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Human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) is widespread, including pregnant women and young children with whom developmental neurotoxic risk is a concern. Given similarities of OPFRs to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, research into the possible neurotoxic impacts of developmental OPFR exposure has been growing. Building upon research implicating exposure to OP pesticides in dopaminergic (DA) dysfunction, we exposed developing zebrafish to the OPFR tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), during the first 5 days following fertilization. On day 6, larvae were challenged with acute administration of dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor antagonists and then tested in a light-dark locomotor assay. We found that both developmental TDCIPP exposure and acute dopamine D(1) and D(2) antagonism decreased locomotor activity separately. The OPFR and DA effects were not additive; rather, TDCIPP blunted further D(1) and D(2) antagonist-induced decreases in activity. Our results suggest that TDCIPP exposure may be disrupting dopamine signaling. These findings support further research on the effects of OPFR exposure on the normal neurodevelopment of DA systems, whether these results might persist into adulthood, and whether they interact with OPFR effects on other neurotransmitter systems in producing the developmental neurobehavioral toxicity.

Background: Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare disease characterized by solitary or multiple benign tumors. Aggressive myofibromatosis with extensive visceral involvement at birth is a very rare condition with poor prognosis. Case report: We report a term male infant born with multi-system myofibromatosis involving the skin, bone, brain, heart, lung, and GI tract. The patient received chemotherapy but had a protracted clinical course complicated by intestinal obstruction and perforation, and failure to thrive. Pathology of the tumor showed presence of spindle cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of this tissue was positive for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and CD34 but negative for Muscle-Specific Actin (MSA) and desmin. Also, electron microscopic analysis detected the presence of subcellular myofibroblastic structures. Next generation sequencing analysis of the patient’s blood and tumor tissues identified a germline mutation in PDGFRB gene p. R561C allele (c.1681C>T), as well as a second activating PDGFRB mutation (p. N666S) which was present in the tumor tissue only. Parental testing showed that the germline mutation was inherited from the father, who was asymptomatic. The second mutation is likely responsible for the aggressive nature of the condition in this patient. He eventually died due to cardiorespiratory failure. Conclusion: Early diagnosis by pathology and genetic analysis in patients’ with extensive myofibromatosis will help to determine targeted chemotherapy and prognosis.

INTRODUCTION: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with more respiratory infections due to immunosuppression. OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to verify the frequency of rhinosinusitis after HSCT, and the association between rhinosinusitis and chronic graft vs. host disease (GVHD) and type of transplantation, clinical treatment, surgical treatment, and survival. METHODS: this was a retrospective study in a tertiary university hospital. A total of 95 patients with hematological diseases undergoing HSCT between 1996 and 2011 were selected. RESULTS: chronic myeloid leukemia was the most prevalent disease. The type of transplant most often performed was the allogenic type (85.26%). The frequency of rhinosinusitis was 36%, with no difference between the autologous and the allogenic types. Chronic GVHD occurred in 30% of patients. Patients with GVHD had a higher frequency and recurrence of rhinosinusitis, in addition to more frequent need for endoscopic sinusectomy and decreased overall survival. CONCLUSION: there was a higher frequency of rhinosinusitis in HSCT and GVHD. The type of transplant does not appear to predispose to the occurrence of rhinosinusitis. GVHD seems to be an aggravating factor and requires a more stringent treatment.

INTRODUÇÃO: transplante de medula óssea (TMO) é uma opção de tratamento para doenças hematológicas, tumorais e imunodeficiências e tem sido realizado com maior freqüência. O TMO predispõe a infecções de VAS e complicações, dentre estas as rinossinusites (RS). Quimioterapia, radioterapia, infecções virais, antibioticoterapia e doença do enxerto versus hospedeiro (DECH) são fatores predisponentes para RS. OBJETIVO: Verificar freqüência das RS no TMO e relação com DECH. Tentar estabelecer qual melhor tratamento para as RS no TMO. MÉTODO: Avaliação otorrinolaringológica de 2 grupos com 35 (gI) e 24 (gII) pacientes, antes e depois do TMO; e tratados individualmente com antibióticos e/ou punção de seios maxilares e/ou sinusectomia endoscópica. RESULTADOS: Nenhum apresentou RS antes do TMO; 42,8% dos TMO do gI tiveram RS e 34%, DECH; enquanto 58% do gII tiveram RS e 25%, DECH. No total, 49% tiveram RS e 30,5% com DECH. Houve significativa maior freqüência de RS em DECH crônica. A cirurgia foi indicada para tratamento de RS no TMO com DECH crônica. CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência de RS no TMO foi de 49%; DECH crônica é um fator predisponente para RS; a sinusectomia pode ser necessária nos pacientes com DECHc e RS. INTRODUCTION: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a treatment option for hematological diseases and immunodeficiency. It is frequently used today. BMT predisposes patients to upper airway infections and its complications, such as rhinosinusitis (RS). Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, viral infections, antibiotic therapy, graft versus host disease (GVHD) are rhinosinusitis predisposing conditions. AIM: to investigate RS frequence in this population and its relationship to GVHD; to try and establish the best treatment for RS in these patients. METHOD: ENT evaluation of two groups. One group with 35 patients (gI) and another with 24 patients (gII), before and after BMT. They were treated with antibiotics, maxillary sinus punction or endoscopic sinusectomy. RESULTS: none of them had RS before BMT. 42.8% from gI had RS and 34% had GVHD; in the gII, 58% had RS and 25% had GVHD. 49% from both groups had RS and 30.5% had GVHD. There was significantly more RS in chronic GVHD patients. Surgery was used to treat RS in chronic GVHD patients who underwent BMT. CONCLUSION: RS frequence was 49%; GVHD is a predisposing condition to RS; sinusectomy may be necessary to control RS in GVHD patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: transplante de medula óssea (TMO) é uma opção de tratamento para doenças hematológicas, tumorais e imunodeficiências e tem sido realizado com maior freqüência. O TMO predispõe a infecções de VAS e complicações, dentre estas as rinossinusites (RS). Quimioterapia, radioterapia, infecções virais, antibioticoterapia e doença do enxerto versus hospedeiro (DECH) são fatores predisponentes para RS. OBJETIVO: Verificar freqüência das RS no TMO e relação com DECH. Tentar estabelecer qual melhor tratamento para as RS no TMO. MÉTODO: Avaliação otorrinolaringológica de 2 grupos com 35 (gI) e 24 (gII) pacientes, antes e depois do TMO; e tratados individualmente com antibióticos e/ou punção de seios maxilares e/ou sinusectomia endoscópica. RESULTADOS: Nenhum apresentou RS antes do TMO; 42,8% dos TMO do gI tiveram RS e 34%, DECH; enquanto 58% do gII tiveram RS e 25%, DECH. No total, 49% tiveram RS e 30,5% com DECH. Houve significativa maior freqüência de RS em DECH crônica. A cirurgia foi indicada para tratamento de RS no TMO com DECH crônica. CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência de RS no TMO foi de 49%; DECH crônica é um fator predisponente para RS; a sinusectomia pode ser necessária nos pacientes com DECHc e RS.INTRODUCTION: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a treatment option for hematological diseases and immunodeficiency. It is frequently used today. BMT predisposes patients to upper airway infections and its complications, such as rhinosinusitis (RS). Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, viral infections, antibiotic therapy, graft versus host disease (GVHD) are rhinosinusitis predisposing conditions. AIM: to investigate RS frequence in this population and its relationship to GVHD; to try and establish the best treatment for RS in these patients. METHOD: ENT evaluation of two groups. One group with 35 patients (gI) and another with 24 patients (gII), before and after BMT. They were treated with antibiotics, maxillary sinus punction or endoscopic sinusectomy. RESULTS: none of them had RS before BMT. 42.8% from gI had RS and 34% had GVHD; in the gII, 58% had RS and 25% had GVHD. 49% from both groups had RS and 30.5% had GVHD. There was significantly more RS in chronic GVHD patients. Surgery was used to treat RS in chronic GVHD patients who underwent BMT. CONCLUSION: RS frequence was 49%; GVHD is a predisposing condition to RS; sinusectomy may be necessary to control RS in GVHD patients.

A disfonia tem recebido um enfoque ocupacional crescente e torna-se necessário, ao otorrinolaringologista, atualizar a abordagem clínica dos trabalhadores que usam a voz como instrumento de trabalho, onde novas catagorias profissionais têm surgido e, com elas, as disfunções vocais conseqüentes às condições de trabalho. Hoje, há grandes preocupações com o prejuízo econômico e produtivo que o ditúrbio vocal possa gerar. Sabe-se que a disfunção vocal tem como característica a multicausalidade e, por isso, a avaliação, conclusão e emissão de relatórios médicos tornam-se incertos. OBJETIVO: Para melhor avaliar estes profissionais e garantir um atendimento com respaldo científico adequado, estabeleceu-se um protocolo multidisciplinar, que consiste em anamnese dirigida, exame físico, endoscopia laríngea, análise perceptiva da voz e aplicação do Voice Handicap Index (VHI). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte histórica transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Para testar o uso do método, em caráter preliminar, o protocolo foi aplicado em 15 profissionais que usavam a voz para trabalhar. Então, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo com estes pacientes. RESULTADO: Demonstrou-se que 13,3% dos profissionais apresentaram performance vocal normal; 33,3%, disfonia funcional e 46%, disfonia orgânico-funcional. A disfunção vocal foi relacionada ao exercício do trabalho em 40% dos pacientes e em 46,6% ela foi descartada. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que o método é suficientemente abrangente e pode ser de utilidade ao otorrinolaringologista, para a avaliação clínico-ocupacional deste grupo de pacientes.Dysphonia has an occupational view nowadays. A shift in the voice-oriented professional's clinical approach has been required. New voice-oriented job categories have emerged and, as a result, the voice disorder in the professional enviroment has increased. The economic and productivity harm due to voice disorders are a preocupation. Dysphonia has multiple causes and its evaluation, ethiological conclusion and occupational reports aren't defined yet. AIM: In order to obtain a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation, a multidisciplinary protocol was elaborated to ensure proper medical scientific support. It consists of anamnesis, physical exam, laryngeal endoscopy, perceptive voice analysis and Voice Handicap Index application (VHI). STUDY DESIGN: Transversal historic cohort. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: In this preliminary study, the protocol was applied on 15 voice professionals with dysphonia. RESULTS: 13,3% with normal voice performance; 33,3% with functional dysphonia; 46% with organic dysphonia. Dysphonia was related to the voice-oriented job in 40% cases and it was ruled out in 46,6%. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the protocol is complete enough to help otolaryngologists evaluate this workers' category.

Introduction: Rhinosinusitis is characterized by inflammation extending from the mucosa of the nasal cavity into the paranasal sinuses. There are some aggravating features, such as immunosuppression, that can cause the nasal mucosal inflammation to linger for a long period, resulting in chronic or recurrent episodes. Such immunosuppression is the major feature of patients undergoing a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); rhinosinusitis prevalence is higher in this group compared to immunocompetent patients. Nasal epithelial abnormalities have been described in, and may have some influence over, recurrent sinus infections among those patients. However, it is not clear whether rhinosinusitis can trigger mucosal abnormalities or whether a preexisting vulnerability for sinusitis recurrence is more likely. The objective of the study was to verify the influence of rhinosinusitis on nasal epithelial damage in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Method: A total of 30 allogeneic HSCT patients were divided into two groups: 24 patients with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis and 6 patients without rhinosinusitis. These patients underwent a biopsy of the uncinate process that was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Results: The nasal mucosa analysis by optical microscopy showed no significant abnormalities. The ciliary orientation was obviously normal in the transplanted patients without rhinosinusitis. There was a trend toward a difference in the amount of cilia (decreased) and the primary modification of the ultrastructure of transplanted patients with rhinosinusitis. Conclusion: HSCT patients, with and without rhinosinusitis, showed no significant histological abnormalities, except for ciliary disorientation and a possible decrease in ciliary and ultrastructural abnormalities in HSCT patients with rhinosinusitis.

Introduction: It is believed that immunosuppression is the sole cause for the occurrence of rhinosinusitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). There is a high incidence of sinusitis in recipient patients, especially in those with Chronic Graft Versus Host disease (GVHD). Histopathological abnormalities were described in recipients’ sinus mucosa compared to immunocompetent patients. There were also mucosal abnormalities related to cytotoxicity in the transplanted patients with chronic GVHD but no difference in ultrastructure between HSCT patients with and without GVHD, except for increased goblet cells in patients without GVHD. The relation between the sinonasal mucosa abnormalities of these patients and rhinosinusitis is not well established yet. Objective: To verify the ultrastructure of the sinonasal mucosa of HSCT with and without GVHD with rhinosinusitis to understand the cause of high Sinusitis incidence. Method: prospective study with statistical analysis of data obtained from the evaluation of the uncinate process mucosa of patients transplanted with (16) and without GVHD (8) with rhinosinusitis by transmission electron and optical microscopy. Results: Of the patients, 47% (14) had only 1 or 2 episodes, and 33% had more than 3 episodes of rhinosinusitis. Only the presence of microvilli was significantly higher in patients without GVHD. There was no significant difference in the amount of cilia, ciliary ultrastructure, squamous metaplasia, goblet cells, vacuolization, density of the inflammatory infiltrate, intraepithelial lymphocytes, eosinophils, mucous glands, apoptotic corpuscles intraepithelial basement membrane thickness, edema and subepithelial fibrosis between groups. There was a significant decrease of cilia with Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation higher recurrence of rhinosinusitis. Conclusion: There was an increase in microvilli HSCT without GVHD with rhinosinusitis, and the ultrastructure and histological changes of HSCT with and without GVHD did not change with the recurrence of rhinosinusitis. However, there was a decrease of cilia in the epithelium of the sinonasal HSCT with higher recurrence of rhinosinusitis.

Background It is believed that immunosuppression is the sole cause for the occurrence of rhinosinusitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). There is a high incidence of sinusitis in recipient’s patients, especially those with Chronic Graft Versus Host disease (GVHD). Histopathological abnormalities were described in recipient’s sinus mucosa comparing to the immunocompetents patients. There are also mucosal abnormalities related to the cytotoxicity in the transplanted patients with chronic GVHD, but no difference in ultrastructure between HSCT patients with and without GVHD, except increased goblet cells in patients without GVHD. The relation between the sinunasal mucosa abnormalities of patients with and without GVHD and rhinosinusitis is not well established yet. Objective To verify the ultrastructure of the sinunasal mucosa of HSCT with and without GVHD with rhinosinusitis in order to understand the cause of high sinusitis incidence in recipients with and without GVHD. Method A preliminary prospective study with statistical analysis of data obtained from the evaluation of the mucosa of the uncinate process by transmission electron microscopy of those recipients with (10) and without GVHD (9) with rhinosinusitis. Results 93% of transplanted patients with GVHD and 62% of those without GVHD had 2 or more rhinosinusitis. Only the presence of microvilli was significantly increased in patients without GVHD. There was no significant difference in the cilia number, cilia ultrastructure, squamous metaplasia, goblet cells or citoplasmatic vacuolization between those groups. Conclusion The recurrence of rhinosinusitis seems to be higher in chronic GVHD patients, however no abnormalities were found in the ultrastructure of their sinunasal mucosa, except increased microvilli in those without GVHD. This is a preliminary study and an increased sample might modify statistical analysis, as well as the comparison of recipients without rhinosinusitis.

Immunosuppressed patients are often susceptible to upper airway infections, especially those of the paranasal sinuses. These can sometimes jeopardize treatment success and even lead to a fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To study the paranasal microbiology of immunosuppressed patients with clinical evidence of rhinosinusitis, and compare it with that from immunocompetent patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study, in which 42 immunosuppressed and 16 immunocompetent patients were selected. All had clinically evident acute or recurrent rhinosinusitis and were submitted to ethmoidal or sphenoid sinusectomy or maxillary sinus puncture to gather material for microbiological cultures. RESULTS: There were 92% positive cultures, and 21% were negative. Of the positive cultures, 38% were bacterial, with P. aeruginosa being the most frequent agent; 64% were fungal, which occurred in the most immunocompromised patients. In the immunocompetent group, there were 62. 5% positive cultures and 37. 5% negative ones. All the positive ones were bacterial, with no fungi. CONCLUSIONS: Transplant recipients were prone to develop bacterial rhinosinusitis by Gram positive and Gram negative agents, the most common of the latter being Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fungal infections occurred in the severely immunosuppressed, and it was absent in immunocompetent patients Os pacientes imunossuprimidos têm maior risco de infecções de vias aéreas superiores, principalmente seios paranasais. Estas podem ter evolução fatal ou impedir a recuperação e o tratamento das doenças iniciais. OBJETIVO: Verificar a microbiologia dos seios paranasais dos pacientes imunossuprimidos com rinossinusite, em nosso serviço, e comparar com a microbiologia de pacientes imunocompetentes. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, no qual foram selecionados 42 pacientes imunossuprimidos e 16 pacientes imunocompetentes. Todos tinham diagnóstico de rinossinusite aguda ou recorrente e foram submetidos à punção de seio maxilar ou sinusectomia etmoidal ou esfenoidal para coleta de secreção para cultura. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se 92% de cultura positiva e 21% negativa nos imunossuprimidos. Dos positivos, 38% foram bacterianos e 64%, fúngicos, sendo a bactéria mais frequente a P. aeruginosa. Os fungos apareceram nos pacientes com imunossupressão grave. Nos imunocompetentes, obteve-se cultura positiva em 62,5% dos pacientes, e negativa em 37,5% deles, com 100% de positividade para bactérias e ausência de fungos. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes imunossuprimidos adquirem rinossinusites por bactérias Gram positivas, Gram negativas das mais diversas espécies, sendo Pseudomonas aeruginosa a mais frequente. As infecções fúngicas são mais frequentes em pacientes imunossuprimidos graves e ausentes em imunocompetentes

O transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) causa imunossupressão e predispõe ao desenvolvimento de rinossinusites. A realização de tomografia computadorizada (TC) de seios paranasais pode auxiliar no diagnóstico de rinossinusopatias nestes pacientes, porém a realização em todos estes pacientes é questionável. OBJETIVO: Verificar a necessidade de realizar a TC nos candidatos ao TCTH e relacionar as alterações tomográficas encontradas a rinossinusopatias pós TCTH. MÉTODO: Estudo piloto prospectivo em que as TC de seios paranasais foi executado antes e após o TCTH e avaliado conforme classificação de Lund e Mackay. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidos 77,5% e 61% de TC normais no pré e pós-TCTH, respectivamente. O estádio tomográfico pré-TCTH não se relacionou à ocorrência de rinossinusite após o TCTH. As variações anatômicas encontradas (19,4%) não se relacionaram com a ocorrência de rinossinusite, mas sim com a gravidade da rinossinusite no pós-TCTH. Não houve associação significativa entre estadiamento tomográfico prévio e desenvolvimento de rinossinusite pós-TCTH. CONCLUSÃO: Não há necessidade de realização de tomografia computadorizada de seios paranasais em todos os pacientes previamente ao TCTH; e a variação anatômica não predispõe à rinossinusite nem antes nem após o transplante de medula óssea, apenas pode agravar a evolução da rinossinusite após o TCTH.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) causes immunosuppression and predisposition to sinusitis. CT scans are complementary exams used in the diagnosis of sinusitis; however, its use in every patient is questionable.to check the usefulness of ordering a CT scan prior to HSCT and to study the relationship between anatomical variations and sinusitis.prospective study in which we performed paranasal CT scans before and after HSCT, using the Lund and Mackay score.77.5% and 61% of CT scans showed no evidence of sinus disease before and after HSCT. CT staging was not associated with sinusitis after HSCT. Anatomical variations were related to radiographic disease severity, but not to development of sinusitis after HSCT. There was no relation between pre-CT staging and sinusitis after BMT.CT scans are not useful for all patients before HSCT. Anatomical variation is not a predictive feature to sinusitis but it can determine its severity.

Orientador: Carlos Takahiro Chone Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Resumo: A imunossupressão é a principal causa de rinossinusite recorrente no transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) com uma incidência aumentada na Doença do Enxerto contra o Hospedeiro (DECH) pós-TCTH. Descrições histológicas de mucosas oral, pulmonar e intestinal associadas ao TCTH e a DECH têm sido descritas. Porem, para entender melhor a fisiopatogenia da resposta imune nos pacientes transplantados, verificou-se a histologia e ultraestrutura da mucosa nasossinusal dos pacientes TCTH com e sem DECH. O processo unciforme de 24 pacientes submetidos ao TCTH (19 com DECH e 5 sem) foi submetido à análise histológica através das microscopias óptica e eletrônica de transmissão (ME). A ME mostrou alterações na estrutura ciliar, quantidade de mitocôndria, microvilos e vacuolização citoplasmática. Todos os transplantados com rinossinusite apresentaram perda ou ausência significante de cílios (P=0.018). Corpúsculos apoptóticos estavam aumentados e células caliciformes, diminuídas no epitélio nasossinusal dos pacientes transplantados com DECH crônica (P=0.04). Esta destruição epitelial poderia facilitar a penetração bacteriana ou viral, desencadeando uma recorrência ou exacerbação da infecção. Abstract: Immunosuppression is the leading cause of recurrent sinus infections following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) with increased incidence of sinusitis in patients with chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) following HSCT. Histological descriptions of the oral mucosa, lung ciliary epithelium and intestinal mucosa related to HSCT and GVHD have been described. However, we sought to verify the histological and ultra structural aspects of nasal mucosa in patients following HSCT with and without GVHD in order to better understand the pathophysiology of the immune response. The uncinate processes from 24 HSCT (19 with GVHD, 5 without) patients were subjected to histological analyses via light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM revealed altered cilia structure, mitochondria quantity, microvilli, cytoplasm vacuolization. All HSCT patients with rhinosinusitis had significant loss or absence of cilia (P=0.018). Apoptotic bodies were increased and Goblet cells decreased in nasal epithelium from patients with chronic GVHD (P=0.04).This tissue destruction would facilitate the bacterial and viral penetration and may result in a recurrence or exacerbation of the infection. Mestrado Otorrinolaringologia Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Summary Introduction Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a treatment option for hematological diseases and immunodeficiency. It is frequently used today. BMT predisposes patients to upper airway infections and its complications, such as rhinosinusitis (RS). Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, viral infections, antibiotic therapy, graft versus host disease (GVHD) are rhinosinusitis predisposing conditions. Aim to investigate RS frequence in this population and its relationship to GVHD; to try and establish the best treatment for RS in these patients. Method ENT evaluation of two groups. One group with 35 patients (gI) and another with 24 patients (gII), before and after BMT. They were treated with antibiotics, maxillary sinus punction or endoscopic sinusectomy. Results none of them had RS before BMT. 42.8% from gI had RS and 34% had GVHD; in the gII, 58% had RS and 25% had GVHD. 49% from both groups had RS and 30.5% had GVHD. There was significantly more RS in chronic GVHD patients. Surgery was used to treat RS in chronic GVHD patients who underwent BMT. Conclusion RS frequence was 49%; GVHD is a predisposing condition to RS; sinusectomy may be necessary to control RS in GVHD patients.

A disfonia tem recebido um enfoque ocupacional crescente e torna-se necessário, ao otorrinolaringologista, atualizar a abordagem clínica dos trabalhadores que usam a voz como instrumento de trabalho, onde novas catagorias profissionais têm surgido e, com elas, as disfunções vocais conseqüentes às condições de trabalho. Hoje, há grandes preocupações com o prejuízo econômico e produtivo que o ditúrbio vocal possa gerar. Sabe-se que a disfunção vocal tem como característica a multicausalidade e, por isso, a avaliação, conclusão e emissão de relatórios médicos tornam-se incertos. OBJETIVO: Para melhor avaliar estes profissionais e garantir um atendimento com respaldo científico adequado, estabeleceu-se um protocolo multidisciplinar, que consiste em anamnese dirigida, exame físico, endoscopia laríngea, análise perceptiva da voz e aplicação do Voice Handicap Index (VHI). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte histórica transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Para testar o uso do método, em caráter preliminar, o protocolo foi aplicado em 15 profissionais que usavam a voz para trabalhar. Então, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo com estes pacientes. RESULTADO: Demonstrou-se que 13,3% dos profissionais apresentaram performance vocal normal; 33,3%, disfonia funcional e 46%, disfonia orgânico-funcional. A disfunção vocal foi relacionada ao exercício do trabalho em 40% dos pacientes e em 46,6% ela foi descartada. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que o método é suficientemente abrangente e pode ser de utilidade ao otorrinolaringologista, para a avaliação clínico-ocupacional deste grupo de pacientes. Dysphonia has an occupational view nowadays. A shift in the voice-oriented professional's clinical approach has been required. New voice-oriented job categories have emerged and, as a result, the voice disorder in the professional enviroment has increased. The economic and productivity harm due to voice disorders are a preocupation. Dysphonia has multiple causes and its evaluation, ethiological conclusion and occupational reports aren't defined yet. AIM: In order to obtain a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation, a multidisciplinary protocol was elaborated to ensure proper medical scientific support. It consists of anamnesis, physical exam, laryngeal endoscopy, perceptive voice analysis and Voice Handicap Index application (VHI). STUDY DESIGN: Transversal historic cohort. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: In this preliminary study, the protocol was applied on 15 voice professionals with dysphonia. RESULTS: 13,3% with normal voice performance; 33,3% with functional dysphonia; 46% with organic dysphonia. Dysphonia was related to the voice-oriented job in 40% cases and it was ruled out in 46,6%. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the protocol is complete enough to help otolaryngologists evaluate this workers' category.

Problem: Bone marrow recipients are at higher risk of developing infections and complications due to previous chemotherapy, radiotherapy, imunossupression, antibiotic therapy, multiple viral infections, and graft versus host disease (GVHD). The rhinosinusitis may occur during the bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and may delay the recovery or even have a fatal outcome. This study’s objective was to analyze the predictive rhinosinusitis features and to decrease its incidence after the BMT. Methods: This was a preliminary prospective study with a 24-month follow-up. Two groups (33 patients) were evaluated. One (19 patients) was followed before and after BMT and the other one (14 patients) only after the BMT. Otolaryngology evaluation and related exams (nasal endoscopy and computed tomography) were used for diagnosis and prompt treatment to prevent complications and a fatal outcome. Results: Nasal obstruction, cough, and headache were predictive symptoms (P < 0.05). The CT scans preceding BMT can be helpful. Nasal endoscopy is the gold standard exam for a primary evaluation, as an early and correct diagnosis and also as a tool to follow these patients. GVHD is a predictive feature to recurrent sinusitis (P < 0.01). Endoscopy sinus surgery is feasible only in GVHD patients with rhinosinusitis. The group followed before and after BMT presented a lower sinusitis incidence. Conclusion: Nasal endoscopy is the gold standard exam for diagnosis of rhinosinusitis in BMT. GVHD is a predictive feature for rhinosinusitis in BMT. The endoscopy sinus surgery is applicable to GVHD and recurrent rhinosinusitis. The incidence can decrease if the otolaryngologist follows the recipients before the BMT. Significance: The rhinosinusitis features in BMT and better management of patients decrease the incidence of rhinosinusitis. Support: Aprouval of Comite de Etica da Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da UNICAMP.

Objectives: To evaluate the long-term use of indwelling Blom-Singer voice prosthesis (VP) for vocal rehabilitation of patients submitted to total laryngectomy (TL). There were studied the influence of the time (primary or secondary) of accomplishment of tracheo-esophageal puncture (TEP), use of radiotherapy (XRT), patient age and length of follow-up, on the rate of success of use of VP. Methods: Seventy-one patients submitted to TL and rehabilitated with indwelling VP were evaluated for vocal functional issues. The relative data on time of placement of VP, time of use of PF, use of XRT, age, length of follow-up and interval of duration of each VP were recorded. Results: There was 87% of patients with primary TEP and 13% with secondary. The follow-up varied from 12 to 87 months. There were 59% of patients submitted to XRT. The general rate of success was of 94%. In primary TEP, it was of 97% and in the secondary was 78% ( P = 0.07) and after 2 years, was of 96% in primary TEP and 75% in the secondary ( P = 0.07). Use of XRT and age did not influence in success of use of VP among primary and secondary TEP, independently of follow-up. Conclusions: The rate of success of voice rehabilitation with VP was of 94%. In primary TEP that rate was of 97% and of 78% in secondary TEP and after 2 years it was of 96% and 75%, respectively. Tendency to greater success rate in voice rehabilitation after TL with primary TEP was observed. XRT and age of patient did not influence in this rate of success.

Methods of delivering and monitoring anesthesia during microlaryngeal surgery are constantly evolving. In 1994, Hunsaker and colleagues introduced a laser-safe subglottic Mon-Jet ventilation tube, which has the ability to periodically measure end-tidal carbon dioxide levels. We conducted a retrospective review of 84 consecutive patients who had undergone microlaryngeal procedures with the aid of the Hunsaker Mon-Jet tube. Study parameters included the length of anesthetic induction and recovery times, the duration of surgery, the degree of surgical access to the larynx, and the incidence of anesthetic and surgical complications. We found that anesthetic induction and recovery times with the use of the Mon-Jet tube were comparable to those seen with standard endotracheal intubation. We also observed an apparent reduction in surgical time and a consistent subjective improvement in surgical visualization and access. The complication rate was acceptable, airway control was adequate, and use of the Mon-Jet tube was safe in all patients. We conclude that the Mon-Jet tube is a safe and effective subglottic jet ventilation system and that it has distinct advantages over other methods for both the surgeon and the anesthesiologist.