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In 4D seismic, the velocity model used for imaging and reservoir characterization can change as production from the reservoir progresses. This is particularly true for heavy oil reservoirs stimulated by steam injection. In the context of sparse and low-fold seismic acquisitions, conventional migration velocity analyses can be inadequate because of a poorly and irregularly sampled offset dimension. We update the velocity model in the context of daily acquisitions with buried sources and receivers. The main objective is to demonstrate that subtle time-lapse effects can be detected over the calendar time on onshore sparse acquisitions. We develop a modified version of the conventional prestack time migration to detect velocity changes obtained after crosscorrelation of the base and monitor surveys. This technique is applied on a heavy oil real data set from the Netherlands and reveals how the steam diffuses over time within the reservoir.

Par une approche à la fois qualitative et quantitative, la présente étude analyse les modalités de prise en compte de la langue dans l’organisation des services de santé au sein des établissements majoritairement anglophones, de même que les possibilités favorables à l’offre de services de santé en français en milieu minoritaire francophone. L’examen des facteurs favorisant l’offre de services de santé en français en milieu minoritaire francophone porte sur les dimensions organisationnelles (internales) et sur les dimensions environnementales (externales) du milieu hospitalier. Ces possibilités et ces facteurs favorables ont trait notamment à la volonté de l’administration et des professionnels de la santé des établissements hospitaliers, au renforcement et à la mise en valeur du bilinguisme dans la gestion des services, mais aussi à l’émergence aussi bien d’une demande active de services en français que d’une volonté politique, juridique et réglementaire des autorités gouvernementales., By using qualitative and quantitative approaches, this study analyses how language is taken into account in the organization of health services in predominantly Anglophone institutions, as well as favourable opportunities to offer health services in French in minority Francophone communities. The examination of factors contributing to the provision of health services in French in Francophone minority communities explores the organizational (internal) and environmental (external) dimensions of the hospital. These opportunities refer to the administrative and professional commitment, to the strengthening and development of bilingualism in the management of services, and also to the emergence of both an active demand for services in French and a political, legal and regulatory commitment by government authorities.

L’accès aux services de santé en français préoccupe grandement les communautés francophones vivant en situation minoritaire. Le présent article offre un survol de l’espace francophone dans les résidences collectives d’aînés du Nouveau-Brunswick, de la Nouvelle-Écosse et de l’Ontario à la lumière d’une recherche exploratoire menée en 2012. L’analyse des données obtenues auprès d’aînés, d’aidants et du personnel, l’examen de la répartition géographique des résidences et de la population d’aînés francophones, ainsi qu’un aperçu du contexte réglementaire encadrant le fonctionnement de ces résidences permettent de définir la problématique pertinente. Des actions en vue d’améliorer la situation sont examinées., Access to French-language health services is a central concern for Francophone minority communities. This article presents an overview of Francophone space in seniors’ group homes in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Ontario as studied in an exploratory research project carried out in 2012. The issue is delineated by means of an analysis of data obtained from seniors, care givers and personnel, an examination of the geographical distribution of both the seniors’ group homes and the population of Francophone seniors, and an overview of the regulatory context. Actions that could improve the situation are also discussed.

A permanent reservoir monitoring system has been installed for Shell, on a medium heavy-oil onshore field situated in the NE of The Netherlands, in the context of re-development of oil production by Gravity Assisted Steam Flood. The challenge was to continuously monitor with seismic reflection the lateral and vertical expansion of the steam chest injected in the reservoir during production over more than a year. The main problems for onshore time-lapse are caused by near-surface variations between base and monitor surveys which affect the seismic signal coming from the reservoir. Here, a set of permanent shallow buried sources and sensors have been installed bellow the weathering layer to both mitigate the near surface variation and minimize the environmental footprint. The very high sensitivity of our buried acquisition system allows for the detection and mapping of tiny changes within the reservoir on a daily basis and permits to follow very small variations of the reservoir physical properties in both spatial and calendar domains. The 4D reservoir attributes obtained from seismic monitoring fit the measurements made at observation, production and injector wells (pressure, temperature and oil/water production). '4D movie' if the reservoir properties allows proposing a scenario which explains the unexpected behavior of the production and confirms that the steam does not follow the expected path to the producer wells but rather takes a more complicated 3D path within the reservoir.

Le présent texte traite des migrations dans deux régions canadiennes qui comptent une importante minorité francophone. Leur situation géographique quelque peu excentrée par rapport aux grands centres du pays ainsi que leur dépendance envers l’exploitation des ressources naturelles en font depuis longue date des régions d’émigration au profit surtout des centres urbains provinciaux du Sud. Quelle est l’ampleur de ces flux ? Peut-on y déceler des tendances lourdes ? Dans quelle mesure les jeunes sont-ils touchés par les flux migratoires ? Où vont les migrants ? Autant de questions qui nous permettront de voir en quoi les migrations influent sur la vitalité économique ainsi que la vitalité démolinguistique des régions à l’étude., This article deals with migration in two Canadian regions that both have a large Francophone minority. Because they are located at some distance from the major centres of the country and dependant on natural resources, out-migration benefiting provincial centres in the south has existed for a long time. What is the magnitude of these migratory flows? Are there any general trends? How are young people affected by these migrations? Where do the migrants go? Answers to these questions will enable us to see how migration affects the economic and demolinguistic vitality of these two regions.

The objective of this study is to evaluate which production information can be deduced from a 4D seismic survey during the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) recovery process. Superimposed on reservoir heterogeneities of geological origin, many factors interact during thermal production of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs, which complicate the interpretation of 4D seismic data: changes in oil viscosity, in fluid saturations, in pore pressure and so on. This study is based on the real Hangingstone field case of the McMurray formation in the Athabasca region (Canada). In previous works, an initial static model (geology, petroacoustic and geomechanical) has been constructed and a thermal production of heavy oil with two coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical models has been simulated. Seismic parameters (density, compression velocity and shear velocity) of the saturated rocks have then been computed from mechanical and reservoir parameters at several stages of the production. A repeated acquisition survey is modelled at different stages of SAGD production. This is performed using a 3D seismic modelling approach. To focus on the reflections generated within the reservoir zone, a target-oriented modelling is chosen. It is based on the ray+Born approach which permits to compute the P-wave elastic response by correctly handling the seismic amplitudes as a function of source-receiver offset. Real incoherent noise is added to the zero-phase synthetic data to produce a more realistic result. The noise-free and the noisy synthetic data are processed to get stacked and time migrated images. A simple processing workflow leads to image the steam chamber development, in particular its V-shape in radial section, and to observe time-lapse in the reservoir zone. An interpretation work is then carried out. Some seismic attributes like RMS values of amplitude changes between stages, energy, time differences of reservoir bottom between stages, etc. are computed from the synthetic (noise-free and noisy) seismic data. Some of these attributes prove to be robust to the noise and to show some production effect. Possible trends between these attributes and the modelled reservoir/geomechanical properties (lithofacies, pressure, temperature, steam saturation, etc.) are also evaluated. Finally, geobodies are extracted from the seismic attributes.

Access to long-term nursing homes by French-speaking seniors in minority situations is a very real problem. However, few studies have been conducted on this subject. We wanted to better understand this issue in New Brunswick while taking into account the language aspect. In this article, we will present the problem based on different issues encountered by Francophones in minority situations and by giving an overview of the studies conducted on French-speaking seniors in minority situations. We will then address the issue related to the rights of French-speaking senior to receive services in French in nursing homes by analyzing briefly the province’s legal requirements. Furthermore, we will present the regulatory framework of nursing homes in New Brunswick. Finally, we will provide a geographic analysis of existing New Brunswick nursing homes while taking into account the language aspect, the levels of service and the distribution of French-speaking seniors within the territory.

The world-class heavy oil reserves of Canada represent a significant resource for North America which is free from the geopolitical uncertainty currently affecting conventional oil supplies in some parts of the world. Energy security and the current sustained oil prices make heavy oil extraction an attractive proposition.

Dans notre article, nous présentons une analyse comparative de l’approche canadienne de l’enjeu de la santé pour les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire (CFSM). Nous montrons que l’État canadien a favorisé une démarche de concertation avec les acteurs communautaires. Notre analyse comparative nous a permis de dégager une typologie des politiques linguistiques en matière de santé destinées aux CFSM. Cette typologie permet de situer l’expérience canadienne par rapport à d’autres expériences, parfois proches, mais présentant des perspectives différentes, comme le montrent les cas finlandais, belge et états-unien. La « voie » canadienne paraît originale dans la mesure où elle semble se situer entre un modèle communautaire, à l’instar des pays européens, et un modèle individualisé, à l’instar de ce qui se fait aux États-Unis., We present a comparative analysis of the Canadian approach to health for Francophone minority communities (FMCs), showing that the Canadian government has favoured an approach of cooperation with community stakeholders. Our comparative analysis has allowed us to identify a typology of linguistic policies for FMCs in the field of health. This typology situates the Canadian experience in relation to others that are sometimes similar but alternative, as seen in the Finnish, Belgian and American cases. The Canadian way seems original in that it seems to be somewhere between a community model, like the European countries, and an individual model that follows the American example.

Cette étude réalisée avec les données censitaires mesure le lien entre le salaire, l’origine francophone ou anglophone et le bilinguisme français anglais entre 1970 et 2000 au Québec, la seule province du Canada où les francophones forment la majorité de la population, et au Nouveau-Brunswick, la seule des neuf autres provinces de ce pays où, quoique minoritaires, ils constituent une part plus que substantielle des effectifs provinciaux. La population à l’étude est composée d’hommes natifs pleinement et normalement intégrés au marché du travail. Cette population a été désignée par les économistes et les sociologues des années 1930 à 1970 comme population type pour l’analyse des inégalités salariales entre les francophones et les anglophones du Canada. Nous constatons la présence presque ininterrompue de 1970 à 2000 d’un lien historique entre le salaire, l’origine francophone ou anglophone et le bilinguisme au Nouveau-Brunswick. Également visible dans nos données sur le Québec de 1970, ce lien historique disparaît graduellement de 1970 à 1995, et en 1995, pour la première fois, nous observons que les salariés bilingues sont mieux rémunérés que les salariés unilingues au Québec et également mieux rémunérés, qu’ils soient issus de la communauté francophone ou anglophone. Ce résultat sur le Québec de 1995 est presque reproduit tel quel par nos données censitaires sur les salaires de l’an 2000., The objective of this article is to show, first, that the discourse on information technologies and high technology contributes to building a definition of high-skilled labour that obscures many aspects and fields of qualifications and that excludes many occupations in which we find highly skilled workers. For example, the definition of high-skilled labour does not take into account the different structures and dynamics of the work world, taking a more abstract approach to qualification-related problems, and disregards the social and cultural processes that contribute to defining high-skilled labour. We then use ethnographic data from field work in order to propose markers for an alternative definition of high-skilled labour, one that is more aligned with the actual contexts of the work world.

Nous abordons ici des enjeux que pose le partenariat entre les organismes communautaires francophones en situation minoritaire (CFSM) et l’État fédéral canadien. S’il semble répondre aux aspirations des communautés concernant la prise en charge de leur développement, en favorisant notamment une démarche fondée sur le principe de la gouvernance partagée, ce partenariat comporte malgré tout des exigences administratives qui paraissent tempérer l’autonomie et la libre gouvernance des CFSM. La participation des organismes francophones à l’élaboration et à la mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques s’accompagne d’une bureaucratisation de leurs activités communautaires et d’une réévaluation de leurs structures de représentation. Tenus de représenter plus formellement l’intérêt général de la communauté et de collaborer directement avec l’État pour lui permettre d’atteindre ses objectifs, ils sont poussés à une action qui se heurte, constate-t-on, à de nouveaux impératifs de légitimité. Ces derniers ont pour effet de remettre en question l’arrangement corporatiste qui s’est établi entre eux et l’État. C’est cet enjeu de légitimité qui pèse sur le nouveau mode de gouvernance des CFSM que nous avons voulu porter au jour dans notre recherche, dont nous présentons quelques éléments dans le présent article., In this article, we turn to the issues that stem from the partnership between Francophone community organizations in a minority setting and the Canadian federal state. While it seems to respond to the communities’ will of taking charge of their own development, by promoting notably a process based on the principle of shared governance, this partnership nevertheless has administrative requirements that appear to weaken autonomy and the free governance of Francophone communities in a minority setting. The participation of Francophone organizations in elaborating and implementing public policies comes with the bureaucratization of their community activities and a re-assessment of their representative structures. Because they must more formally represent the community’s general interest and must directly collaborate with the state in order to attain their objectives, they are compelled to act in a way that, we note, clashes with new legitimacy imperatives. These have the effect of questioning the corporatist arrangement that has formed between them and the state. It is this legitimacy issue that weighs on the new world of governance among FSMC that we wish to reveal in our research, a few elements of which we present in this article.

Entre nation et ethnie, les communautés de langue officielle en situation minoritaire (CLOSM) au Canada sont souvent indécises face à leurs revendications identitaires. L’article propose le modèle d’autonomie culturelle pour situer les aspirations identitaires des CLOSM et les paramètres de leur vitalité. Nous faisons une analyse de deux des éléments de ce modèle – la mobilisation politique et les structures de gouvernance – en les appliquant à l’une des CLOSM : les communautés francophones et acadiennes (CFA). Il ressort de cette analyse que les modalités de gouvernance fondées sur un partenariat avec l’État ne semblent pas mobiliser les communautés et pourraient même freiner leur engagement dans une dynamique d’autonomie culturelle nécessaire à leur vitalité., Between nation and ethnic group, official language communities in a minority context in Canada are often indecisive in their identity quest. The article proposes the cultural autonomy model as a framework to analyze the identity struggles and the vitality of these communities and focuses on two elements of cultural autonomy in reference to one of these official language groups, the Francophone and Acadian communities. Following an analysis of political mobility and of the governance structures of these communities, it is observed that the prevalent governance models based on a partnership with the State do not seem to mobilize the communities and may even infringe upon their involvement in a cultural autonomy process necessary for their community vitality.

This paper presents an integrated workflow for the interpretation of 4D seismic data to monitor steam chamber growth during the steam-assisted gravity drainage recovery process (SAGD). Superimposed on reservoir heterogeneities of geological origin, many factors interact during thermal production of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs, which complicate the interpretation of 4D seismic data: changes in oil viscosity, fluid saturations, pore pressure, and so on. The workflow is based on the generation of a geological model inspired by a real field case of the McMurray formation in the Athabasca region. The approach consists of three steps: the construction of an initial static model, the simulation of thermal production of heavy oil with two coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical models and the production of synthetic seismic maps at different stages of steam injection. The distribution of geological facies is simulated on a fine grid using a geostatistical approach, which honours all available well data. The reservoir’s geomechanical and elastic properties are characterized by logs and literature at an initial stage before the start of production. Production scenarios are run to obtain pore pressure, temperature, steam and oil saturations on a detailed reservoir grid around a well pair at several stages of production. Direct coupling with a geomechanical model produces volumetric strain and mean effective stress maps as additional properties. These physical parameters are used to compute new seismic velocities and density for each stage of production according to Hertz and Gassmann formulae. Reflectivity is then computed, and a new synthetic seismic image of the reservoir is generated for each stage of production. The impacts of heterogeneities, production conditions and reservoir properties are evaluated for several simulation scenarios from the beginning of steam injection to 3 years of production. Results show that short-term seismic monitoring can help in anticipating early changes in steam injection strategy. In return, long-term periods allow the behaviour of the steam chamber to be monitored laterally and in the upper part of the reservoir. This study demonstrates the added value of 4D seismic data in the context of steam-assisted heavy oil production. These modifications of the stress state may imply deformations that can, in turn, have an impact on reservoir production. These changes also have an influence on wave propagation into rocks and fluids and may consequently produce differences on seismic velocities and on the travel time. The objectives of this work are to evaluate the impact of reservoir heterogeneities on steam chamber growth and to improve the interpretation of 4D seismic data in steam-assisted production. The study is based on a heavy oil field of the Canadian Athabasca McMurray formation. Two periods of SAGD production are studied in detail: the early steam injection and later on when the steam chamber develops laterally and vertically toward the top of the reservoir.

Le present article fait suite a une etude d’un cas de cooperation interentreprises entre des boucanieres de la region rurale de Cap-Pele, au Nouveau-Brunswick (Canada). Les auteurs ont voulu examiner la periode de transition entre une situation fortement concurrentielle et une situation de cooperation. Cette transition s’est operee grâce a la creation d’une agence de commercialisation des produits marins des boucanieres. L’examen a porte principalement sur le role du contrat, de l’interet et de la dimension symbolique dans la realisation de cette transition. L’etude fait apparaitre les conditions necessaires a la formation du capital social dans les pratiques economiques a l’etude tout en soulignant l’effet determinant des facteurs utilitaristes, contractualistes, symboliques et normatifs dans la realisation de l’entente de cooperation entre entreprises.

In this study, we propose an example of body wave retrieval using ambient noise correlation. The correlated data are migrated using a Kirchhoff pre-stack time migration (PSTM) and then with the migration obtained with conventional active data. It allows to considerably broaden the final image spectrum toward the low frequencies.

Summary A new automated and real-time field Pre-Stack Time Migration (PSTM) system and method has been developed and was applied during the acquisition of an onshore high-density 3D WAZ survey in Oman. During this five-month acquisition period, the real-time field PSTM system was used to migrate more than one million vibrated points (VPs) for a total of around 10 billion traces. Using a single standard computer, we incrementally generated a real-time field PSTM cube as the seismic shots were recorded. The incremental PSTM cubes were available in the field at any time during the acquisition for instantaneous quality control. Daily automatic reports and migrated seismic data were sent to the end users (i.e., client and processing center). Immediately after the last recorded VP, the complete field PSTM volume was ready to be delivered. The system is designed to work autonomously on a basic desktop PC and does not require extra staff. It is operational for almost all types of acquisition (land, marine, and seabed) regardless of the recording system.

In a past issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Richard Bourhis (1994) edited a number of articles that dealt with ‘‘French-English language issues in Canada.’’ The issue dealt with language contacts from both a national and a regional basis. The present issue of IJSL focuses on the o‰cial language minorities of Canada, that is, English in Quebec (the only province where French is the sole o‰cial language) and French outside Quebec, the latter being a minority language in the other nine provinces and three federal territories. French does have o‰cial status with English in the small province of New Brunswick, where Francophones constitute one-third of the population. It also has o‰cial status with English and some aboriginal languages in the three northern territories. However, language issues in Canada’s confederation are diverse and o‰cial language minorities experience a wide variety of sociolinguistic contexts. Before we present the structure and content of this special IJSL issue, we give a brief overview of some historical background relevant to this topic of o‰cial language minorities in Canada. 1. Historical background When European explorers and merchants discovered North America, what is now Canada was a vast land without frontiers inhabited by a mosaic of aboriginal peoples who are now called the First Nations. Two colonial powers, the French and the British, explored and surveyed the land and established new colonies. At first, the aboriginal peoples saw the Europeans as mainly interested in trade and commerce and as nonpermanent settlers (Ray 1987). But the French introduced a first settlement in Port Royal (Acadie) in 1605 and founded Quebec in 1608. In the 1620s and 1630s, respectively, French families began settling in the Quebec region (which became Nouvelle France) and in Acadie (now Nova

In 4D seismic, the velocity model used for imaging and reservoir characterization can change over calendar time as the reservoir is produced. This is particularly true for heavy-oil reservoir produced by steam simulation (EOR). We propose an automatic 4D update of the 3D velocity model using an efficient technique based on 4D pre-stack time migration (4D-PSTM) that describes the pre-stack differential kinematic effects by matching the 4D dataset. On real continuous 4D seismic data, the 4D-PSTM allows us to quantify interval velocity variations that can be used to map temperature changes in the reservoir in agreement with petro-elastic model expectations.

English The evolution of the concept of alienation shows that the requirements of positivism and post-metaphysical thought in the social sciences have contributed to reducing the semantic heritage of this concept. Our reading of the writings of Habermas and Touraine demonstrates the relevance for the social sciences of reviving this heritage in order to shed light on a possible emancipator inherent to the formation of the subject. The writings of Habermas and Touraine certainly help to envisage the completion of the modernity project, by restoring the dimension specific to communicational rationality or the subject, against the invasion of instrumental reason. However, it appears necessary to highlight the specificity of the symbolic paradigm and the requirements related to individuation in order to recognize the historical relativity of the egological structure of conscience (ESC) and, thereby, the possibility of it being surpassed as suggested by the significant facts of new aspirations among individuals. French L'évolution du concept d'aliénation montre comment les exigences du positivisme et d'une pensée post-métaphysique en sciences sociales ont contribué à rétrécir l'héritage sémantique de ce concept. Notre lecture des travaux de Habermas et de Touraine fait apparaître la pertinence pour les sciences sociales de renouer avec cet héritage afin d'éclairer un possible émancipateur inhérent à la formation du sujet. Certes, ces travaux permettent d'envisager l'achèvement du projet de la modernité, en restituant la dimension propre de la rationalité communicationnelle ou du sujet, contre l'envahissement de la raison instrumentale. Cependant, il nous semble nécessaire de porter au jour la spécificité du paradigme symbolique et des exigences liées à l'individuation afin de reconnaÑtre la relativité historique de la structure egologique de la conscience (SEC) et, par le fait même, l'éventualité de son dépassement, que tendent d'ailleurs à suggérer certains faits significatifs de nouvelles aspirations chez les individus.

International audience; Lacking the levers of the state, Acadia relies on institutions and civil society to ensure its development. Governance, not government, is at the heart of politics in Acadia in New Brunswick. In this article, we want to better understand the foundations of Acadian governance by focusing particularly on the Société de l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick and the forums of organizations and individuals that she leads. We will see how the community governance in Acadia reconciles the demands of citizens and organizations.; À défaut de disposer des leviers d’un État, l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick s’appuie sur des institutions et la société civile pour assurer son développement. La gouvernance communautaire, et non le gouvernement, se trouve donc au cœur du politique en Acadie. Dans cet article, nous voulons mieux comprendre les assises de cette gouvernance communautaire en nous penchant particulièrement sur la Société de l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick et les forums des organismes et des citoyens qu’elle dirige. Nous verrons comment se concilient les exigences des citoyens et des organismes au sein de la gouvernance communautaire en Acadie.

A continuous reservoir monitoring system has been installed for Shell, on a heavy-oil onshore field situated in the Netherlands, to re-develop oil production by Gravity-Assisted Steam Drive. The challenge was to continuously monitor using seismic reflection the expansion of the steam chest injected in the reservoir during production. The main problems for onshore time-lapse seismic are caused by near-surface variations between base and monitor surveys which affect the seismic signal coming from the reservoir. In our system, a set of permanent shallow buried sources and sensors has been installed below the weathering layer to both mitigate the near-surface variations and minimize the environmental footprint. The very high sensitivity of our buried acquisition system allows us to track very small variations of the reservoir physical properties in both the spatial and calendar domains. The 4D reservoir attributes obtained from seismic monitoring fit the measurements made at observation, production, and injector wells. A daily 4D movie of the reservoir property changes allows us to propose a scenario that explains the unexpected behavior of the production and confirms that the steam does not follow the expected path to the producer wells but rather a more complicated 3D path within the reservoir.

Summary In order to improve the seismic repeatability required for weak 4D signal measurement, we bury the sensors and the sources below the weathering layer. Nevertheless a part of the emitted signal is transmitted to the weathering layer. After a reflection or a conversion in the vicinity of the earth surface, the downgoing waves are recorded by the buried sensors and may affect the repeatability of the primary 4D signal. The reduction of these unwanted waves is necessary to ensure a good reliability of the seismic monitoring results. In an industrial noise context (which is usually the case for reservoir production), it has been observed that geophones are much noisier than hydrophones (Forgues and Schissele, 2010). In these circumstances, we show that the use of dual-depth hydrophones as an alternative to P-Z summation allows us to handle the receiver ghost and significantly improve the signal repeatability and stabilize the signal variation above the reservoir.

Summary A series of land surface vibrator repeatability tests were conducted in Saudi Arabia as a part of a feasibility experiment for permanent monitoring. While post-stack repeatability of 15% to 20% was achieved, pre-stack seismic repeatability is difficult to accurately quantify. If we can understand the main controlling factors behind prestack vibrator repeatability, we stand a chance to improve upon these results. This study focuses on pre-stack repeatability metrics for field data acquired using a surface vibrator and a combination of surface and cemented buried geophones. A series of six 2D surveys were repeated as well as daily and hourly sweep tests. Observations suggest that the main factors affecting seismic repeatability include vibrator geometry errors (as small as 0.5 m), and how the vibrator interacts with the near surface. It was observed that the initial sweeps acquired with a vibrator show significant time and amplitude variability as measured by both the surface and deep cemented sensors, whereas data recorded from later sweeps appears more repeatable. This initial “warming up stage” followed by a more stable sweep was observed on all repeat acquisition tests, even when sweep sequences were only one hour apart. This effect may be caused by ground compaction, with some partial rebound within a short time following termination of the sweep sequence. Due to all these factors, it is clear that land seismic data acquired using a surface vibrator has some inherent non-repeatability, even when the source positioning errors are minimal.

Summary A permanent reservoir monitoring system has been installed on an onshore heavy oil field in the context of redevelopment planned for the coming years. The challenge was to continuously monitor with seismic reflection the lateral and vertical expansion of the steam chest injected in the reservoir during production over a year. We show that the very high sensitivity of our buried acquisition system allows for the detection and mapping of tiny changes within the reservoir on a daily basis: we measure a 6 s time shift and a 0.1% amplitude variation per day. The values obtained from seismic monitoring fit the pressure variations measured at observation and production wells. These results confirm that the steam does not follow the expected path to the producer wells.

To evaluate repeatability of emerging seismic technologies for future 4D seismic reservoir monitoring studies on Middle East carbonate reservoirs, a seismic field acquisition test was conducted over an onshore field in Saudi Arabia. The effects of near-surface complexity (in the form of sand and karsts) as well as large surface temperature variations are illustrated and quantified by 4D attribute analysis using permanent piezoelectric seismic sources. Even though measured repeatability does not reach values observed in non-desert environments, we show that burying receivers dramatically improves the wavelet amplitude stability. As the complex near-surface scattering layer appears to be thicker than initially expected with the presence of karsts down to a depth of 40 m, we conclude that deeper burial of sources and receivers below the most complex part of the near surface may potentially let us use lower-fold seismic data for reservoir monitoring in complex near-surface desert environments.

The performance of heavy-oil production by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) can be affected by near-well reservoir heterogeneities. However, as many factors interact during thermal production such as changes in oil viscosity, fluid saturations, pore pressure, stresses..., the monitoring of the steam chamber growth by 4D seismic data is not direct. An integrated workflow is presented. Based on a Canadian heavy oil field, the approach consists of three steps: 1/ the construction of an initial static model, 2/ the simulation of the thermal production of heavy oil with two coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical models, 3/ the production of synthetic seismic cubes at different stages of steam injection. The impacts of heterogeneities, production conditions and reservoir properties are evaluated for several production stages. Results show that heterogeneity distribution has a strong impact on mechanical results and then on the synthetic 4D seismic data. This study also highlights the impact of the shale mechanical behaviour on the steam chamber development during thermal production. Finally, this study demonstrates the added value of 4D seismic data in the context of steam-assisted heavy oil production.

The performance of heavy-oil production by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage process (SAGD) can be affected by near-well reservoir heterogeneities. However, as many factors interact during thermal production such as changes in oil viscosity, fluid saturations, pore pressure, stresses,... the interpretation of 4D seismic data in terms of steam chamber geometry is not direct nor unique.

This article deals with the collective efforts of the Francophone minority communities (FMCs), that is, Francophones outside the province of Quebec, to ensure their economic development. After a brief historical overview of the economic development forms taken by the FMCs, we will more closely analyze its current form, focusing on the partnership tendency between these FMCs and the state. The FMCs did not rely on the state before the 1970s for their development, since networks of Francophone associations took charge of their overall development. When the Official Languages Act came into effect in 1969, the situation changed in favor of an increasing development of a partnership between the government and the FMCs, assisted by funding. In this article, we present the form taken by this partnership in the economic sector, focusing on the first program set up by the Canadian state to specifically encourage the economic development of Francophone minorities: the Reseau de developpement economique et d'employabilite (RDEE). The RDEE gave FMCs access to the first economic development government instrument aimed specifically at them. The RDEE looks to adopt a partnership approach and encourage empowerment among FMCs. The analysis shows some of the partnership issues involved in the real implication of the empowerment by these communities for their own development, the sometimes difficult link between the governance structures and the FMCs' networks, as well as the legitimacy of the governance structures implemented within the RDEE.

H existe un renouveau de la sociologie economique de langue francaise relativement original par rapport a celui de langue anglaise, meme si de nombreuses convergences peuvent egalement etre relevees. Cet article presente, pour ce faire, trois tentatives : celle du mouvement anti-utilitariste dans les sciences sociales, celle de l'economie solidaire et celle des ecoles de la regulation et des conventions.

CGG, GDF and IFP have developed a comprehensive seismic monitoring system based on low-energy stationary seismic sources operating continuously and simultaneously in conjunction with vertical multi-component receiver antennae. This system, called SeisMovie, is fully automated and remotely controlled (1). Reservoir production induces changes in saturation, pore pressure and stresses, which may influence the process of wave propagation in rocks. This high-resolution seismic monitoring has the potential to optimize exploitation scenarios: tiny changes in the seismic response (a few microseconds and a quarter of a decibel) can be measured and calibrated to direct reservoir measurements.

Paths to post-nationalism: a critical ethnography of language and identity, by Monica Heller, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, x + 223 pp., £60/$99.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-9...

Summary We investigate the problems of processing seismic data from foothills zones using two synthetic datasets. Our aim is to classify these problems, evaluate appropriate processing tools and define an optimal methodology to exploit the selected tools. With this end in view, it is important that the synthetic data are as realistic as possible, containing all possible arrivals including those which are normally categorised as organised noise. Therefore we generated the synthetic seismograms using a spectral element method to solve the full elastic wave equation (Komatitsch et al., 1996), which is accurate in complex media without being prohibitively expensive. Two key processing stages for such data are the removal of coherent noise and the estimation of the upper part of the velocity model. These tools are a modified Tau-p filter and a tomographic inversion, respectively.

We present a linearized 2D acoustic and elastic multiparameter inversion of real marine seismic reflection data from the Gulf of Mexico. We solve the forward problem by a combination of Ray Theory and Born approximation. It fully takes advantage of efficiency of ray tracing in terms of computing, cost and physical comprehension. Lateral variations of background velocities can be introduced in the 2D ray tracing algorithm and a approximation is done in order to take into account 3D propagation. classical iterative inversion. The gradient is now computed by the Ray Theory and a judicious weighting of data provides an approximate Hessian. Moreover, this way has the advantage to allow a theoretical study of the resolution and separation of parameters.

Quels facteurs contribuent à la vitalité linguistique d’une communauté en situation minoritaire et lui assurent les conditions propres à favoriser sa reproduction linguistique et culturelle? Nous nous proposons de présenter un modèle conceptuel susceptible de répondre à cette question. Selon ce modèle, trois facteurs sont au fondement de la reproduction linguistique d’une communauté en situation minoritaire : la gouvernance, l’identité et la vitalité, avec comme point pivot, la société civile et l’espace public. Cet article présente non seulement la fonction de ces facteurs au sein des communautés, mais les sous-fonctions qui découlent de leurs interrelations, tels que la lutte pour la reconnaissance, le droit, la complétude institutionnelle, l’engagement social et l’expression identitaire publique et privée. Ce modèle peut être utile pour saisir, d’un point de vue global, les composantes de la reproduction des communautés en situation minoritaire, pour déterminer celles qui la compromettent et, ainsi, envisager des pistes d’action., What are the factors which contribute to the linguistic vitality of a minority community and ensure conditions that are favourable for linguistic and cultural reproduction? We present a conceptual model that responds to this question. Based on this model, three factors are at the foundation of a minority community’s linguistic reproduction: governance, identity, and vitality, and with these, civil society and public space are pivotal. This article presents not only the function of these factors within communities, but also the subfunctions that ensue from their inter-relations, such as the fight for recognition, rights, institutional completeness, social commitment, and public and private expressions of identity. This model can be used to grasp, from an general viewpoint, the components of reproduction for minority communities in order to determine those which place it in jeopardy and, subsequently, to foresee courses of action.