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Enligt läroplanen ska barn ska inte begränsas av kön i deras framtida studie- och yrkesval, men redan i förskolan börjar barn etablera föreställningar kring kön och de gör då enklare könskodningar av sin omgivning. Skolan har möjlighet och ett uttalat ansvar att arbeta proaktivt med dessa könsföreställningar från det att vägledning blir tillgängligt i årskurs 1. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur grundskollärare i årskurs 1 ser på arbetet med vid vägledning och hur de upplever att de arbetar normkritiskt med elevernas könsföreställningar. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna har varit Gottfredsons Theory of Circumscription & Compromise, Hodkinson & Sparks Careership och begrepp från Björman & Bromseths Normkritiskt Perspektiv. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med sex utbildade grundskollärare och resultatet från dessa intervjuer utgör grunden för analysen. I studien framkommer det att lärarna inte vet vad vid vägledning innebär, men att de genomför insatser som kan anses vara exempel på vid vägledning. Arbetet med att bryta könsföreställningar förekommer men upplevs vara bristfälligt. En avsaknad av studievägledare på skolorna framkommer, vilket gör att lärare inte kan få stöd i att öka sin kompetens inom vägledning eller få stöd i att planera vägledande insatser och genomföra dem som en integrerad del i ämnesundervisningen.

A method originally suggested by Raymond Birge, using what came to be known as the Birge ratio, has been widely used in metrology and physics for the adjustment of fundamental physical constants, particularly in the periodic reevaluation carried out by the Task Group on Fundamental Physical Constants of CODATA (the Committee on Data of the International Science Council). The method involves increasing the reported uncertainties by a multiplicative factor large enough to make the measurement results mutually consistent. An alternative approach, predominant in the meta-analysis of medical studies, involves inflating the reported uncertainties by combining them, using the root sum of squares, with a sufficiently large constant (often dubbed dark uncertainty) that is estimated from the data.In this contribution we establish a connection between the method based on the Birge ratio and the location-scale model, which allows one to combine the results of various studies, while the additive adjustment is reviewed in the usual context of random-effects models. Framing these alternative approaches as statistical models facilitates a quantitative comparison of them using statistical tools for model comparison. The intrinsic Bayes factor (IBF) is derived for the Berger and Bernardo reference prior, and then it is used to select a model for a set of measurements of the Newtonian constant of gravitation ("Big G") to estimate a consensus value for this constant and to evaluate the associated uncertainty. Our empirical findings support the method based on the Birge ratio. The same conclusion is reached when the IBF corresponding to the Jeffreys prior is used and also when the comparison is based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Finally, the results of a simulation study indicate that the suggested procedure for model selection provides clear guidance, even when the data comprise only a small number of measurements.

Stimulus-responsive microcapsules pose an opportunity to achieve controlled release of the entire load instantaneously upon exposure to an external stimulus. Core-shell microcapsules based on the polyanhydride poly(bis(2-carboxyphenyl)adipate) as a shell were formulated in this work to encapsulate the model active substance pyrene and enable a pH-controlled triggered release. A remarkably narrow triggering pH interval was found where a change in pH from 6.4 to 6.9 allowed for release of the entire core content within seconds. The degradation kinetics of the shell were measured by both spectrophotometric detection of degradation products and mass changes by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and were found to correlate excellently with diffusion coefficients fitted to release measurements at varying pH values. The microcapsules presented in this work allow for an almost instantaneous triggered release even under mild conditions, thanks to the designed core-shell morphology., The Swedish Research Council FORMAS (2018-02284) is acknowledged for funding. The authors would like to thank Sofie Ekström, Ellen Emanuelsson, Sebastian Ladisic, and Emma Pettersson for their contributions to the laboratory work.

Objectives Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an established treatment for chronic pain. However, it is a form of treatment that have not yet been applied much in the treatment of persistent vulvar pain disorders. This study examines the feasibility and preliminary effects of online ACT for patients with provoked vestibulodynia. Methods Women diagnosed with provoked vestibulodynia were assigned randomly either to online ACT or to a waitlist control group. Feasibility was assessed in terms of recruitment potential, treatment credibility, completions rates, retention in trial, and data quality. Participants completed measures of pain with sexual activity, sexual functioning, emotional and relational adjustment, and potential treatment processes before and after treatment. Results Of the 111 women who were invited to participate in the study, 44 were included (39.6% recruitment rate). Thirty seven participants (84.1%) completed the pre-treatment assessment. Participants who received online ACT rated treatment credibility positively, and completed on average 4.31 (SD = 1.60) of the six treatment modules. Of participants, 34 provided post treatment data, giving a trial retention rate of 77%. Effects of online ACT, as compared to waitlist, were large for pain acceptance and quality of life, medium for anxiety and pain catastrophizing, and small for sexual satisfaction, pain with sexual activity, and relationship adjustment. Conclusions With some adjustments to recruitment procedures, a full scale randomized controlled trial of online ACT for provoked vestibulodynia appears feasible.

Bakgrund Substansbrukssyndrom är ett folkhälsoproblem. Unga som brukar substanser riskerar att hamna i livslånga beroenden som har en negativ inverkan på deras livskvalitet och som belastar samhället svårt både ekonomiskt och i form av mänskligt lidande. Personer med denna problematik behöver vård och behandling för att kunna ta sig ur sitt substansbruk. För att kunna kvarhålla dessa individer i vården behöver de bemötas på konstruktiva sätt som motiverar dem att ta emot vård och behandling. Således finns ett behov av att sammanställa aktuell forskning kring hur de upplever sig bemötta inom hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte Syftet var att belysa hur unga och unga vuxna med problematiskt substansbruk/syndrom upplever sig bemötta inom hälso- och sjukvård. Metod Metoden var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen gjordes i PubMed, CINAHL och via manuell sökning. Insamlingen resulterade i 15 vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka kvalitetsgranskades i enlighet med Sophiahemmet Högskolas kvalitetsgranskningsmall. En integrerad dataanalys genomfördes och resulterade i huvud- och underkategorier. Metod Metoden var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen gjordes i PubMed, CINAHL och via manuell sökning. Insamlingen resulterade i 15 vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka kvalitetsgranskades i enlighet med Sophiahemmet Högskolas kvalitetsgranskningsmall. En integrerad dataanalys genomfördes och resulterade i huvud- och underkategorier. Resultat Två huvudkategorier identifierades. Dessa var Faktorer som påverkar bemötandeupplevelsen positivt och Faktorer som påverkar bemötandeupplevelsen negativt. Hur bemötandet från sjukvårdspersonal av unga med substansbruk upplevs påverkar hur de känner sig hjälpta av hälso- och sjukvården. Det framkom att det finns både positiva och negativa erfarenheter. Slutsats Det är av vikt att personal bemöter unga med substansbruk på ett fördomsfritt och empatiskt sätt när de söker vård hos hälso- och sjukvården. Risken är annars, Background Substance use disorder is a public health problem. Young people who use substances are in risk of having lifelong addictions that will have a negative impact on their quality of life and burden society heavily both economically and in terms of human suffering. People with these problems need care and treatment to be able to quit their substance use. In order to retain these individuals in the care system they need to be treated in a constructive way that motivates them to receive care and treatment. Thus, there is a need to compile current research on how they experience meetings with personnel in the health care system. Aim The aim of this study was to illustrate how youth and young adults with substance misuse/abuse experience meetings with personnel in the health care system. Method The method for this study was a non-systematic literature review. Data collection was made in PubMed, CINAHL and via manual searches, and resulted in 15 scientific articles. The articles were vetted in accordance with the quality assessment template provided by Sophiahemmet University. The content was analysed and the findings were grouped into main and subcategories. Results Two main categories were found. These were Factors that influence the experience positively and Factors that influence the experience negatively. How the experience is perceived by the young adult with substance use when seeking health care influences how they feel helped by the health care system. It was found that there were both positive and negative experiences. Conclusions It is important that health care personnel act in an empathic and non-judgemental way when they interact with young people who seek care. The risk if this is not applied is that the young people leave treatment or abstain from seeking care in the future due to former negative experiences.

The concept of ‘seal-fishery conflict’ is used when referring to the complex contradictions stemming from seals’ impacts on fishing livelihoods, a pertinent social struggle between stakeholder groups of the Baltic Sea. Tensions are most remarkable between coastal fisheries and seal conservationists. As existing knowledge has been scattered and the conflict has become increasingly problematic, the RESOCO project compiled Nordic knowledge and best practices and build an interdisciplinary synthesis to set the stage for alternative solutions on how to effectively reconcile the seal-fishery conflict in the Baltic Sea. The report takes a pragmatic stand by turning the attention to approaches and instruments that have been suggested to be helpful or that have the potential to help mitigate the conflict. The report synthesizes knowledge and presents existing gaps and needs of further research.

Background: Knowledge of the relationship between fat free mass (FFM) and strength capacity is not only useful in athlete coaching, but may also be important in developing clinical strategies for evaluating health in general populations. Sufficient skeletal muscle mass and strength are important factors for health and physical function. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a popular and clinically useful tool for assessing body composition. However, being able to simultaneously estimate whole body muscle strength without having to perform additional tests may prove useful in evaluating an individual’s health and physical function. Aim: The primary purpose of this study was to quantify the association between total body fat free mass percentage (TBFFM%) and relative strength in the isometric midthigh pull test (IMTP) and grip strength (GS) test in a healthy general young Swedish population. A secondary purpose was to investigate if there are any sex differences. Methods: The design for this study was cross-sectional. The studied sample represented a general Swedish population of healthy young adults. Participants were asked to participate in testing on one occasion. Three tests were used for collecting data: BIA for data on FFM and both IMTP and hand dynamometer grip strength test for data on maximal force production. All tests were performed in the movement lab on Halmstad University campus. Statistical analyses were done using Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analysis. Results: Participants for this study consisted of healthy females (n=18) and males (n=17) aged 19-39. The primary findings of this study are that there are strong correlations between TBFFM% and relative strength (r = 0.621) in the IMTP test as well as relative GS (r = 0.705) on a whole-group level. The correlation between TBFFM% and relative GS was slightly stronger. Categorized by sex, we found strong positive correlations between TBFFM% and relative IMTP (r = 0.551) and relative G

Syfte - Sjunkande marginaler hos primärprodukter har riktat ökad uppmärksamhet mot den lönsamma reservdelsverksamheten. Det finns dock utmaningar kring flödet av reservdelar, bland annat i) teoretiskt gap kring flödet av reservdelar, ii) behovet att effektivisera flöden av reservdelar, och iii) avsaknad av praktisk arbetsprocess. Med bas i dessa utmaningar har studiens syfte formulerats till ”Att utforma en arbetsprocess för effektivare materialflöde av reservdelar mellan OEM och centrallager för tillverkande företag”. Genom att identifiera och analysera effektivitetsvariabler som påverkar flödet av reservdelar, har en praktiskt tillämpbar arbetsprocess skapats för att effektivisera försörjningskedjan och fylla kunskapsgapet inom området. Metod - Denna studie är av typen enfallsstudie, som undersöker materialflödet av reservdelar och arbetsprocesser inom logistik. Data samlades in genom intervjuer och dokumentstudier för att identifiera effektivitetsvariabler. Studien kombinerar teori och empiri för att erhålla djupare förståelse av fallet och strävar efter att dra slutsatser och ge insikter som kan tillämpas inom logistikområdet i allmänhet. Resultat - Resultatet av studien redovisas en arbetsprocess som har utformats för att effektivisera materialflödet av reservdelar mellan OEM och centrallager. Genom att ha identifierat effektivitetsvariabler har studien prioriterat de variablerna med störst förbättringspotential. En arbetsprocess har utvecklats med konkreta förslag på förbättringar för att minska avstånd, kostnader och ledtider till centrallagret. Resultaten ger insikter om hur materialflödet kan effektiviseras mellan OEM och centrallager hos tillverkande företag. Implikationer - Resultatet av studien fyller kunskapsgapet genom att undersöka reservdelsflödet och dess koppling till effektivisering av försörjningskedjor. Genom att ha identifierat effektivitetsvariabler bidrar studien till ökad förståelse för hur företag kan effektivisera hanteringen av reservdela, Purpose - Falling margins in primary products have directed increased attention to the profitable spare parts business. However, there are challenges around the flow of spare parts, including i) theoretical gap around the flow of spare parts, ii) the need to streamline the flow of spare parts, and iii) lack of practical work process. Based on these challenges, the purpose of the study has been formulated as "To design a work process for more efficient material flow of spare parts between OEM and central warehouse for manufacturing companies". By identifying and analyzing efficiency variables that affect the flow of spare parts, a practically applicable work process has been created to streamline the supply chain and fill the knowledge gap in the field. Method - This study is of the single-case study type, which examines the material flow of spare parts and work processes in logistics. Data were collected through interviews and document studies to identify efficiency variables. The study combines theory and empiricism to obtain a deeper understanding of the case and aims to draw conclusions and provide insights that can be applied within the field of logistics in general. Findings - The result of the study is a work process that has been designed to streamline the material flow of spare parts between the OEM and the central warehouse. By having identified efficiency variables, the study has prioritized those variables with the greatest potential for improvement. A work process has been developed with concrete proposals for improvements to reduce distance, costs, and lead-times to the central warehouse. The results provide insights into how the material flow can be made more efficient between the OEM and the central warehouse of manufacturing companies. Implications - The result of the study fills the knowledge gap by examining the flow of spare parts and its connection to the efficiency of supply chains. By having identified efficiency variables, the study contribute

L'objectiu va ser aconseguir l'encapsulació de pèptids antimicrobians i pèptids antimicrobians hidrofòbicament modificats dins de microcàpsules polimèriques, amb un enfocament específic a aconseguir un alliberament sostingut. L'estudi va demostrar amb èxit la capacitat d'encapsular aquests pèptids utilitzant el mètode de separació de fases internes per evaporació del solvent. Mitjançant el control de la cinètica d'alliberament, es va obtenir l'alliberament sostingut dels pèptids encapsulats al llarg del temps. Aquesta recerca contribueix al desenvolupament de sistemes d'alliberament controlat per a pèptids antimicrobians, que poden tenir aplicacions significatives en diversos camps, com la cura de ferides i el lliurament de fàrmacs., El objetivo fue lograr la encapsulación de péptidos antimicrobianos y péptidos antimicrobianos hidrofóbicamente modificados dentro de microcápsulas poliméricas, con un enfoque específico en lograr una liberación sostenida. El estudio demostró con éxito la capacidad de encapsular estos péptidos utilizando el método de separación de fases internas por evaporación del solvente. Mediante el control de la cinética de liberación, se logró la liberación sostenida de los péptidos encapsulados a lo largo del tiempo. Esta investigación contribuye al desarrollo de sistemas de liberación controlada para péptidos antimicrobianos, que pueden tener aplicaciones significativas en diversos campos, como el cuidado de heridas y la entrega de fármacos., Encapsulation is a valuable technique with numerous applications. It enables controlled release of active substances and their protection from the external environment. In particular, in the pharmaceutical sector, controlled release of active ingredients is highly interesting. One of the most significant current global health problems is the increase in chronic infections, where antibiotic-resistant bacteria are likely to be found. This Master project focuses on the encapsulation of different antimicrobial peptides, which are of particular interest as bacteria cannot develop resistance to them. Peptides are highly specific and their main function is to attack and disrupt the outer membrane of bacteria. One major encapsulation challenge is that peptides are hydrophilic substances and have a high solubility in aqueous media. It is therefore of value to explore how hydrophobically modified peptides affect encapsulation capacity and release behaviour compared to the native peptide. To achieve these objectives, it is essential to characterise the formed microcapsules and understand the phenomena that control the release of the active components. These microcapsules were here composed of a biodegradable polymer that, in the presence of water, gradually hydrolyses, which generates a molecular degradation of the polymer over time. In this project, encapsulation technology by physical processes was used primarily, specifically, the methodology denoted internal phase separation by solvent evaporation. This technique allows the encapsulation of the antimicrobial peptides and their subsequent sustained release. In addition, this research also addresses the study of hydrogels containing antimicrobial peptides. The aim is to understand the diffusion of these peptides through this material and to explore the possibility of combining in the future both microcapsules and hydrogels to achieve a more effective sustained release of the active compound. This tailor-made approach could o, Outgoing

Den svenska skogen har en potential att bidra med lösningar för framtiden. För att möta framtida behov har regeringen beslutat om ett nationellt skogsprogram med fem fokusområden. Ett kunskapskliv för hållbart brukande och bevarande av skogen är ett fokusområde där målet är att utveckla och bredda kunskapen kring skogen och trakthyggesbruket i svenskt skogsbruk. Men hur kunskapsnivå hos allmänheten om skog och det svenska trakthyggesbruket ser ut idag finns det begränsad vetskap om, speciellt bland invånare i områden där omfattande skogsbruk bedrivs. Syftet med kandidatarbetet var att undersöka vilken kunskapsnivå invånare med koppling till Skinnskattebergs kommun har gällande svenskt skogsbruk. Ett delsyfte var att skapa och sprida information längs en vandringsled i Skinnskattebergs kommun om natur, svenskt skogsbruk och trakthyggesbrukets olika skogsbruksåtgärder. En enkät skapades med en större mängd frågor med främst förutbestämda svarsalternativ. Frågorna delades in i tre områden, bakgrundsfrågor, kunskapsfrågor och vidare intresse. Litteraturstudie genomfördes om svenskt skogsbruk, litteraturen sammanställdes och simplifierades. Förslag på skyltmaterial skapades. Informationsplatser identifierades där skyltmaterialet ämnas distribueras. Resultatet visade att av de 261 svarande på enkäten fick dessa ett medel på 75 procent antal rätt på kunskapsfrågorna. Hos respondenterna kunde det ses en svag trend med stigande kunskap med en ökad ålder, dock var denna trend inte signifikant mellan de olika åldersgrupperna. Majoriteten av respondenterna angav att de vistas i skogen på fritiden, endast sju av de 261 respondenterna angav att de inte vistas i skogen på fritiden. I studien identifierade vi en potential att informera ytterligare kring skog och trakthyggesbruk i svenskt skogsbruk. Målet blev att skapa ett underlag till skyltar om skog och olika åtgärder i trakthyggesbruket. Hur skog och skogsbruk uppfattas av personer kan variera från region till region och därför, The Swedish forest has the potential to contribute with many solutions to future problems. To meet the future demands, the Swedish government has decided on a national forest program with five focus areas. One of these focus areas, Increased knowledge for sustainable use and conservation of the forest, has the goal to develop and broaden knowledge about the forest and clearcutting in Swedish forestry. There is limited understanding about what level of knowledge there is in the general public about forests and clearcutting in Swedish forestry. This is especially true regarding residents in areas where extensive forestry is conducted. The objective of this study was to investigate what level of knowledge the residents in Skinnskatteberg municipality have regarding Swedish forestry. A secondary objective was to create and disperse information along a hiking trail in Skinnskatteberg municipality about nature, the Swedish clearcutting system and the different silvicultural measures. A survey was created with eleven mainly multiple-choice questions. The questions were split in to three categories, background questions, knowledge questions and further interest. A literature study was conducted on Swedish forestry. The material was compiled and analyzed. The data was used to help formulate signs along a hiking trail. Information places were identified where the sign material is intended to be located. The results showed that of the 261 respondents to the survey, respondents answered on average 75 percent correctly among the knowledge questions. Among the respondents, a weak trend could be seen of increasing knowledge with increasing age. However, this trend was not significant between the different age groups in the survey. A majority of the respondents stated that they recreate in forests during their leisure time. Only seven of the 261 respondents stated that they do not recreate in the forest in their free time. Using the results from the survey, we identified a potentia

Importance: In most countries, young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have limited access to specialist cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a first-line treatment. Objective: To investigate whether internet-delivered CBT implemented in a stepped-care model is noninferior to in-person CBT for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Design, Setting and Participants: A randomized clinical noninferiority trial conducted at 2 specialist child and adolescent mental health clinics in Sweden. Participants included 152 individuals aged 8 to 17 years with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Enrollment began in October 2017 and ended in May 2019. Follow-up ended in April 2020. Interventions: Participants randomized to the stepped-care group (n=74) received internet-delivered CBT for 16 weeks. Nonresponders at the 3-month follow-up were then offered a course of traditional face-to-face treatment. Participants randomized to the control group (n=78) immediately received in-person CBT for 16 weeks. Nonresponders at the 3-month follow-up received additional face-to-face treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the masked assessor-rated Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) score at the 6-month follow-up. The scale includes 10 items rated from 0(no symptoms) to 4(extreme symptoms), yielding a total score range of 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater severity. Assessors were masked to treatment allocation at pretreatment, posttreatment, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up assessments. The predefined noninferiority margin was 4 points on the CY-BOCS. Results: Among the 152 randomized participants (mean age, 13.4 years; 94 [62%] females), 151 (99%) completed the trial. At the 3-month follow-up, 34 participants (46%) in the stepped-care group and 23 (30%) in the in-person CBT group were nonresponders. At the 6-month follow-up, the CY-BOCS score was 11.57 points in the stepped-care group vs 10.57 points in the face-to-face tr

This exploratory comparative case study seeks to understand challenges and strategies for farmer collective action in post-Soviet settings. It does so by examining member relations, trust and commitment in two successful dairy cooperatives in western Ukraine: one NGOinitiated cooperative with a bottom-up organization, and one cooperative developed in liaison with a local large-scale agricultural enterprise (LSE). Through qualitative field study data from 28 interviews, the study shows how the rural institutional context affects cooperative initiatives. The results indicate that initial and to some extent lingering issues of trust among villagers seemingly linked to failed or fraudulent projects and investments of the transition period can be an obstacle for cooperatives linked to NGOs. Meanwhile, such trust issues could easily be circumvented by the second cooperative through its strong links to the local LSE, which could bestow the cooperative with trustworthiness. The study also shows how the two cases, due to their origins and support, differ a lot in their member relations, including how they handle collective action problems and how members identify within the cooperatives. While the NGO-backed cooperative opts for a strategy that advocates equity, participation and a strong care for community, the LSE cooperative opts for a more vertical, business-like organization, at the expense of some of the cooperative principles. Pointing to the institutional factors which enable LSE cooperatives, a continued development of LSE cooperatives is expected and discussed. Lawmakers may need to distinguish between traditional cooperatives and LSE cooperatives in order to secure the needs of both types of arrangements.