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Background/aim: Ralstonia solanacearum is a very rare cause of infection in humans. There is no described nosocomial outbreak due to R. solanacearum so far. We determined R. solanacearum as the source of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) outbreak., Materials and Methods: This outbreak analysis was carried out in a 1000-bed tertiary care university hospital in Turkey. The outbreak analysis included hematology, oncology, nephrology, gastroenterology wards, emergency department, and intensive care units. The first case with R. solanacearum CRBSI was detected on May 20, 2019 and R. solanacearum was isolated in catheter blood cultures in 34 patients until October 3, 2019, Results: Standard outbreak analysis procedures were applied. Culture samples were taken from the fluids administered via catheters. The cultures did not yield any bacteria. As a result of the investigation in storage area, it was found that there were leaks, air bubbles, and water drops inside the packaging of saline solutions. R. solanacearum was yielded in the cultures obtained from the surface of saline bags and the inner sides of plastic packings. To validate our hypothesis, a clonal analysis was performed using arbitrarily primed-PCR method and Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for identification among isolates. All R. solanacearum isolates were monoclonal and identical., Conclusion: This is the first outbreak of R. solanacearum CRBSI described in a hospital setting. The source of the outbreak was a contamination in the surface of saline bags and the inner sides of plastic packings. Efficacy of an active surveillance system, accurate and rapid conduction of microbiological identification are essential for outbreak management., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.c, (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

Purpose : To evaluate the in vivo efficacy of rose bengal (RB)-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PDAT) for treatment of Acanthamoeba castellanii keratitis (AK). Materials and Methods : An animal (rabbit) AK model was successfully achieved via intrastromal inoculation of a suspension of A. castellanii cells and trophozoites. Prior to RB-PDAT (pre-treatment, day-5), the severity of the induced corneal infection was graded numerically for epithelial defects, stromal edema, neovascularity, and stromal opacity/infiltration. The right eyes of rabbits (n = 18) were divided equally into three groups (n = 6/group): control (no treatment); 0.1% RB+518 nm irradiation (5.4 J/cm 2 ); and 0.2% RB+518 nm irradiation (5.4 J/cm 2 ). On post-treatment day-5, animals were euthanized, after which corneal buttons were excised and submitted for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Results : Post-treatment clinical scores of the 0.1 and 0.2% RB groups indicated significant improvement compared to control group scores (pre-treatment clinical scores; 5.17 ± 0.98, 7.50 ± 0.62, and 6.17 ± 0.70 and post-treatment clinical scores; 4.50 ± 0.56, ( p = .043), 3.50 ± 0.99 ( p = .039), 6.83 ± 1.66 ( p = .34), respectively). RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mean cycle threshold (Ct) values were significantly higher in treated-group corneas compared to control-group corneas, with no significant differences between treated-groups (Mean Ct values; 34.33, 34.5, and 29.67 for 0.1 and 0.2% RB, and control groups). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between post-treatment clinical scores and Ct values ( r = -0.474, p -value 0.047). Conclusions : Our results demonstrate that RB-PDAT is effective in decreasing the parasitic load and clinical severity of AK.