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A randomized controlled trial was conducted on three formulas of an herbal drink containing green "gamboeng" tea fortified with bay leaf and cinnamon bark at various concentrations. One gram of mixed formula was brewed in hot water at 700 C-90 0C for 10-15 minutes, and the yield of each plant was determined. We also determined the phenolic content and lipase inhibition activity of each formula. We obtained a yield of each plant with green "gamboeng" tea (66.2 %), bay leaves (10.7 %), and cinnamon bark (44.8 %). Green "gamboeng" tea has the highest percentage of phenolic compound 30.25 ± 1.201 %. Inhibition lipase activity was calculated using an Elisa reader at  =405 nm. We have three formulas with the highest lipase inhibition activity. For the three formulas, a mixture of green "gamboeng" tea, bay leaf, and cinnamon bark was F-3.2 (80.598%), F-4.1(74.306), and F-5.2 (80.299%). We also conducted acute toxicity for the formulas above using rats as an animal model. We observed the body weight, organ weight, motoric, and mortality of rats during 14 days of observation, after using the formula with the concentration of 3.75, 7.5, and 15 g/kg body weight. We also used a control group of rats in this experiment. The results of acute toxicity showed no mortality of rats from the lowest to the highest doses. We concluded that LD50 of the three formulas was > 15 g/kg body weight. Between the treated groups and the control groups for organ weight and motoric activity showed no significant difference. Our conclusion is that this herbal formula drink has an activity for lipase inhibition, and is also safe for consumption by humans that suffer from obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morinda citrifolia juice has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Indonesia to treat various diseases, including lowering blood sugar levels. However, the compounds responsible for this activity have not been widely studied. This research aimed to isolate the marker compounds from fermented M. citrifolia juice extract based on bioassay guidelines of antidiabetic activity and reduction of DPPH. Separation and purification of the ethyl acetate fraction yielded two, namely compounds 1 and 2. The chemical structures of these marker compounds, identified as scopoletin (1) and quercetin (2), were elucidated by LCMS Spectrometry and NMR analyses. The IC50 values of compounds 1 and 2 were respectively 61.93 and 21.65 μM for α-glucosidase, with 844.06 and 35.23 μM for DPPH free radical scavenger effect. Based on these results, scopoletin and quercetin can be used as quality control biomarkers of products produced from fermented M. citrifolia juice extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a significant danger to global health, and the need for more effective antimicrobial resistance (AMR) control has been highlighted. Cinnamic acid is abundant in plant products and is a potential starting material for further modification, focusing on the development of new antimicrobial compounds. In the following review, we describe the classification of critical antibacterial-guided reactions applied to the main skeleton structure of cinnamic acid derivatives over the last decade. Of all of the main parts of cinnamic acids, the phenyl ring and the carboxylic group significantly affect antibacterial activity. The results presented in the following review can provide valuable insights into considerable features in the organic modification of cinnamic acids related to antibacterial medication development and the food industry.

Crustacean fisheries represent an increasingly important contribution to global landings, food security and economic growth, especially in developing countries. However, many productive and valuable crustacean fisheries in Asian countries are characterized by limited data availability, scientific capacity, and fisheries management. Adaptive management frameworks, which use past and emerging information to provide stock status information and management advice, have been touted as particularly applicable for managing capacity- and data-limited fisheries because they employ methods that can improve data collection and result in evaluations of stock and ecosystem status with varying levels of data and capacity. Here, we examined the application of three adaptive fisheries management frameworks (FISHE, FishPath, and DLMtool) to three typical Asian crustacean fisheries that offered contrasting data types and availability, governance, and management and socio-economic contexts. Our aim was to evaluate their suitability for crustacean fisheries and identify particular data and modeling needs and management gaps in these fisheries. We found that while each of the frameworks could effectively recommend suitable monitoring, assessment, and management options given particular contextual factors, there were also limitations with each approach. For example, FISHE took a more wholistic view of ecosystem and fisheries heath, while the other frameworks were more focused on particular aspects of management such as stock assessment (FishPath) and management strategy evaluation (MSE; DLMtool). Applications of each approach also highlighted particular challenges in collecting commercial catch data due to limited monetary investment and poorly designed monitoring programs, which further hindered the implementation of catch and effort limits. The three frameworks also shared common challenges when applied to crustacean species, mainly associated with misalignment with the unique life-histories of crustaceans compared to finfish. By comparing the outputs of the three frameworks, we highlighted their respective strengths and weaknesses and propose an integrated framework that incorporates elements of each of the three frameworks. This integration offers a more comprehensive adaptive roadmap tailored to crustacean fisheries, which involves a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches that could be applied depending on contextual factors and capacities. To further improve the applicability of adaptive frameworks to crustacean fisheries, we suggest considering crustacean's unique life history and the effects of climate change and other environmental factors, strengthening participatory processes, and balancing socio-economic and ecological objectives., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Scopoletin is regarded as a major constituent of noni (Morinda citrifolia L), which contributes to the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective properties in noni. It is also suggested as a marker for identification and quality control of noni and its derivative products. With the increasing interest in noni due to its health benefits and therapeutic effects, it is important to establish a reliable extraction and analysis method to determine scopoletin content in noni samples. The present study proposes the use of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) to extract scopoletin from noni, followed by detection using HPLC-DAD for rapid identification and quantification of scopoletin. The optimum operating conditions of ASE were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM), using a three factors central composite design. It was found that the optimum scopoletin yield was achieved by performing the extraction at an elevated temperature of 60 °C for 12 min, using ethanol as extraction solvent with solid to solvent ratio of 1:30 (w/v). The analytical method validation was carried out under optimum conditions. The results indicate that the proposed ASE-HPLC-DAD method was adequately sensitive for the quantification of scopoletin in extracts with limit of detection of 0.17 μg/g. The presented method also exhibits excellent linearity from 0.54 to 120.10 μg/g with R 2 0.9995, high precision with RSD lower than 2% for intra-day and inter-day replication, and good recovery (99.88%). The established method was also successfully applied for scopoletin determination in noni product samples. The developed method provides a rapid and reliable method for the identification and quantification of scopoletin in noni samples that is suitable for routine procedures., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)