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Se realizó un estudio con la finalidad de evaluar los parámetros productivos, concentraciones de IgA secretora intestinal, colesterol, LDL, HDL en suero, de gallinas de postura alimentadas con dietas sorgo + soya + canola con menor contenido de nutrientes adicionadas con un complejo multienzimático (proteasas, amilasas y xilanasas) y un probiótico (Bacillus subtilis). Se emplearon 180 gallinas Bovans White de 42 a 54 semanas de edad distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar, con 3 tratamientos: 1) dieta testigo, 2) dieta reducida en energía metabolizable (50 kcal/kg y 2% de proteína y aminoácidos metionina y lisina) + enzimas, 3) dieta 2 + probiótico. Para los resultados de rendimiento productivo existió diferencia (P0.05) entre tratamientos. Se puede concluir que la inclusión de enzimas y probiótico permitió reducir nutrientes (EM, proteína y aminoácidos lisina y metionina) con resultados similares en parámetros productivos respecto a la dieta testigo, y sin cambios en inmunidad intestinal, niveles de colesterol, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad en gallinas Bovans White.

En la alimentación de gallinas en postura se utiliza el aceite crudo de soya (ACS), pero debido a que éste compite con la alimentación humana su precio es alto, por lo cual se evaluaron dos aceites acidulados de soya (AAS), los cuales son más económicos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de los AAS en la producción de gallinas Bovans, calidad de huevo, composición lipídica y costo de un kilo de huevo. Se determinó la energía metabolizable (EM) y composición de lípidos de los acidulados. Se utilizaron 240 gallinas en seis tratamientos, con cinco repeticiones, con ocho gallinas cada una. En las dietas se incluyeron ACS y dos acidulados (AAST y AASY), a dos niveles (2% y 4%). Las variables productivas fueron alimento consumido, porcentaje de postura, peso del huevo, masa del huevo, conversión alimenticia; en calidad de huevo se midió altura de albumina, unidades Haugh (UH), color de yema y grosor de cascarón. Se determinó la composición lipídica del huevo y su costo. Al sustituir el ACS por los AAS no se afectó la producción de las aves (P>0.05). En calidad de huevo, los AAS mejoraron las UH (P

SUMMARY The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth performance and tibia measurements in broilers from 8 to 21 d of age fed diets with increasing levels of aP at adjusted or variable levels of Ca. A total of 168 chicks from 8 to 19 d of age were allocated in pairs per cage and randomly assigned to 6 dietary levels of aP (0.13%, 0.23%, 0.33%, 0.43%, 0.53%, and 0.63%) and 2 Ca:aP ratios, adjusted (adjCa:aP) or variable (varCa:aP). In the AdjCa diets, the Ca:aP ratio was kept at 2:1; in the varCa diets the Ca:aP ratio varied from 7.69 to 1.59. Chicks were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. At the last day of the trial, all chicks were killed to determine the tibia ash and Ca and P content in the ash. Data was subjected to ANOVA and linear regression analysis. In broilers fed the adjCa:aP diets, the maximum WG, weight of tibia ash, and weight of P in tibia ash (P

To test the effect of several inclusion levels of Citrobacter braakii phytase (CBP), on phytate P release, 420 50-wk-old-Bovans White hens were randomly allocated to 7 treatments with 5 replicates of 12 hens each. The experimental period lasted 12 weeks, first 8 for adaptation and last 4 for data collection. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Treatments were: (1) a 0.12% basal corn-soybean meal diet deficient only in non-phytate P. Treatments 2 and 3 were added with constant increases of 0.11% inorganic P, to get a linear hen response to P addition. Treatments 4 to 7 were the addition of 300; 600; 1,200; and 1,800 phytase units (FYT)/kg to the basal diet. Variables analyzed were hen productive performance (HPP) and tibia resistance to fracture (TRF), and mineral content. Data were analyzed as a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The results from treatments 1 to 3 were analyzed by a regression model to test for a significant linear response (P < 0.05). Then for every level of CBP added (treatments 4 to 7), the linear regression equation was solved to find out the equivalent value of released P. Based on hen health and welfare, the response variables that yielded realistic P equivalence values for the CBP levels used in the present trial were the tibia data. Following the significant (P < 0.001) linear response, the equations; TRF, kg (Y = 28.16X + 17.42 R2 = 0.84); Tibia Ca, % (Y = 11.6X + 14.2 R2 = 0.80); Tibia P, % (Y = 11.6X + 6.1 R2 = 0.81); and T ash, % (Y = 33.3X + 38.1 R2 = 0.80). Under the experimental conditions of this trial, the HPP variables were not a sensitive parameter to measure P release; whereas, tibia parameters showed the following average P release values per level of CBP inclusion in the corn- soybean meal diet; 300 FYT/kg = 0.099%, 600 FYT/kg = 0.141%, 1,200 FYT/kg = 0.182%, and 1,800 FYT/kg = 0.198%.

The objective of the study was to evaluate in broiler diets, the feeding value of corn germ meal (CGM) mixture at 50% and the addition of 50% corn liquor (CL) without and with carbohydrase enzymes (CH) and fermentation for 24 hours. A trial with CL + enzymes for non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and CL with fermentation for 24 h was carried out. A total of 240 male Ross 708 broilers were used, from 6 to 50 days of age fed corn + soybean paste based diets (starter, grower and finisher), with 5, 10 and 20 % CGM, with the inclusion of different presentations of CL (0 % CL, natural CL and fermented CL) in percentages equal to those of CGM without and with carbohydrase enzymes (103 000 U/g of xylanases, 128 000 U/g of cellulases and 33 000 U/g of beta-glucanases) at 25 ppm. Weight gain of 6- to 50-day-old chicks improved 5 % (P

espanolSe realizo un experimento con pollo de engorda de 1 a 56 dias de edad; se tuvo como proposito investigar diferentes sistemas de restriccion en el tiempo de acceso al alimento sobre la mortalidad causada por el sindrome ascitico. La limitacion prolongada, a partir de los 8 a los 56 dias de edad con 8 horas diarias de acceso al alimento, redujo en 11.2% el peso final de los animales. Los mejores resultados (7% de menor crecimiento) respecto del testigo se obtuvieron con el mismo procedimiento a partir del dia 8 al 42. La reproduccion del crecimiento en el pollo de engorda a traves de la restriccion de alimento redujo en 88% la mortalidad por el sindrome ascitico. MultipleAn experiment with boiler chicks from one to 56 days of age was conducted to study the effect of feed restriction and the incidence of ascites. Feed restriction was included from the 8th until the 56 th day of age with 8 hours per day of Access. Reduced growth rate was observed in 11.2%. Best results, in performance (7% less growth) with relation to control chicks feed ad libitum, were observed with feed restriction from the 8 th day until the 42nd. Reduction in growth in broilers due to feed restriction provoked an 88% ascites mortality decrement.

Lemna gibba freshwater macrophyte and seaweeds Ulva lactuca of the middle basin Papaloapan River, southeast of Mexico were chemically characterized in their nutrients and bioactive compounds for possible use in the formulation of functional foods. The proximate chemical analysis showed that ashes contents (g 100 g−1 sample) of L. gibba and U. lactuca were 20.10 and 33.07, crude protein 21.5 and 17.2, lipids 4.45 and 1.7, nitrogen-free extract 32.4 and 38.34, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in the chemical composition between the two species of aquatic plants. L. gibba resulted in a protein source, and U. lactuca resulted in an energy source. They had eight essential amino acids for fish and other aquatic species and were abundant in lysine and methionine. Both aquatic plants had an essential quantity of inulin (functional fiber) this data not been reported. Also, they had xanthophyll and variety of antioxidant (β-carotenes, lutein, lycopene and neoxanthin). L gibba had only had one polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA; α-linolenic (ALA) 30.31 mg g−1). U. lactuca had a variety of essential PUFA's (ALA, LA, AA; 3.93, 6.73 and 0.41 mg g−1 of fatty acids, respectively). Based on these results, both of the aquatic plants of the middle basin Papaloapan River studied are susceptible to take advantage in the formulation of functional food, since according to the literature the compounds identified have shown beneficial effects as immunonutrients, immunostimulants, antioxidants or modulators of intestinal flora. In aquaculture production, it is suggested to prove the combined use of these two plants as functional ingredients or some particular component in the diets as prevention strategy of diseases as well as to promote aquaculture sustainable through the use of these plants in the productions.

Con el objeto de evaluar el comportamiento productivo de la gallina Bovans blanca de primer ciclo alimentadas con dietas con niveles diferentes de energía metabolizable (EM) y de metionina+cistina digestible (AAD), para lograr disminuir el porcentaje de huevo pequeño (

This study evaluated different levels of metabolisable energy (ME) and two oil types: crude soybean oil (CSO) and acidulated soybean oil (ASO), in sorghum-soybean meal diets for broilers. One thousand and eight unsexed Ross 308 chicks aged 1 to 49 days old were used in a factorial arrangement design 2x3. The first factor corresponded to the oils (CSO and ASO) and the second factor corresponded to the ME levels (high, medium and low) in the initiation (1-10 days), growing (11-25 days) and finishing (26-48 days) feeds, with a 90 kcal/kg reduction. The treatments were as follows: (1) CSO with 3010, 3175 and 3200 kcal/kg; (2) CSO with 2920, 3085 and 3110 kcal/kg; (3) CSO with 2920, 3085 and 3200 kcal/kg; (4) ASO with 3010, 3175 and 3200 kcal/kg; (5) ASO with 2920, 3085 and 3110 kcal/kg; and (6) ASO with 2920, 3085 and 3200 kcal/kg. The treatments with high and medium levels of ME (P0.05) between oil types was found. It can be concluded that it is feasible to replace CSO by ASO and to reduce 90 kcal/kg of ME from the recommended amount for the breed during the initiation and growing stages, without affecting their performance.

El interes por el bienestar de las gallinas ponedoras ha ido en aumento y algunos estudios consideran que el sistema de alojamiento en jaulas proporciona un bienestar deficiente en las gallinas. Este tipo de estudios son de gran interes en Mexico debido a que es el principal consumidor mundial de huevos (22.8 Kg per capita anual) y cuarto productor a nivel internacional. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la investigacion fue realizar un estudio sobre el bienestar de gallinas ponedoras en piso. Para este proposito, 50 gallinas Bovans White fueron alojadas en piso, con espacio de 1,200 cm2 por ave. Fueron evaluadas a las 22, 30 y 62 semanas de edad su comportamiento, estado de salud, las variables de produccion y la calidad fisica del huevo. Durante el estudio se observaron de manera general diferencias (P

In order to evaluate the productive performance, gut health, pH, digestive morphology, blood pH, jejunum resistance (RY) and skin pigmentation (PP) on the employment of an additional mixture of organic acids (AO) into the water, in broilers from 1 to 42 days of age, 1080 chickens were used, distributed in three treatments with nine repetitions of 40 birds. The treatments used: non-acidified drinking water (pH 8) control group (T1), acidification with an AO mixture (formic acid 31%, propionic acid 19 %, ammonium format 26% and ammonium propionate 6%) in a dose of 1.0 L / 1000 L of water (T2) to obtain a pH of 4, and 0.3 L / 1000 L of water (T3) for a pH of 6. The results showed (p≤ 0.01) higher body weight, lower feed intake, and better feed efficiency for the birds from T3. There were no differences (p≥ 0.05) on the values of digestive pH, PP, and intestinal morphology; only showed effects (p≤ 0.01) in the width of villi and in the digestive area. Blood pH and RY showed effects (p≤0.01) among treatments. It is concluded that the acidification of the drinking water in broiler chickens, with the AO mixture at 0.3 L / 1000 L is sufficient to obtain better performance.

The giant squid Dosidicus gigas has a great potential to elaborate human consumption products and balanced food due to its high protein content. The objective of this work was to include 10 and 20 % of giant squid meal (GSM) as a protein source in diets for laying hens. One hundred thirty-five Bovans White hens were distributed as follows: control (T), 10 % (T1), and 20 % (T2), in a 6-week trial. The Productive variables measured were the physical quality of the egg, crude protein, amino acid profile, and sensory evaluation (taste), Raw GSM protein (77.76 %), amino acids (g aa/100 protein): methionine + cysteine (3.76), lysine (10.16), isoleucine (4.26), leucine (6.56), phenylalanine (4.56) and tryptophan (2.0). The Productive variables measured were (P 0.05) consumption (bird/day/g); physical quality of the egg with differences (P 0.05), rating the 3 treatments in 4 “likes”. According to the results, it is concluded that giant squid flour not exceeding 10 % can be an alternative as a source of protein for feeding posture hens.

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Cortes-Cuevas A, Arce-Menocal J, Avila-Gonzalez E, Lopez-Coello C. Phosphorus bioavailability, amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy of broiler chick diets supplemented with low-oil distiller’s dried grains with solubles. VetMexOA. 2019;6(3).doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.3.543 . Phosphorus (P) bioavailability, crude protein (CP), amino acid (AA) digestibility, and apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were determined in broiler chick diets, supplemented with one of two low-oil distiller´s dried grains with solubles (oil contents 6.54% and 5.35% for DDGS A and B, respectively). Diets were provided ad libitum in a mash form, from days 8 to 21 of age. In Experiment 1, one day old male broiler chicks (n=210) were assigned to one of 7 treatments, with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Animals in treatment 1 (T1) were fed a basal diet formulated to be deficient in nonphytate P (0.14%). Birds in T2 and T3 received the basal diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% of P from monodicalcium phosphate (MCP), respectively. Phosphorus from DDGS was added to diets in T4 (0.05% from DDGS A), T5 (0.1% from DDGS A), T6 (0.05% from DDGS B) and T7 (0.1% from DDGS B). Percent of inclusion of DDGS was dictated by total P content as determined by chemical analyses. Growth performance and P intake were assessed in all birds. Phosphorus bioavailability was determined using the slope ratio assay, with tibia ash as the response variable. For Experiment 2, one-day-old male broiler chicks (n=200), were assigned to 5 treatments with 4 replicates of 10 birds each. A sorghum-soya control diet was given to animals in T1. Treatments 2 and 3 included this same diet supplemented with either 5% or 10% of DDGS A. Birds in T4 and 5 received the control diet with either- 5% or 10% of DDGS B. Amino acid digestibility was measured from ileal contents in 7 euthanized birds from each group at day 21. Apparent metabolizable energy was determined in oven dried feces from all animals during the last 3 days of the experiment. Weight gain and feed consumption increased (P 0.05). The average apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient for DDGS A 76.5% and B was 76.4%. No differences were found for essential AA coefficients between the two DDGS (P >0.05). The AMEn values on a dry matter basis were 2828 and 2854 kcal/kg for DDGS A and B, respectively.

Se evaluó el comportamiento productivo y calidad organoléptica del huevo, en gallinas Isa-Brown alimentadas con dietas isoproteicas e isocalóricas sorgo-soya con la inclusión de pasta de canola (PC) (0, 6.6, 13.2 y 26.4 %), como reemplazo de la proteína (0, 25, 50 y 90 %) de pasta de soya (PS). Se realizaron dos experimentos. En el primero se reemplazó el 0, 50 y 90 %, se utilizaron 405 gallinas de 23 a 31 semanas de edad, en tres tratamientos con tres repeticiones de 45 gallinas cada una. En el segundo, se reemplazó el 0, 25 y 50 %, se utilizaron 405 gallinas de 40 a 48 semanas de edad, en tres tratamientos con tres repeticiones de 45 gallinas cada una. Los resultados en ambos experimentos para porcentaje de postura, peso de huevo, consumo de alimento, masa de huevo, conversión alimenticia, unidades Haugh, color de la yema y grosor de cascarón, indicaron que no existió diferencia (P >0.05) entre tratamientos. Los datos para sabor del huevo en el Exp 1, mostraron diferencia (P 0.05) entre tratamientos. Se puede concluir que gallinas Isa Brown alimentadas con dietas sorgo- PS, con el reemplazo de 25, 50 y 90 % de proteína de PS por proteína de PC, no afectó el rendimiento productivo, unidades Haugh y color de la yema; sin embargo, el reemplazo del 90 % (26.4 % de inclusión de PC), impartió al huevo sabor a pescado.

This study was performed in 360 laying Bovans White hens and aimed to evaluate the effect of Carbo-Amino-Phosphate-Chelates (CAFQ) as a mineral premix and its 30% reduction by compared to inorganic trace minerals (ITM) concerning its performance, egg quality, tibia breaking strength and immunity. Sixty-week-old hens were assigned into three treatments with 10 replicates of 12 birds each. Treatments were as follows: (a) (100% ITM), (b) (100% CAFQ) and (c) (70% CAFQ). Based on the results obtained during 12 weeks, under the current test conditions, improved yolk colour (p < 0.05); shell breaking strength (p < 0.05); and storage time (p < 0.05) were observed in hens fed with a diet reduced by 70% in CAFQ inclusion showed similar performance behaviour and better egg breaking strength regarding with ITM, suggesting the possibility of minimizing the inclusion of trace minerals in laying hen diets improving environmental impact, in contrast to the use of inorganic sources of minerals.

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Martinez Rojas IY, Lopez Coello C, Avila Gonzalez E, Arce Menocal J, Gomes GA. ffect of phytase dose on productive performance and bone status of layers fed with graded levels of digestible lysine. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2018;5(3) doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2018.3.564 . Exogenous phytase could influence dietary protein availability by variation in using dose. The objective of the present study was to determine if incremental dosing of an evolved E.coli 6-phytase would lead to improvements in lysine availability through evaluating performance and bone status in Bovans White layers. A total of 182 layers were placed in individual cages and distributed to 13 treatments: a 3×4 factorial arrangement with three levels of digestible lysine (dLys - 0.67, 0.77, and 0.87 %) and four doses of phytase (0, 300, 1 200, and 4 800 FTU/kg) in 0.12 % available P (avP) diets. Additionally, one phytase-free control treatment was included with 0.25 % avP and 0.87 % dLys. Productive parameters were recorded for 25 weeks, from 39 week-old. At the end, abdominal fat deposition and the tibia were sampled; in bone was determined breaking strength and bone ash. Layers fed 1 200 FTU/kg phytase increased egg production percentage (F 3,169 = 2.01, p = 0.019), abdominal fat deposition (F 3,169 = 2.52, p = 0.059), bone breaking strength (F 3,169 = 4.29, p = 0.006) and bone ash weight (F 3,169 = 3.62, p = 0.015) compared with non-phytase inclusion. Furthermore, 1 200 FTU/kg phytase decreased incidence of broken eggs and soft-shell eggs (F 3,169 = 2.9, p = 0.037). Phytase and dLys levels influenced egg mass and bone ash concentration (F 12,169 = 1.86, p = 0.043). FCR and body weight loss was reduced with phytase inclusion (respectively: F 12,169 = 2.43, p = 0.045, and F 12,169 = 2.24, p = 0.001). Phytase-free control diet increased egg weight (F 12,169 = 3.70, p 0.07). In conclusion, 1 200 FTU/kg of phytase improved productive performance and preserved body weight and bone status, without equivalence of phytase inclusion for dLys level, even with higher doses. Figure A. Response of egg marketable mass

To determine the saturation point of absorption and cutaneous deposition of yellow xanthophylls (XA) in broilers,two hundred and sixteen Ross 308 chickens (108 males and 108 females) were sorted by sex and randomly assigned to 6 dietarytreatments containing 6 replications of 6 birds each. Treatments consisted of increasing levels of xanthophylls from Aztec marigoldflower (Tagetes erecta) (65, 92, 119, 146, 173, and 200 ppm). Weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion were measuredweekly. Plasma pigment levels and skin yellowness in live birds were measured twice per week. Growth performance was analysedthrough ANOVA for a 6X2 factorial arrangement, where the first factor was the XA adding at six levels, and the second factor was sexat two levels. Pigment plasma concentration and skin yellowness were fitted into a multiple linear regression model. Results indicatedthat the highest levels of plasma xanthophylls and skin yellowness were found after 28 d of feeding. Skin yellowness increased by2.24 b* for every d of xanthophylls consumption. In the females, skin yellowness was 1.35 b* higher than in the males. Increasingdietary xanthophylls by 10 ppm was reflected in 0.83 b* of increase in skin yellowness., Para evaluar el punto de saturación en la absorción y depósito cutáneo de xantofilas amarillas (XA) en pollos deengorda, doscientos dieciséis pollos (108 machos y 108 hembras) Ross 308 fueron asignados aleatoriamente a 6 tratamientos, cadauno con seis réplicas con seis aves cada una. Los tratamientos consistieron en adicionar al alimento seis niveles diferentes de XA deflor de cempasúchil (Tagetes erecta) (65, 92, 119, 146, 173, y 200 ppm). La ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y conversiónalimenticia se midieron semanalmente. Los niveles de pigmento plasmático y amarillamiento cutáneo en aves vivas se midieron dosveces por semana. La ganancia de peso se analizó con ANOVA mediante un arreglo factorial 6×2 (primer factor los niveles de XA yel segundo factor el sexo). La concentración plasmática de pigmento y el amarillamiento en piel se analizaron mediante un modelolineal de regresión múltiple. Los resultados indicaron que los mayores niveles de XA en plasma y piel se encontraron después de 28días de alimentación. El amarillamiento en piel aumentó 2,24 b* por cada día de consumo de XA. En las hembras, el amarillamientoen piel fue 1,35 b* mayor que en los machos. El aumento de 10 ppm de XA en la dieta se reflejó en un incremento de 0,83 b* deamarillamiento en piel.

Aflatoxins (AF) are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that are pathological to animals and humans. This study identified and quantified AF (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), AFG(2)) and their hydroxylated metabolites (AFM(1), AFM(2), AFP(1)) and aflatoxicol (AFL) from laying hen breast muscles. Aflatoxins pass from cereal feed to the laying hen tissues, causing economic losses, and from there to humans. To detect the passage of AF from feed to hen breast muscle tissues, an experiment that included 25 Hy-Line W36 121-wk-old hens was performed for 8 d. Hens in individual cages were distributed into 3 groups: a control group, with feed free of AFB(1), and 2 experimental groups, with feed spiked with 2 AFB(1) dosages: 30 µg·kg(-1) (low) or 500 µg·kg(-1) (high). The daily feed consumption per hen was recorded and afterward hens were euthanized and breast muscles were collected, weighed, and dried individually. Aflatoxins were extracted by 2 chemical methods and quantified by HPLC. Both methods were validated by lineality (calibration curves), recovery percentage (>80%), limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The AF (µg·kg(-1)) averages recovered in control breast muscles were as follows: AFB(1) (18); AFG(1), AFM(2), and AFL (0); AFG(2) (1.3); AFM(1) (52), and AFP1 (79). Hens fed with feed spiked with 30 µg·kg(-1) of AFB(1) had AFG(1) (16); AFG(2) (72); AFM(1) (0); AFM(2) (18); AFP(1) (145); and AFL (5 µg·kg(-1)). Hens with feed spiked with 500 µg·kg(-1) of AFB(1) had AFG(1) (512); AFG(2) (7); AFM(1) (4,775); AFM(2) (0); AFP(1) (661); and AFL (21 µg·kg(-1)). The best AF extraction method was Qian and Yang's method, modified by adding additional AF from both Supelclean LC18 SPE columns; its limit of detection (0.5 ng·mL(-1)) was lower compared with that of Koeltzow and Tanner, which was 1 ng·mL(-1).

Desde hace dos décadas se han buscado alternativas para el uso de subproductos marinos como las cabezas de camarón (Litopenaeus spp) (HCC). Por el contenido de proteína se ha considerado como alternativa el uso de las cabezas de camarón como harina en la formulación de dietas para gallinas de postura. Se ha reportado que dietas con 20% de HCC generan huevos con características sensoriales satisfactorias. Se ha considerado importante definir si durante el almacenamiento hay modificaciones en las características físicas y químicas de los componentes hidrosolubles que modifiquen su valor biológico. Para conocer el efecto de las condiciones de almacenamiento sobre la fracción hidrosoluble en el huevo de gallinas alimentadas con una dieta convencional y otra con un 20% de HCC se procedió de la siguiente manera: 90 gallinas se distribuyeron en dos tratamientos: Testigo y HCC (20%). Durante cuatro semanas de ensayo se evaluaron variables productivas. Terminado este tiempo se recolectaron huevos de cada tratamiento para evaluar: Unidades Haugh (UH), pH, proteína cruda, aminoácidos indispensables y vitaminas hidrosolubles a 0, 15 y 30 días/4° y 20°C. Los resultados se analizaron utilizando un diseño factorial 2x2x3 y las diferencia entre medias por Prueba de Tukey. Se concluye que añadiendo a las dietas de gallinas ponedoras 20% de HCC no se afectaron las variables productivas, pero sí se observaron cambios en la parte hidrosoluble del huevo en triple interacción (tiempos, tratamientos y temperaturas) esto debido a que se presenta en el huevo cambios propios del metabolismo modificándose las variables estudiadas.

SUMMARY Two experiments were conducted in broilers raised by sex from 21 to 49 d of age to analyze some factors that affect skin pigmentation. In the first experiment, the effect of feeding broilers 85 ppm of xanthophylls (Xa) from Aztec marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta) and 4 levels of ME (2,800, 3,000, 3,200, and 3,400 kcal/kg) was evaluated. In experiment 2, the objective was to study the effect of feeding 65 ppm of Xa to broilers from 1 to 21 d of age and 4 feeding regimens thereafter: 1) 75 ppm of Xa from 21 to 49 d; 2) 108 ppm of Xa from 35 to 49 d; 3) 141 ppm of Xa from 35 to 49 d; and 4) 162 ppm of Xa from 35 to 49 d. In experiment 1, there was a significant linear effect (P

Existe poca informacion del uso de dietas reducidas en proteina con perfil de proteina ideal para gallina, por esto se llevo a cabo un experimento para evaluar el comportamiento productivo de gallinas con dietas bajas en proteina con perfil de proteina ideal. Se usaron 240 gallinas Hy-Line W36 de 26 a 44 semanas de edad, los tratamientos se distribuyeron entre las unidades experimentales en cuatro tratamientos con cinco replicas de 12 aves cada una. El diseno experimental fue completamente al azar. Las gallinas se alimentaron con dietas sorgo + pasta de soya y aminoacidos sinteticos formuladas a 13, 14, 15 y 16% de proteina con niveles similares de los aminoacidos digestibles lisina 0,725% (100), metionina + cistina 0,596% (82), treonina 0,509% (70) y triptofano 0,179% (25). Las variables estudiadas fueron consumo de alimento, porcentaje de postura, peso del huevo, masa de huevo por ave d –1 y conversion alimentaria. Se realizo un analisis de observaciones repetidas y un analisis de regresion con transformacion cuadratica con cada nivel de proteina. Ademas, mediante la derivada de la formula de regresion se calculo el valor de la proteina que maximice la produccion. Hubo un efecto cuadratico (P ≤ 0,05) para porcentaje de postura, peso del huevo, masa de huevo ave d –1 y consumo de alimento. El analisis de los datos sugiere que para una mejor masa de huevo ave d –1 de gallinas Hy-Line W36, 15,3% es la proteina requerida en la dieta con los principales aminoacidos sinteticos presentes en el mercado. La relacion lisina-arginina aparenta ser limitante para dietas con 13% de proteina asi como la relacion de lisina-valina

Aflatoxins (AF) are toxic fungal secondary metabolites and are known mycotoxins pathological to animals and humans. Poultry litter is frequently used as a food supplement for ruminants, and when poultry feed contains AF, the litter becomes contaminated as well, thus having an effect on livestock health. This study identified and quantified AF (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2)) from poultry feed and their recovery, together with their metabolites (AFM(1), AFM(2), AFP(1), and aflatoxicol) in litter. An experiment with 25 Hy-Line W-36 hens, in their second production stage, 121 wk old, was carried out. Hens were distributed in 3 groups placed in individual cages and 1 ration of 250 g of feed was given to each hen daily. Nine hens of the control group were fed with clean feed, without AFB(1); the other 2 experimental groups, with 8 hens each, were fed with 2 AFB(1) concentrations: 30 and 500 microg.kg(-1). The feed was replaced and weighed daily throughout a 7-d period to register the amount of feed consumed by the hens. Litter from each hen was collected, weighed, and dried individually. The chemical analysis of 40 g of each one of the 200 feed and 200 litter samples was chemically extracted and concentrated with immunoaffinity columns for total AF. To quantify AF, calibration curves for each AF were done by HPLC. Feed samples of the 3 groups presented significant difference with AFB(2) and AFG(2), whereas in litter samples, there were significant differences for AFG(2) in the 500 microg.kg(-1) group. Poultry litter had traces of AFM(1), AFM(2), AFP(1), and AFL with no significant differences among treatments. Aflatoxin B(1) prevalence in litter samples can cause damages in livestock because this mycotoxin reduces the digestibility of ruminant feed up to 67%.

SUMMARY Ascites, a specific type of congestive heart failure also known as pulmonary hypertension syndrome, has been associated with BW and growth rate in broiler chickens. This association appears to be caused by the presence of ascites-susceptible broilers in commercial flocks, which develop pulmonary hypertension when challenged with either conditions that reduce oxygen availability or conditions that increase metabolic oxygen demand. It has been reported that genetic selection is currently being applied to eliminate ascites-susceptible birds from the genetic pool of broiler breeders. Therefore, it is desirable to have current information on the incidence of ascites in today's commercial broilers reared under normal conditions. This would provide producers with information to decide whether to implement procedures to control the incidence of ascites in their flocks. Results from the present study indicate that ascites-related mortality remains associated with BW and growth rate in commercial broilers. From 2 strains of broilers studied, the strain that achieved greater BW and daily BW gains also had greater ascites-related mortality, accounting for nearly 50% of the total mortality when reared to 42 d of age. Providing pelleted feed vs. crumbles also increased ascites-related mortality, in conjunction with improved FCR, BW, feed intake, and growth rate. These results suggest that broilers susceptible to ascites are still present in commercial broiler flocks and that procedures for improving growth rate, such as providing pelleted feed, cause these susceptible broilers to develop the disease and increase ascites-related mortality in commercial settings.

Two experiments were conducted in broiler chickens from 21 to 49 d of age to evaluate the plasmatic level, deposition, and digestibility of xanthophylls (XA) from marigold flower(Tagetes erecta)after infection with vaccine strains ofEimeriaspp. In Experiment 1, 432 birds were assigned to 4 treatments: 1) non-infected control; 2) 8.32 x 104sporulatedEimeriaoocysts (SEO)/bird; 3) 17.82 x 104SEO/bird, and 4) 49.92 x 104SEO/bird. In Experiment 2, 400 broilers were assigned to 4 treatments: 1) non-infected control; treatments 2 to 4 were challenged with 8.32 x 104SEO/bird. The birds received 85, 108, 141, and 162ppm of total dietary XA from d 35 to 49 for treatments 1 to 4, respectively. Both experiments contained 4 replications (2/sex) per treatment. In Experiment 1, the SEO dose was associated with the reduction in body weight gain (BWG), skin yellowness units (b*), and plasma xanthophylls (PX). In both sexes, b* increased by 1.36/d of XA consumption. For every 104SEO, PX decreased by 0.8μg/ml/d, and 0.06b*. In Experiment 2, no difference was detected in PX or b* at 49 d between treatments. XA digestibility decreased by 15 units in the infected birds. Results suggest that XA digestion and absorption are similar between males and females. However, females have a greater ability for skin XA deposition. After a mildEimeriaspp. infection, it is possible to achieve adequate skin yellowness (SY) levels if the infected birds are treated immediately and receive at least 62 mg of dietary XA/bird for 14 d., Se evaluó el nivel plasmático, depósito cutáneo y digestibilidad de xantófilas (XA) de flor de cempasúchil(Tagetes erecta)en pollos infectados por vía oral con cepas vacunales deEimeriaspp. En el experimento 1 se probaron diferentes dosis infectantes: 1) testigo no infectado; 2) 8,32 x 104ooquistes esporulados deEimeria(OEE)/ave; 3) 17,82 x 104OEE/ave, y 4) 49,92 x 104OEE/ave; en el experimento 2 se utilizó una dosis infectante y diferentes dosis de pigmento en la dieta: 1) testigo no infectado; y los tratamientos 2 a 4 se desafiaron con 8,32 x 104OEE/ave, las aves fueron tratadas, y se proporcionaron 85, 108, 141, o 162 ppm de XA totales en la dieta en los grupos 1 a 4, del día 35 al 49 de edad. Cada experimento tuvo 4 réplicas (2/sexo) por tratamiento. En el Experimento 1 la dosis de OEE se asoció con la reducción en la ganancia de peso, unidades de amarilleamiento cutáneo (b*), y nivel de xantófilas plasmáticas (XP). Por cada 104OEE las XP disminuyeron 0,80 mg/ml/d, y 0,06 en b*. En el Experimento 2 la digestibilidad de las XA disminuyó 15 unidades en las aves infectadas y los niveles de XP o b* fueron similares entre tratamientos al final de la prueba. Se sugiere que la digestión y absorción de XA es entre sexos, pero la hembra deposita más XA cutáneas. Después de una infección moderada porEimeriaes posible lograr niveles comercializables de amarilleamiento cutáneo (SY) mediante un tratamiento y al menos 62 mg de XA/ave/14 d.

"Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of two sources of low-oil distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and their pigmenting ability for broiler chicken skin and egg yolks. In Experiment 1, 360 Bovan-White hens between 69 and 77 weeks of age were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 12 hens each. In Experiment 2, 375 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatments with three replicates of 25 birds each. The chickens were fed the experimental diets from one to 42 d of age. In both experiments, treatments consisted of a basal diet with no DDGS, and diets with 6% or 12% inclusion of DDGS from two sources. In Experiment 1, no significant differences in performance were detected among treatments (p> 0.05). Egg yolk pigmentation, according to CR-400 Minolta Colorimeter redness (a) and yellowness (b), linearly increased (p0.05) were detected among treatments in growth performance, carcass yield, or abdominal fat at 42 d of age. Yellowness linearly increased (p

Ascites, also known as pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), is a specific type of metabolic and cardiovascular disorder with a clear genetic component that affects fast-growing broiler chickens. In order to use genetic selection to reduce the incidence of PHS, a simple and easy to use indicator of PHS resistance or susceptibility in broiler breeders needs to be provided to geneticists. Electrocardiography is a noninvasive technology able to detect changes in heart function that have been associated with PHS susceptibility. Results from the present study demonstrated that broiler breeders having electrocardiographic parameters indicative of susceptibility or resistance to PHS produce progeny populations with high or low incidences of PHS. Furthermore, at the end of a 49-d grow-out period, progeny with the lowest PHS incidence also had significantly greater body weight and better feed conversion than progeny with the highest PHS incidence. These results indicated that electrocardiography could be successfully used to select for PHS resistance without detrimental effects on live performance.

Several dried waste materials from different origins were used as a substrate to grow Tenebrio molitor L. Nutrient/amino acid values differed depending on both larval size/weight and substrate. These larvae were experimentally used as a broiler feedstuff. Seven-day-old chicks of a commercially available strain with an average weight of 126 g were randomly distributed into nine six-broiler groups. Three levels of Tenebrio molitor larvae (0, 5, and 10% dry weight) were used in a 19% protein content sorghum-soybean meal basal diet, to evaluate feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency. Results after 15 d showed no significant differences among treatments. These data indicate that Tenebrio molitor has the potential to be used as protein source for raising broilers.

La eficacia de dos fitasas (Citrobacter brakii y E. Coli) utilizadas en diferentes dosis (500 y 1,000 FTU) se evaluaron en una dieta deficiente en fósforo (0.15% P disponible) formulada a base de sorgo-soya. Para la estimación de la eficacia en la liberación de P de las fitasas evaluadas se utilizó como referencia fósforo inorgánico suplementado a través de fosfato monodicálcico (FMD), para alcanzar una concentración final de P disponible de 0.23, 0.31 y 0.39 %. Para lo anterior la dieta basal deficiente en P se suplementó como sigue: 1) sin fitasas, sin FMD; 2) 0.08% FMD; 3) 0.16% FMD; 4) 0.24% PMD; 5) citrobacter-500 FTU; 6) coli-500 FTU; 7) citrobacter-1,000 FTU y 8) coli-1,000 FTU. Los tratamientos se aplicaron a 216 pollos de la estirpe Ross (27 pollos/tratamiento) de los 7 a 21 días de edad. La ganancia de peso, eficiencia alimenticia y concentración de ceniza y P en tibias fue mayor en los pollos que recibieron 0.39% PMD y los 1,000 FTU de ambas fitasas, no existiendo diferencias en estos niveles entre los tratamientos FMD y fitasas. La cantidad de fósforo liberado no se afectó (P>0.05) por el tipo de fitasa (promedio 0.142 %), pero sí por el nivel de fitasa utilizado (0.102 vs 0.182 % para 500 y 1,000 FTU respectivamente). Los resultados indican que la suplementación con 1,000 FTU/kg de ambas fitasas en dietas deficientes en P resulta en ganancias y eficiencias alimenticias similares cuando las dietas se suplementan hasta 0.24 % de FMD. Ambas fitasas mejoraron en 78.4 % el aprovechamiento del fósforo fítico en dietas sorgo-soya para pollos en crecimiento.

The effect of sunlight illumination of marigold flower meal on the pigmentation of feed for laying hens and of their resulting egg yolks was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography and by subjective and light reflectance colorimetry techniques. Illumination did not have an effect on the identity of carotenoids in the flower meal. Interestingly, illuminated marigold flower meals yielded an oleoresin with a higher all-trans-zeaxanthin level, with respect to meals kept in darkness. A higher level of all-trans-zeaxanthin was also present in feed pigmented with that oleoresin. Additionally, this pigmented feed showed the best color values and resulted in egg yolks with good color; remarkably, these egg yolks had a low pigment content with respect to control treatments. Thus, sunlight illumination of marigold flower meal showed a positive effect on egg yolk color; the main factors contributing to this effect were not the identity or quantity of carotenoids in laying hen feed or egg yolks, but rather other as yet unidentified marigold component(s) which was (were) somehow influenced by sunlight illumination.

"Para estudiar el comportamiento productivo en pollos y gallinas con dietas adicionadass con granos secos de destilería con solubles (DDGS), se realizaron dos experimentos. En el primero se emplearon 704 pollos Ross de 1 a 49 días de edad, distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con ocho repeticiones de 22 pollos cada uno. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) dieta basal sorgo-soya, T2) como 1+7% DDGS, T3) como 1+14% de DDGS, T4) como 1+21% de DDGS. En el segundo experimento, se utilizaron 288 gallinas Bovans White de 35 semanas de edad, alojadas en jaulas durante 56 días de experimentación. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar de cuatro tratamientos con tres repeticiones de 12 gallinas cada una. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) dieta basal sorgo-soya, 2) como 1+3% DDGS, 3) como 1+6 % de DDGS, 4) como 1+9% de DDGS. Los resultados del Exp 1, indicaron que la adición del 7% de DDGS, no afectó el comportamiento productivo y de la canal (P>0.05). Los resultados en el Exp 2, mostraron que el empleo de 3, 6 y 9 % de DDGS no afectó el comportamiento productivo (P>0.05). Hubo un efecto benéfico (P

"In order to evaluate performance of broiler chickens, two experiments with Ross 308 broiler chicks from 1 to 49 days of age were conducted. In both experiments six treatments and three replicates with 30 birds each, with factorial arrangement 2 x 3 were evaluated; diets with and without reduction of 2 percentile units of crude protein was one factor and the other factor was three-phase feeding programs: two phases (0-21 and 22-49 days of age), three phases (0-21, 22-42 and 43-49 days of age) and four phases (0-7, 8-21, 22-35 and 36-49 days of age). In Experiment 1, sorghum + soybean meal diets were used, and in Experiment 2, sorghum + soybean + meat meal + corn yellow gluten meal were used. In both experiments, the diets included the synthetic amino acids; in Experiment 1, lysine, methionine and threonine were administered, and in Experiment 2, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine and arginine. In Experiment 1, results indicated that growth was similar (P > 0.05) between diets and feeding phases. The results of feed conversion were better in the four-phase program (P < 0.05). Carcass, breast and leg with thigh yields, as well as carcass protein and fat did not show differences (P > 0.05) between factors or interaction effect. In Experiment 2, the results on weight gain, feed conversion, carcass, breast, leg with thigh and total fat yields were similar (P > 0.05) between factors. These results indicated that broilers fed diets with and without reduction of two percentile units of crude protein in 2, 3, and 4-phase feeding obtained similar performance. The formulation of protein reduced diets, supplemented with synthetic amino acids in each phase, were efficient for performance and carcass yield."

"Se realizó un experimento con 470 gallinas de la estirpe ISA-Babcock B380 de 32 semanas de edad, alojadas en pisos con cama de paja de trigo, para estudiar la sustitución del antibiótico promotor de crecimiento (bacitracina cinc 30 ppm) por butirato de sodio (300 g/ton) en la dieta. Los resultados obtenidos en 24 semanas de experimentación fueron similares (P > 0.05) entre tratamientos, en: porcentaje de postura (92.6 y 91.9%), peso del huevo (63.0 y 62.9 g), masa del huevo/ ave/día (58.4 y 57.7 g), consumo/ave/día (123.6 y 124.3 g), conversión alimenticia (2.11 y 2.15), calidad de la albúmina del huevo (82.9 y 83 Unidades Haugh), color de la yema con el abanico DSM (10.3 y 9.9), grosor de cascarón (0.392 y 0.394 mm) y peso del cascarón (6.26 y 8.03 g). De acuerdo con la información obtenida en 24 semanas de experimentación, con gallinas de 32 semanas de edad, la adición de butirato de sodio en el alimento, como sustituto del promotor de crecimiento (bacitracina cinc), fue similar en el comportamiento productivo y la calidad del huevo."

"El conocimiento del sistema inmune digestivo en las aves es un área de oportunidad considerando que en este lugar no sólo se realiza la función digestiva, sino que representa un ecosistema muy complejo donde interactúan bacterias benéficas y patógenas, mecanismos de resistencia y de respuesta inmune específica así como neuroendócrinos, con el objetivo de mantener un estado de homeostasis a nivel del tubo digestivo. En este trabajo, se hace una revisión de los principales aspectos generales del sistema inmune digestivo en aves, sustentada en sus características estructurales y funcionales. La profundización en el conocimiento de este sistema permitiría mejorar el estado de salud y la productividad de las aves comerciales, proporcionando al consumidor un producto de mejor calidad."

"La decisión de usar fuentes concentradas de energía depende de su precio y disponibilidad en el mercado. El objetivo fue calcular la Energía Metabolizable Verdadera corregida por nitrógeno (EMVn) en tres combinaciones. Grasa de cerdo y bovino (GCB), grasa animal y aceite vegetal (GAV) y un aceite de soya refinado (ASR). Se realizó un experimento con 44 gallos Leghorn mediante la técnica de alimentación precisa. Cada fuente energética se combinó en las siguientes relaciones como porcentaje usando maíz como vehículo (maíz:fuente energía): 96:4, 92:8, 88:12, más un testigo (maíz solo). Los datos fueron analizados mediante un diseño factorial 3x3 (fuente energía:nivel inclusión) y análisis de regresión por fuente energía; la diferencia entre medias se calculó usando la prueba de Dunnett. Se encontraron diferencias para la fuente energética, nivel y su interacción (P¿0.01). Al incrementar el nivel de inclusión de la fuente energética, la EMVn fue decreciente (P¿0.01) hasta 12%. La ecuación de predicción para ASR fue EMVn kcal kg-1= 10,828¿297 X (R2= 0.772; CV= 6.83); para los subproductos de origen animal GCB: EMVn kcal kg-1= 8,207¿80 X (R2= 0.238; CV= 6.82); y para GAV: EMVn kcal kg-1= 9,654¿252 X (R2= 0.904; CV= 3.85). Se concluye que existe un efecto lineal negativo en la EMVn de la fuente energética e independiente del efecto del maíz. Las ecuaciones obtenidas permiten calcular el contenido energético de cada fuente energética, de acuerdo con su nivel de inclusión en la dieta."

Background Control and eradication of intestinal infections caused by protozoa are important biomedical challenges worldwide. Prophylactic control of coccidiosis has been achieved with the use of anticoccidial drugs; however, the increase in anticoccidial resistance has raised concerns about the need for new alternatives for the control of coccidial infections. In fact, new strategies are needed to induce potent protective immune responses in neonatal individuals. Methods The effects of a dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide (yeast cell wall; YCW) on the local, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and intestinal replication of coccidia were evaluated in a neonatal animal model during natural exposure to Eimeria spp. A total of 840 one-day-old chicks were distributed among four dietary regimens: A) Control diet (no YCW) plus anticoccidial vaccine); B) Control diet plus coccidiostat; C) YCW diet plus anticoccidial vaccination; and D) YCW diet plus coccidiostat. Weight gain, feed consumption and immunological parameters were examined within the first seven weeks of life. Results Dietary supplementation of 0.05% of YCW increased local mucosal IgA secretions, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and reduced parasite excretion in feces. Conclusion Dietary supplementation of yeast cell wall in neonatal animals can enhance the immune response against coccidial infections. The present study reveals the potential of YCW as adjuvant for modulating mucosal immune responses.

"Con el objeto de determinar el nivel óptimo biológico de lisina digestible en gallinas productoras de huevo para plato, se realizó un experimento con 336 gallinas de la línea Isa Babcock B-300 de 32 semanas de edad alojadas en jaulas. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, de siete tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones de 12 gallinas cada una. Los tratamientos, variaron de 0.50 a 0.74 % de lisina digestible, con incrementos de 0.04 %. Las dietas fueron con base en sorgo, pasta de soya y pasta de ajonjolí con 15 % de proteína cruda; L-lisina HCl se adicionó para lograr los diferentes niveles de inclusión. Se llevaron registros semanales de porcentaje de postura, peso promedio de huevo, masa de huevo, conversión alimentaria y consumo de alimento; a la mitad del experimento se midieron los componentes del huevo (porcentaje de clara, yema y cascarón). Los datos obtenidos, se analizaron mediante un análisis multivariado con la técnica de componentes principales y posteriormente se realizó un análisis de regresión con transformación cuadrática. Los resultados obtenidos en 49 días de experimentación, analizados por la técnica de componentes principales para porcentaje de postura (0.816), peso promedio del huevo (0.590), masa de huevo (0.899), consumo de alimento (0.657), conversión alimentaria (-0.648), porcentaje de yema (-0.740), porcentaje de clara (0.861) y porcentaje de cascarón (-0.844) mostraron un efecto cuadrático (P

"En el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento productivo, calidad del huevo y análisis histológico de vellosidades intestinales de duodeno (largo y ancho) en gallinas de la estirpe Bovans, de 63 semanas de edad, con adición de butirato en la dieta (0, 300, 500 ppm). Los resultados obtenidos en diez semanas de experimentación mostraron respuesta (P < 0.05) en porcentaje de postura (86.4, 92.2 y 89.6), peso del huevo (63.4, 63.4 y 64.1 g) consumo/ave/día (111.4, 111.9 y 113.4 g), conversión alimentaria (2.09, 1.95 y 2.03), de microfracturas (20.8, 14.9 y 12.9), de huevos rotos (2.6, 2.1 y 0.6), longitud de vellosidades (1.15, 1.22 y 1.32 mm) y ancho de vellosidades (0.467, 0.500 y 0.532 mm) a la adición de butirato. Los resultados indican el efecto benéfico del butirato en gallinas ponedoras en el último tercio de su primer ciclo de producción. De la información obtenida en el presente estudio se concluye que el butirato de sodio en dietas a 500 ppm para gallinas Bovans, de 63 semanas de edad, mejora el comportamiento productivo, la calidad del cascarón y la integridad de las vellosidades intestinales."