investigates the dynamic multi-period CLSCN equilibrium problem considering marketing and CSR. A multi-period CLSCN system includes manufacturers, retailers, recyclers, and demand markets. Based on Nash non-cooperative game theory and variational inequality, we design the optimal behavior and equilibrium conditions of members. Then, a new equilibrium model of a multi-period CLSCN is constructed. In this model, marketing is the responsibility of manufacturers and retailers, and CSR is the responsibility of manufacturers. Numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the model and analyzed to describe how marketing and CSR affect equilibrium results. We find that the retailers are responsible for marketing, and the level of CSR activities of the manufacturers is higher during the early period, which is most beneficial to the multi-period CLSCN system and social welfare. Based on the conclusions of this paper, the management enlightenments from the perspectives of enterprises and government are also proposed.

We formulate an equilibrium model of intraday trading in electricity markets. Agents face balancing constraints between their customers consumption plus intraday sales and their production plus intraday purchases. They have continuously updated forecast of their customers consumption at maturity. Forecasts are prone to idiosyncratic noise and common noise (weather). Agents production capacities are subject to independent random outages, which are each modeled by a Markov chain. The equilibrium price is defined as the price that minimizes trading cost plus imbalance cost of each agent and satisfies the usual market clearing condition. Existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium are proved, and we show that the equilibrium price and the optimal trading strategies are martingales. The main economic insights are the following: (i) when there is no uncertainty on generation, it is shown that the market price is a convex combination of forecasted marginal cost of each agent, with deterministic weights. Furthermore, the equilibrium market price is consistent with Almgren and Chriss's model, and we identify the fundamental part and the permanent market impact. It turns out that heterogeneity across agents is a necessary condition for Samuelson's effect to hold. We show that when heterogeneity lies only on costs, Samuelson's effect holds true. A similar result stands when heterogeneity lies only on market access quality. (ii) When there is production uncertainty only, we provide an approximation of the equilibrium for large number of players. The resulting price exhibits increasing volatility with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the imbalance problem of resource allocation of each link in the ground support process of transit flights, a support process equilibrium optimization model was proposed based on the systematic analysis of link business characteristics and equilibrium influencing elements. The link start time and resource usage were considered to constrain the priority and operation mode for good applicability. Based on the optimization objectives of minimizing the effective deviation, total operation time and comprehensive resource consumption of the links, a model objective function was established to measure the resource balance of each link in the support process. By NSGA-II algorithm with improved chaos and differential evolution, the optimization scheme of the constructed model was solved and designed with the actual operation data of a hub airport in central China. To verify the effectiveness of the model, the optimization scheme was evaluated based on the equilibrium evaluation index. The results show that the equilibrium optimization model is effective in terms of time utilization and resource allocation, and the total operating time is reduced by 10.6% with saving 30.3% of the total amount of idle resources. The evaluation shows that the equilibrium rate is increased by 10.7%, and the time loss coefficient and the resource smoothing coefficient are reduced by 65.7% and 54.7%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with Kiss et. al (2006), we have constructed an analytical framework for the timely detection of risks connected with the rapid growth of consumer lending, based on an econometric model for the equilibrium level of household and consumer loans. Results from an estimation on a panel of countries were extrapolated to the Ukrainian banking sector. The model suggests that after two waves of strong deleveraging starting in 2009 and in 2014, the consumer credit stock in 2019 is still well below its equilibrium level in Ukraine, despite the recent strong nominal dynamics.

Beach slope is a critical parameter to, e.g., beach safety, wave reflection at the coast and longshore transport rate. However, it is usually considered as a time-invariant and profile-average parameter. Here, we apply a state-of-the-art equilibrium model to hindcast beach slope variability from the time scales of days to years at the high-energy meso-macrotidal sandy beach of Truc Vert, southwest France. We use 9 years of bimonthly beach surveys to compute beach slope time series at different elevations. Results show that beach slope exhibits an equilibrium response with contrasting behaviors along two distinct areas of the beach profile. From 0 to 2 m above mean sea level, which is located under the berm crest, a slope response predominantly at the storm time scale is observed. The beach slope steepens under low energy waves, with the equilibrium model explaining up to 40% of the observed beach slope variability. In contrast, from 2.5 to 4 m above mean sea level, which is above the berm crest, the beach slope steepens under high-energy waves. Within this region of the beach profile, the response time scale increases upwards from seasonal (~2.5 m) to seasonal (~4 m), with the model explaining up to 65% of the observed beach slope variability. Such behaviors are found to be enforced by the berm dynamics developing from the end of the winter to early autumn, providing new perspectives to model and predict beach slope on sandy beaches.

Several works have demonstrated the utility of thermodynamics for understanding the formation process of ZnO in a specific ambient. In this work, equilibrium relations, mass balances and charge balances were used to derive chemical stability and predominance diagrams that allow relating the experimental observations of the synthesis of zinc oxide in methanol by the precipitation method to the expected product composition. The proposed equilibrium model considers the formation of zinc complexes with acetate (OAc−) and hydroxide (OH−) ions. Zinc oxide was also synthesized in similar conditions as those employed for calculations. The reaction monitoring was carried out by measuring pH and it was compared with the pH estimated using the model. Structural characterization of the product by X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy was performed. The proposed model predicts the formation of zinc oxide as the only species in the solid state, which agrees with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy production and consumption exert considerable environmental pressure on climate change, deterioration of natural ecosystems and adverse health impacts. Our paper/scientific approach starts from the premise that in the near future the Romanian Electricity Market will be completely liberalized in order to be integrated in the Single Market Electricity. These profound changes will have a strong impact on the household behaviour. In this regard, we develop a dynamic model for the electricity market, based on the principle of supply and demand equilibrium. At the same time, by means of extrapolation methods we are deducing the expressions of demand and supply functions for electricity. These expressions are entered in a demand-supply model given by a dynamical system. The aim of this study is to investigate the equilibrium and the evolution of this system based on data sets from 1999 to 2021, in order to determine the evolution of electricity consumption and to establish competitive advantages for sustainable consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of presented research is the mathematical simulation and sensitivity analysis of ethylene dichloride synthesis (EDC) through direct chlorination of ethylene in a bubble column reactor at steady state condition. In the first step, the reactor is heterogeneously simulated based on the energy and mass balance equations by coupling the mass and energy, kinetic, equilibrium, and population balance models. In the considered process, the gaseous ethylene and chlorine are dispersed and dissolved in the liquid medium and converted to EDC at the presence of a homogeneous catalyst. The population balance model is applied to calculate the heat and mass transfer area along the reactor. To investigate the accuracy of established model, the results of simulation are compared with the plant data. It is confirmed that temperature, pressure, rate of mass transfer, breakage, and coalescence phenomena change the bubble diameter and distribution in the chlorination reactor. In the second step, the effects of operating pressure and temperature on the EDC production rate are investigated by the developed model. In the third step, considering EDC production rate as the cost function the optimal operating temperature of reactor is developed at steady state condition. Based on the obtained results, the optimal operating temperature is 357 K and EDC production at the optimal condition is 23.79 mol s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of the chemical environment in oil and gas fluids such as produced water (PW) and soured oil or low‐oxygen environments plays a vital role in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). H2S and/or other forms of sulphur species in soured oils and PW are key factors in the corrosion and growth of microorganisms. To mitigate reservoir souring and subsequent corrosion, nitrate is injected to displace sulphate‐reducing bacteria with nitrate reducers. However, nitrates and the associated nitrogen species (eg, nitrite) impact the chemistry and microbial activity, and hence the corrosion potential in the system. This study investigates the PW chemical environment in light of sulphide and nitrite chemistry, and provides information towards understanding the chemical transformations and microbial relationships. The sulphide‐nitrite environment was studied as a function of temperature, pressure, nitrite level, oxygen‐using equilibrium, and kinetic model approaches. Equilibrium simulation predicted the formation of FeS, FeO(OH), and Fe2O3 as the key corrosion products, the amount of which varied depending on the chemistry and operating conditions. In experiments where nitrite was very low or absent, S0 was favoured over SO42− as the inlet H2S concentration increased and FeS dominated with an increase in temperature. In the presence of nitrite, Fe2O3 was formed instead of FeO(OH) at temperatures above 50°C. The trend of the kinetic simulation of the sulphide‐oxygen reaction in seawater was in good agreement with the wet‐lab experiment in PW. The models can serve as tools to better understand and describe the chemical environment in PW systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of forest disturbances has increased under intensifying climate changes, and the economic impacts of forest disturbances should receive more attention. This paper systematically reviews models of the economic impacts of forest disturbances and summarizes four commonly applied models, which are “with and without” analysis, equilibrium models, the intervention model, and the social welfare model. The advantages and disadvantages of these four models are presented and compared, and literature using these models is introduced. The review of the economic assessment of damage caused by forest disturbances is expected to provide insights for researchers in this field and useful information about economic losses, price dynamics, and welfare redistribution for policymakers.

The biosorption potential of cost-effective and agricultural residue, Ipomoea carnea wood (ICW) was examined by the removal of cationic dye, methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The surface morphology, structural and thermal properties of untreated ICW were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA), respectively. The effects of different parameters namely concentration of biosorbent, initial pH, initial MB composition and temperature on biosorption capacity and biosorption (%) were studied. The kinetic and equilibrium models were developed to fit the experimental data on MB biosorption. The maximum biosorption capacity of 39.38 mg g−1 was obtained at 40 °C using Langmuir model. The removal of MB was found to be significantly varying with temperature. Box–Behnken design was applied to optimize the biosorption parameters. The optimized condition for MB biosorption was evaluated as dosage of 3.1 g L−1, pH of 7.04, Temperature of 49.1 °C, MB concentration of 30.48 mg L−1 and maximum biosorption (%) of 83.87. The regeneration of ICW was investigated by five cycles using a suitable eluting agent. Hence, ICW without any pretreatment and chemical modification is a potential candidate for the removal of MB in terms of availability and economy of the process. Ipomoea carnea wood (ICW) without any pretreatment explored a potential biosorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) in terms of availability and economy of the process. The physico-chemical properties of ICW characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis showed ICW as a promising biosorbent for MB removal. Presence of heterogeneous with rugged morphological structure, cavities, irregular shape and size of large pores provide the better biosorption capability for MB molecules using ICW without any pretreatment or chemical modification. Analysis of kinetic and isotherm models was performed to examine the better fitness of experimental data with model. Thermodynamic parameters indicating feasible and endothermic MB biosorption. Statistical design of experiments is used to optimize the condition and corresponding maximum MB removal using Derringer's desired function methodology. Untreated ICW is a potential reusable biosorbents, effectively employed in successive biosorption and desorption process for the removal of MB from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, hydrogen-rich syngas production via integrated configuration of pyrolysis and air gasification processes of different algal biomass is investigated at relevant industrial condition. A comprehensive steady state equilibrium simulation model is developed using Aspen Plus software, to investigate and evaluate the performance of pyrolysis and air gasification processes of different algal biomass (Algal waste, Chlorella vulgaris, Rhizoclonium sp and Spirogyra). The model can be used as a predictive tool for optimization of the gasifier performance. The developed process consists of three general stages including biomass drying, pyrolysis and gasification. The model validation using reported experimental results for pyrolysis of algal biomass indicated that the predicted results are in good agreement with experimental data. The effect of various operational parameters, such as gasifier temperature, gasifier pressure and air flow rate on the gas product composition and H 2 /CO was investigated by sensitivity analysis of parameters. The achieved optimal operating condition to maximize the hydrogen and carbon monoxide production as the desirable products were as follows: gasifier temperature of 600 °C, gasifier pressure of 1 atm and air flow rate of 0.01 m3/h. • Syngas production via integrated configuration of pyrolysis and gasification processes is studied. • Air gasification of different algal biomass is investigated at relevant industrial condition. • The new configuration is simulated using Aspen Plus software. • The sensitivity analysis of operating condition on the process performance is considered. • The optimum operating condition to maximize syngas production is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to global health, aggravated by the use of antimicrobials in livestock production. Mitigating the growing economic costs related to antimicrobial use in livestock production requires strong global coordination, and to that end policy makers can leverage global and national food animal trade policies, such as bans and user fees. Evaluation of such policies requires representing the interactions between competing producers in the global meat market, which is usually out of the scope of statistical models. For that, we developed a game-theoretic food system model of global livestock production and trade between 18 countries and aggregate world regions. The model comprises the largest producing and consuming countries, the explicit interconnections between countries, and the use of antimicrobials in food animal production. Our model allows us to provide policy insights beyond standard literature and assess the trade-off between trade, cost of a policy, and antimicrobials-induced productivity. We studied three scenarios: global increased user fees on antimicrobials, a global ban of meat imports from Brazil, and a decrease in China's meat consumption. We found that a user fee that increases the price of antimicrobials by 50% globally leads to a 33% reduction in global antimicrobial use. However, participation of developing and emerging countries in the coordination scheme is jeopardized, since they become less competitive for meat sales compared to developed countries. When meat imports from Brazil are banned globally, importers of Brazil's meat would turn primarily to the U.S. to supplement their demand. Lastly, meeting China's medium-term lower meat consumption target would not affect global antimicrobial use, but could increase China's antimicrobial use by 11%. We highlighted the importance of trade for the outcome of a policy and concluded that global cooperation is required to align the incentives of all countries toward tackling antimicrobial resistance.

The financial market of China has gradually become matured in recent years, while the price of financial risks has also arisen accordingly, how to give play to the currency regulation and control in the financial market field has become the key topic faced by various-level governments, this paper puts forward a financial market price equilibrium model estimation method based on FB Bayes algorithm. Firstly, this paper, based on the effective restriction of financial institutions, financial market institutions, and credit agencies on the financial market price, establishes a financial market price equilibrium model estimation model, puts forward a FB compressed Bayes filtering algorithm to effectively handle the noise and uncertainty problems existed in the financial market price, realize the effective estimation on the financial market price equilibrium model, deeply analyzes the influence of monetary policy on the price trend of domestic financial market. The experiment result shows that in view of the financial risk prevention of the financial market price in our country, the country should formulate prudent polities for cooperation to effectively reduce the credit value ratio of financial market field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the paper is to propose a traffic flow assignment method with matched selection of a multi-level road traffic network structure. Firstly, road connection 'design' parameters of traffic pricing are introduced, equilibrium conditions of users by traffic flow assignment are improved, design/pricing problem models of traffic network are constructed and surrounding semi-differentiable conditions of the reference point are considered and sensibility analysis methods of traffic equilibrium are designed. Then, sensitivity analysis is implemented combined with traffic flow assignment (TAPAS) output based on paired selection, it is shown how to use TAPAS to find a very precise equilibrium solution effectively and use the directional derivative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of biogeographic processes can both enhance and inhibit our ability to ask questions that guide our understanding of patterns and processes. The two ‘traditional’ models of island biogeography, the Equilibrium Model and the Vicariance Model, raise important and insightful questions about relevant processes, but both fail to raise many crucial questions. An example involving the non-volant mammals of the Philippine archipelago shows that both models highlight some, but not all, relevant patterns and processes. The more recently proposed General Dynamic Model successfully combines many of the positive aspects of the two traditional models, but leaves some important questions unasked. We pose a number of questions here that may help guide further development of models of island biogeography.

We assess the geological and economic viability of underground natural gas storage in Saudi Arabia under different scenarios: with and without LNG imports allowed, and under low and high domestic gas production. Depleted oil fields or aquifers are best suited for gas storage in the Kingdom. Using a model of the country's energy system, we show that in the case of high gas production, storage capacity would be built to bypass the gas transport limit for use in electricity generation in the summer. In the low production case, gas storage would facilitate optimal gas use among sectors throughout the year. The net present gain – defined as the discounted sum of the annual differences in benefits and costs – is used to determine the economic viability of gas storage.Overall, gas storage in the high gas supply case would deliver a positive gain of nearly 900 million dollars throughout the energy system. With low gas supply, the cost of gas storage for the upstream sector would exceed the benefit of lower costs realized in other sectors. The results indicate that gas storage installations are only favorable in the case of high domestic gas production. If production turns out to be low, LNG imports would instead be more sensible.

Microgrid is an effective way to accommodate distributed renewable energy, and there is a need for microgrids to participate in electricity market competition to ensure its sustainable development. For this purpose, a market trading framework is presented where microgrids sell electricity by submitting bids in the distribution electricity market (DEM) while generators compete by submitting bids in the day-ahead wholesale market (DAWM). The retailers are considered to submit bids in the two markets to buy electricity to meet the demand of customers and an arbitrageur is introduced to buy and sell electricity between the DEM and the DAWM. Based on the market framework, a joint equilibrium model for the DEM and the DAWM is proposed. Moreover, the equilibrium problem is converted into a convex optimization problem, and the existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium for the DWAM and the DEM is theoretically demonstrated. Due to information asymmetry in practice, a distributed algorithm is applied to find equilibrium outcomes. Finally, numerical examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm.

The COVID-19 crisis has revealed structural failures in governance and coordination on a global scale. With related policy interventions dependent on verifiable evidence, pandemics require governments to not only consider the input of experts but also ensure that science is translated for public understanding. However, misinformation and fake news, including content shared through social media, compromise the efficacy of evidence-based policy interventions and undermine the credibility of scientific expertise with potentially longer-term consequences. We introduce a formal mathematical model to understand factors influencing the behavior of social media users when encountering fake news. The model illustrates that direct efforts by social media platforms and governments, along with informal pressure from social networks, can reduce the likelihood that users who encounter fake news embrace and further circulate it. This study has implications at a practical level for crisis response in politically fractious settings and at a theoretical level for research about post-truth and the construction of fact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid-liquid distribution data were determined for the extraction of nitric acid, Am(III), Cm(III), and lanthanides(III) from 0.1–7 mol/L nitric acid into 0.5–1 mol/L N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dioctyl-2-[2-(hexyloxy)ethyl]-malonamide (DMDOHEMA) dissolved in kerosene. Nitric acid extraction was accurately modeled accounting for the adducts (HNO3)L2, (HNO3)L, and (HNO3)2L. To model Am(III) extraction, the following complexes were taken into account, Am(NO3)3L4, Am(NO3)3(HNO3)L3, and a third complex, Am(NO3)3(HNO3)2L3 (considering spectroscopic results) or Am(NO3)3(HNO3)2L2 (considering slope-analysis results). Separation factors for Am(III) over Cm(III) and the lighter lanthanides(III) are practically independent of nitric acid concentration. Am(III)/Ln(III) separation factors decrease with increasing nitric acid concentration for the heavier lanthanides(III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]