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This article explains how the ethnic Chinese of Padang maintain the continuity of the death procession in Chinese culture. This article uses a historical approach by utilizing sources in the form of Dutch period documents, organizational documents of Himpunan Tjinta Teman (HTT) and Himpunan Bersatu Teguh (HBT), newspaper news and literature studies on the death processions of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and outside Indonesia, as well as observations and interviews with HBT and HTT funeral administrators. These sources are used to find facts related to the death processions carried out by ethnic Chinese and the existence of HBT and HTT as institutions organizing Padang Chinese funeral processions. Furthermore, the existing facts are analyzed using historical and ethnographic approaches. The findings of the article show that the ethnic Chinese of Padang still carry out and preserve the implementation of the Chinese cultural death procession in an organizational forum. In this case, the organization's function as the organizer of the death procession for Padang Chinese is the key to the survival and existence of the organization itself. Various Chinese cultures preserved and inherited in the HTT and HBT organizations, including the culture of death, are essential in forming self- and collective identity and solidarity of Chinese community groups in the city of Padang.

ABSTRAK Proses penanganan perkara di Kejaksaan memanfaatkan Teknologi Informasi berupa aplikasi case management system. Hal ini merupakan perubahan sistem yang semula menggunakan sistem secara manual berpindah menggunakan Teknologi Informasi hal ini tertuang dalam Instruksi Jaksa Agung Nomor 3 tahun 2020. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya mempunyai kendala tersendiri bagi para pelaksana. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui mekanisme penggunaan aplikasi case management system di Kejaksaan Negeri Banyuasin, dan bagaimana penerapan asas hukum pidana Islam dalam penggunaan aplikasi case management system di Kejaksaan Negeri Banyuasin. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif empiris, sumber data diperoleh melalui mewawancara langsung kepada objek penelitian, kemudian diolah menggunakan teknik analisis data deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme penggunaan aplikasi case management system di Kejaksaan Negeri Banyuasin sesuai dengan SOP yang telah ditentukan dalam Peraturan Jaksa Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor Per-036/A/JA/09/2011, yang terdiri dari tahapan pra penuntutan, penuntutan, upaya hukum hingga eksekusi. Penerapan asas-asas hukum pidana Islam dalam sistem publikasi proses penanganan perkara menggunakan aplikasi cms sebagian besar telah terlaksana dengan baik dan telah berkesesuaian dengan hukum pidana umum yang ada, namun dalam jalannya praktik proses pelaksanaan dari segi asas kemanfaatan dan asas musyawarah belum terjalan dengan baik. Kata Kunci : Sistem Peradilan Pidana, Case Management System, Instruksi Jaksa Agung, Asas Hukum Pidana Islam

Malaria outbreaks are a health problem that is not easy to overcome. Its spread and prevention have been an important issue ever since the Dutch colonial period. This article explains how the malaria outbreak became an important issue during the colonial period in the Tanjung Pinang area, one of the areas where the endemic spread and was quite worrying due to the large number of fatalities. This article also explains how this endemic occurred and was overcome by the Chinese population in Tanjung Pinang, as well as the handling of the colonial government. This article uses existing historical sources to describe the problem of endemic diseases and efforts to eradicate them during the Dutch colonial period. The main aim of this paper is to examine the seriousness of endemic issues and their causes in the region and describe how the colonial government resolved them. There has been significant progress in malaria eradication, and the understanding of the causes of malaria and the selected eradication methods reflect scientific advances and economic considerations.

The crime of rape is often experienced by children who are relatively young (underage). In children, the innocent nature of a child who is unable to predict behavioral tendencies will make it easier for rape crimes to occur. Children who are still very economically and socially dependent on adults are often used as an outlet for their desires. The focus of the study in this thesis is: 1. What is the basis for the judge's considerations in deciding sanctions for the crime of rape of minors (Decision Study Number 3/Pid.Sus-Anak/2019/PN Msh). 2. What is the review of Islamic criminal law regarding sanctions for the crime of rape of minors (Decision Study Number 3/Pid.Sus-Anak/2019/PN Msh). This research uses a normative juridical approach. The data source for this research is primary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique was carried out by means of library research. The results of this research conclude that the Judge's Basic Considerations Number 3/Pid.Sus-Anak/2019/Pn/Msh in cases of rape of minors took into account juridical and sociological considerations by sentencing the defendant to imprisonment for 3 (three) years and 6 (six) months at the Special Child Development Institute (LPKA), and Job Training for 1 (one) month, and a review of Islamic criminal law regarding decision Number 3/Pid.sus-Anak/2019/Pn/Msh is hudud law, where the punishment is included in the Jarimah of adultery, the punishment is being whipped 100 times and exiled for a year. Keywords: Child Rape, Criminal Sanctions, Adultery.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between macronutrients and the main physical conditions of amateur aerobic gymnasts. This is quantitative descriptive research with data analysis using a bivariate correlation test. This study sample comprised 15 people who met the inclusion criteria. This research was conducted in the Cempaka Obic Lovers gymnastics community, Cempaka Village, Cirebon Regency. This research instrument uses a food record form survey method for 7x24 hours and a physical condition test which includes a cardiorespiratory endurance test, a coordination test and a reaction speed test. The results of this study stated that the average age of the respondents was 25±3.80 years, carbohydrates 564.41±139.96 kcal, fat 418.45±108.93 kcal, protein 182.80±42.55 kcal, cardiorespiratory energy resistance 22.53±1.30 mL/Kg/min, coordination 18.80±1.97 points and reaction rate 15.08±4.10 cm. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake on the physical condition of cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, and reaction speed did not have a significant relationship (p>0.05). The conclusion of this study states that there is no important relationship between macronutrients consisting of carbohydrates, fats and proteins with the components of the physical condition of cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination and reaction speed of amateur aerobic gymnasts.

This study explored the ability of college students to solve problems involving buoyant force materials. The method used was descriptive qualitative, with the research subjects of Physics Education college students at Halu Oleo University who have programmed the Basic Physics I course. The instrument used was a description of five questions and interview guidelines to explore quantitative findings. The results of the analysis showed that the overall problem-solving ability of college students was still relatively low, with an average score of 40.6. The low problem-solving ability of college students on the concept of buoyancy in expressing the ratio of the lifting force of objects in different fluids determined the lifting force of an object by applying an equation and selecting the buoyancy experienced by an object in a liquid. The difficulties experienced by a college student generally in understanding problems had an impact on completion due to a lack of mastery of concepts. Thus, they could impact appropriately.

Restorative Justice is a settlement process that is carried out outside the criminal justice system by involving victims, perpetrators, families, communities and parties involved in this case in domestic violence cases in order to achieve agreement and peace between the parties. The number of cases that appear in the news is proof that there is still a lot of domestic violence that occurs in Indonesia, while the efforts made to solve the problem of domestic violence are through restorative justice. The main point of study in this research is how to stop the prosecution of husbands who commit domestic violence cases according to Perja Number 15 of 2020 and the views of Islamic criminal law on stopping prosecution of husbands who commit domestic violence cases. The purpose of this study is to find out the termination of criminal cases against husbands of domestic violence perpetrators according to restorative justice according to Perja Number 15 of 2020 and to find out the perspective of Islamic criminal law regarding stopping prosecution of husbands of perpetrators of domestic violence regarding restorative justice. This type of research uses normative juridical research with qualitative methods to analyze legal principles and theories and uses secondary data sources in collecting the necessary data. The results of this study are that the Termination of Prosecution for the husband of the perpetrator of a domestic violence case is further regulated in the Prosecutor's Office Regulation Number 15 of 2020. The prosecutor's office can legally and properly invite the victim to reconcile by stating the reason for the summons (Articles 7 & 8 Perja Number 15 of 2020). And the reconciliation process is carried out voluntarily without pressure and threats (Article 9 Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 of 2020) in the event that the victim and the defendant reach an agreement to make peace which is recorded before the Prosecutor's Office (Article 10 of the Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 of 2020). The perspective of Islamic criminal law restorative justice in the prosecutor's regulation is in accordance with the concept of islah in Islamic criminal law. Where the husband of the perpetrator of domestic violence tries to apologize to the victim & promises not to repeat his actions. Keywords: Domestic Violence, Restorative Justice, Islamic Criminal Law.

Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh penerapan Revolusi Industri 4.0 yang menuntut pembelajaran berbasis ICT yaitu pemanfaatan media pembelajaran berbasis komputer terkhususnya dalam proses pembelajaran fisika sehingga memudahkan peserta didik memahami konsep fisika yang bersifat abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran fisika berbantuan JavaScript pada materi pokok listrik statis, memverifikasi validitas dan kepraktisannya. Penelitian ini merupakan model penelitian Research and Development yang dikembangan oleh Borg dan Gall tapi dibatasi hanya sampai dengan tahapan kelima. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut; Pertama, JavaScript dapat digunakan dalam mengembangkan media pembelajaran fisika pada materi Listrik Statis dengan mudah dikarenakan bahasa ini bersifat open source, high level language, menawarkan kemudahan dan fleksibel. Kedua, hasil analisis validitas menggunakan indeks yang diusulkan oleh Aiken menyatakan bahwa hasil validitas Ahli Materi diperoleh skor rata-rata “0.82” berkategori “Sangat Tinggi” dan Ahli IT/Media diperoleh skor rata-rata “0.78” berkategori “Tinggi”. Ketiga, hasil uji terbatas menunjukan presentase respon Peserta Didik sebesar 86.56% berkategori “Sangat Baik” dan respon Pendidik memperoleh rata-rata sebesar 3.42 berkategori “Baik”. Sehingga disimpulkan bahwa “pengembangan media pembelajaran fisika menggunakan JavaScript pada materi pokok listrik statis” sukses menjadi media pembelajaran dengan kategori valid dan praktis digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran.Kata kunci: Media Pembelajaran, Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, JavaScript Abstract. This research is motivated by the application of Industry Revolution 4.0 that demands ICT-based learning, which uses computer-based learning media specifically in the physics learning process so it makes it easy for learners to understand the concept of abstract physics. The study aims to design a physics learning media on a static electricity subject using JavaScript and verify its validity and practicality. This research is a Research and Development method developed by Borg and Gall but it is limited to only five stages. Its results are; First, JavaScript can easily be used to design a physics learning media on the subject of static electricity because the language is open source, high-level language, offering ease and flexibility. Second, results of validity analysis using the index proposed by Aiken stated that the results of the validity of Material Experts have shown an average score of "0.82" categorized as "Very High" and "0.78" on "High" category from IT/Media Experts. Third, limited result tests shown the percentage of learner's response by 86.56% on the "Excellent" category, and the educator's response obtained an average of 3.42 in the "Good" category. We concluded that "physics learning media development on the subject of static electricity using JavaScript" has successfully become a learning medium with valid and practically used as a learning medium.Keywords: Learning Media, Electric Field, Electric Potential, JavaScript

ICT-based learning resources that are developed still need to be improved, especially in areas where learning facilities are lacking. It causes students difficulty in understanding the learning material. This study aims to develop an e-module on static fluid material based on corporate edition flip pdf software. The type of research used is Research and Development with the ADDIE method. The research object was class XI SMA, with a trial sample of 25 students. The research instrument consisted of validator sheets, teacher and student response questionnaires, and learning achievement test sheets. Data analysis techniques consist of descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing. The results showed that the static fluid physics learning e-module had a validity percentage of 89.95% (very good). The level of practicality of the static fluid physics learning e-module through the results of student responses is 87.42% (very good), and the teacher's response results are 86.25% (very good). The level of effectiveness of the learning e-module through students' learning interest obtains the medium category, and the increase in students' physics learning outcomes obtains the medium category. It indicates that the use of e-modules impacts interest and learning outcomes. The implication of this study is that learning e-modules are available in flip pdf corporate education that can be used by students and teachers as learning resources and can be accessed online online.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode pembelajaran konvensional dengan pendekatan inkuiri terbimbing terhadap pemahaman konsep dan motivasi belajar siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah desain faktorial 2x3. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 2 Raha Sulawesi Tenggara dengan topikfluida statis. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling. Sampel terpilih adalah siswa kelas XI IPA1 dan siswa kelas XI IPA2. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan tes. Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferential. Analisis deskriptif berupa deskripsi data penelitan dalam bentuk mean (rata-rata), standar deviasi dan persentase yang diperoleh dari penentuan hasil belajar siswa. Sedangkan analisis inferensial digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis melalui uji analisis varians berupa uji normalitas, uji homogenitas dan uji hipotesis (uji-t). Temuan menjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh metode pembelajaran dengan pendekatan inkuiriterbimbing terhadap pemahaman konsep siswa dan motivasi belajar.

ABSTRAK Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah memberikan gambaran kemampuan literasi sains siswa SMA khusunya di kota Kendari. Subjek penelitian terpusat di SMA 1 Kendari dengan total subjek sebanyak 350 orang. Topik pelajaran yang digunakan adalah energi. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpalan data menggunaka tes yang didalamnya meliputi aspek kontek, konten, dan proses. Sedangkan teknik analisis data menggunakan statustuf deskriptif . Hasil investigasi diperoleh bahwa Kemampuan literasi sains peserta didik kelas X di SMAN 1 Kendari pada indicator aspek konten dimana indicator pertama yaitu perubahan energy memperoleh nilai presentase 70,83% dengan kategori cukup. Kemudian untuk indicator bahan bakar alternative memperoleh nilai presentase 79,72% dengan kategori baik. Sedangkan untuk indicator molekul penyedia energi memperoleh nilai presentase 33,75% dengan kategori sangat rendah. Kemampuan literasi sains peserta didik kelas X di SMAN 1 Kendari pada indicator aspek proses dimana pada indicator pertama mengidentifikasi isu ilmiah memperoleh nilai presentase 50,13% dengan rendah. Kemudian untuk indicator menjelaskan fenomena ilmiah memperoleh nilai presentase 34,62% dengan kategori sangat rendah. Sedangkan untuk indicator menggunakan bukti ilmiah memperoleh nilai presentase 52,69% dengan kategori rendah. Sedangkan kemampuan literasi sains peserta didik kelas X di SMAN 1 Kendari pada indicator aspek konteks dimana pada indicator pertama aplikasi energi bidang teknologi memperoleh nilai presentase 89,72% dengan kategori sangat baik. Kemudian untuk indicator energi dalam meningkatkan mutu lingkungan memperoleh nilai presentase 29,16% dengan kategori sangat rendah. Untuk indicator dampak energi memperoleh nilai presentase 17,08% dengan kategori sangat rendah. Kata kunci—Literasi sains, Pembelajaran fisika ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the ability of student senior high school of scientific literacy especially in the city of Kendari.The research subjects were concentrated in senior high school 1 Kendari with a total of 350 subjects. The topic of the lesson used was energy. This type of research used descriptive quantitative approach.Data collection techniques use tests which included aspects of context, content, and process. While the data analysis technique used descriptive statistics. The results of the investigation found that the scientific literacy ability of class X students in Senior High School 1 Kendari on the indicator aspect of content where the first indicator was the change in energy obtains a percentage of 70.83% with a sufficient category. Then for alternative fuel indicators got a percentage value of 79.72% with a good category. As for the energy supply molecular indicator, it s a percentage of 33.75% with a very low category. The ability of scientific literacy in class X students in Senior High School 1 Kendari in the process aspect indicator where the first indicator identifies scientific issues obtains a percentage value of 50.13% with low. Then, to explain scientific phenomena acquire indicator value percentage of 34.62% with a very low category. As for the indicator using scientific evidence obtained percentage value of 52.69% with a lower category. While the scientific literacy ability of class X students in Senior High School 1 Kendari on the indicator of context aspects where the first indicator of energy application in the technology field obtained a percentage value of 89.72% with a very good category. Then for the energy indicator in improving environmental quality, the percentage value is 29.16% with a very low category. To obtain the energy impact indicator value percentage of 17.08% with a very low category. Keywords—Science literacy, Physics learning

Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang identitas etnis Tionghoa yang ada di Padang pada masa Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Mengkonstruksi identitas etnis Tionghoa di Padang menggunakan metode sejarah melalui studi pustaka dan arsip dengan menelusuri sumber-sumber berupa buku, arsip Pemerintah Hindia Belanda, dokumen perkumpulan sosial, budaya, dan pemakaman Heng Beng Tong serta Hok Tek Tong. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dikritik dan dikronologiskan untuk menghasilkan karya historiografi. Temuan artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa identitas etnis Tionghoa di Padang masa Pemerintah Hindia Belanda dipengaruhi oleh penataan masyarakat di daerah koloni oleh pemerintah Hindia Belanda dengan menerapkan sistem pemukiman (wijkenstelsel), pembagian masyarakat melalui Indische Staatregeling serta berbagai aturan lainnya. Penerapan sistem tersebut membentuk identitas etnis Tionghoa di Padang di mana secara politis berada di bawah kontrol Pemerintah Hindia Belanda, namun secara social dan budaya masih berorientasi kepada kebudayaan Tionghoa. This article aims to explain the Chinese in Padang during the Dutch East Indies government. Constructing a Chinese identity in Padang use historical methods through library studies and archives by tracing sources such as books, Dutch East Indies government archives, documents on social and funeral associations Heng Beg Tong and Hok Tek Tong. The data obtained, critical and chronologist to produce historiography works. The findings of this article indicate that the ethnic Chinese identity in Padang during the Dutch East Indies government by implementing settlement system (wijkwnstelsel), classification of communities through the Indische Staatregeling and other rules. The implementation of the system formed a Chinese ethnic identity in Padang where it was politically under the control of the Dutch East Indies government, but socially and culturally still oriented to Chinese culture.

Kemacetan Lalu Lintas yang menjadi permasalahan besar bagi masyarakat, yang mana kemacetan ini disebabkan karena adanya penyempitan badan jalan contohnya terdapat di Pasar Cinde, adapun yang menjadi pertanyaan dalam Penelitian ini yaitu: 1) Bagaimana temuan Hukum Pidana Islam terhadap Ketentuan Berhenti dan Parkir Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor dalam perspektif Hukum Pidana Islam? 2) Bagaimana analisis Ketentuan Berhenti dan Parkir Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor?. Sedangkan tujuan dari penelitian ini : 1) Untuk mengetahui temuan Hukum Pidana Islam terhadap Ketentuan Berhenti dan Parkir Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor dalam perspektif Hukum Pidana Islam 2) Untuk mengetahui analisis Ketentuan Berhenti dan Parkir Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini studi kepustakaan (library research), dan hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu: 1) Berdasarkan hasil temuan bahwa pelanggaran dari Lalu Lintas yakni Pelanggar Ketentuan Berhenti dan Parkir juga termasuk ke dalam Kealpaan (culpa) karena pelanggaran ini termasuk ke dalam kelalaian, 2) Analisis Ketentuan Berhenti dan Parkir Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor termasuk ke dalam jarimah ta’zir yang secara jelas tidak disebutkan dalam nash. Kata Kunci : Ketentuan Berhenti dan Parkir, Pengendara, dan Kendaraan Bermotor

This research aims to determine if using POSSE Strategy affects reading comprehension of students majoring in English education of Tadulako University. This is a pre-experimental study using the one group pretest and posttest design. The population was 319 students in academic year 2018/2019. The samples were 35 students selected employing purposive sampling technique. Paper-and-pencil method was used when collecting the data with a test as the instrument. The test was administered twice namely pretest and posttest. The data were analyzed statistically using .05 level of significance and 34 degree of freedom. The result showed that after receiving intervention through POSSE Strategy, students scores got improved. In other words, using POSSE Strategy is effective in improving the sampled-students’ reading comprehension on any kinds of English text.

This is qualitative research that applied discourse analysis method. The objectives of this research are to clarify (1) the dominant praise used by the English teachers in the classroom interaction and (2) the function of praise given by the English teachers in the classroom interaction. The informants of this research were two students of English Education Study Program who took Pengenalan Lingkungan Persekolahan Program (PLP).The data were collected by using audio recording and note observation. The results of the research show that (1) the teachers dominantly use okay and good in giving Praise and (2) the functions of the praise are given by both of teachers as: to construct the good communication, to support positive learning behavior, to reward good students conduct and achievement and to express approval, admiration and delight during the teaching-learning process. The result also shows that both of teachers still have limited expression in giving praise.

Independent smallholders who manage their own oil palm plantations without receiving technical assistance and agricultural inputs from oil palm estates or government have been increasing rapidly in Indonesia in recent years. However the magnitude of their impacts on tropical forest deforestation remains largely unevaluated. The objective of this study was to explore the history of land use, and the changes in land cover and status since the onset of oil palm plantation activities. The study was conducted from March to April 2016. Surveys were carried out in 30 ha of independent smallholder oil palm in Kampar District, Riau Province. To identify the land status, the Agreed functional forest classification (TGHK) and Provincial land use planning (RTRWP) maps were overlaid on images of the area of independent smallholder oil palm. Landsat images three years before oil palm was established were used to assess forest cover changes. Furthermore, oil palm smallholders and elders of the local community in the research area were interviewed to identify land use prior to oil palm. Our results showed that, based on land status, 47% of the area of independent smallholders’ oil palm derived from logged forest; that is the land changed in status from forest to oil palm plantation. The other 53% of oil palm area derived from non-forested land. The land use history before the establishment of independent smallholder oil palm mostly comprised general-purpose field activities and former forest-felling (forest concessions). The land cover before conversion into oil palm comprised rubber plantation, secondary forest, and shrub cover. From the results of our survey, we conclude that most of the oil palm plantations planted between 1990 and 2002 have their origins not in primary forest, but rather in degraded secondary forest, former fields, and shrub-land. These results imply that conversion of forest area into oil palm plantations is not the direct cause of deforestation in the tropical forests of Kampar, Riau Province.

Based on observation in field students are less active learning history, they are lazy to do assignment, after getting out the class, sometimes even fall a sleep whily studying. Those have an imfact on their learning out comes which are not maximum or lower. The low comes student learning are caused by some factors, one of them is improperly choosing learning method, which tend to be monotonous and learning is dominated by teachers only. The aims of this research is to know, how far cooperative learning snowball throwing type can improve students learning activity in history lesson. The type of research is action class at XI IPS 3 class SMAN 1 Pasaman. The implementation consist of 2 cycles are planning, implementation, observation and reflection. Techniques data analysis is carried out using the formale techniques proportion by Sudjana. Success indicators are determined by Ari kunto refence and studien`s negative activite is determined by slameto refrence. Result of the analysis first cycle and second cycle show students learning active ty has increased for all indicators that is actively discussing (good 56,1 %), responding questions (good 56,3%), questioning based on material (good 68,7 %), cooperation on group (good 61,8%) and taking conclusion (good 65%), while negative activites are decrease such as less aftention (good 6,5 %), distributing of friends (good 0,0%) and frequently ask permission (good 0,0%). Increasing student learning out comes is also good in the first cycle, averagevalue 76,3 (classical competences 68 %) and the second cycle average value 8,2 (classical 85%). There was increase 6,07 for student learning out comes and 17 percentage master learning classically. The result of the research learning model through Cooperative learning Snowball throwing type can increase student learning activities in history class at XI IPS3 student SMAN I Pasaman. So this method can applied as aneffort to increase student learning activities, because there is no methods most superior from the existing method, each of them has weaknesses and advantages.

The purpose of this study is to illustrate that the thinking or concept of teachings adopted and applied Ibadhiyah, one of the sects of the Khawarij sect, is moderate. So that his teachings and followers still exist today in some Muslim countries. They have a high attitude of tolerance towards fellow Muslims of different sects and sects. On the other hand, the sects in the sphere of the other Kharijites which are extreme in thought and action are extinct, no longer have followers. At first, the Khawarij follower’s are Ckhalif ‘Ali bin Abi Thalib group. End then, they go out from ‘Ali group, becauce they weren’t except this reconcillied (tahkim) in Shiffin war between Khalif Ali and Guvernor Mu’awiyah bin Abi Syufyan 37H/657 M. They were against Chalif ‘Ali and Mu’awiyah, and emigrate to a village is colled “Harura”. In this village they were created self-government led by ‘Abdullah ibn Wahhab al-Hasibi. They were againt ‘Ali, Mu’awiyah, and some ckhalif after them. Then Khawarij Follower’s were spilit into several sects. The biggest sect’s: Muhakkimah, Azariqah, Najdah, Ajaridah, Syufriyah, and Ibadhiyah. Such of sect slip up to several sub-setc until twenty. All sects were extinct, except Ibadhiyah. Becauce they were smothered by legitimate Government. They have extreme thought. They carried out takfir and were a sourse of insurrection against the Goverment for centuries. The Ibadhiyah sect were moderate in thought and action. The Ibadhiyah sect exist until now in Sultanate of Oman. It’s majority and state sect in Oman. It spread in Nort Africa (Aljazair, Tunisia, and Libia) and East Africa. Follower Ibadhiyah sect there in in Yemen and Madagascar. Keywords: Ibadhiyah, History, Thought.

This study was conducted around Lake Poso, which is home to several indigenous communities with unique local knowledge about nature. This region encompasses several conservation areas, including Bancea Nature Park, Pamona Nature Reserve, and Wera Nature Park. The community residing in this region include the traditional Pamona community, who are one of the ethnic groups in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the ethnomycology and local knowledge of Pamona indigenous people in relation to utilization of wild macrofungi species for food and medicine around Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The results showed that 21 species of macrofungi were used by the indigenous Pamona community, which served various purposes such as a source of food, medicine, hair growth agent, animal feed mixture, and a lighting tool at night. These species include Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia auricula-judae, Auricularia nigricans, Volvariella volvaceae, Trichaleurina javanica, Termitomyces spp, Tremella sp, Physarum polycephalum, Mycena sp., Pycnoporus sanguineus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Dictyophora indusiata, and Russula sp. Macrofungi species with the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) value were Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quel, Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) Pegler, and Trichaleurina javanica, all of which had a value of 1. Meanwhile, Tremella sp. had the lowest RFC with a value of 0.14. The highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) value of 0.97 was found in the use of macrofungi as food. These results confirm the wealth of knowledge and practices within the Pamona comunnity, enabling them to effectively utilize macrofungi species for both food and medicine. These practices help to combat malnutrition and prevent and treat certain diseases in Pamona comunnity around Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]