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BACKGROUND: X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a female-specific process in which one X chromosome is silenced to balance X-linked gene expression between the sexes. XCI is initiated in early development by upregulation of the lncRNA Xist on the future inactive X (Xi). A subset of X-linked genes escape silencing and thus have higher expression in females, suggesting female-specific functions. One of these genes is the highly conserved gene Kdm6a, which encodes a histone demethylase that removes methyl groups at H3K27 to facilitate gene expression. KDM6A mutations have been implicated in congenital disorders such as Kabuki Syndrome, as well as in sex differences in development and cancer. METHODS: Kdm6a was knocked out (KO) using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in hybrid female mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells derived either from a 129 × Mus castaneus (cast) cross or a BL6 x cast cross. In one of the lines a transcriptional stop signal inserted in Tsix results in completely skewed X silencing upon differentiation. The effects of both homozygous and heterozygous Kdm6a KO on Xist expression during the onset of XCI were measured by RT-PCR and RNA-FISH. Changes in gene expression and in H3K27me3 enrichment were investigated using allele-specific RNA-seq and Cut&Run, respectively. KDM6A binding to the Xist gene was characterized by Cut&Run. RESULTS: We observed impaired upregulation of Xist and reduced coating of the Xi during early stages of differentiation in Kdm6a KO cells, both homozygous and heterozygous, suggesting a threshold effect of KDM6A. This was associated with aberrant overexpression of genes from the Xi after differentiation, indicating loss of X inactivation potency. Consistent with KDM6A having a direct role in Xist regulation, we found that the histone demethylase binds to the Xist promoter and KO cells show an increase in H3K27me3 at Xist, consistent with reduced expression. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal a novel female-specific role for the X-linked histone demethylase, KDM6A in the initiation of XCI through histone demethylase-dependent activation of Xist during early differentiation. X chromosome inactivation is a female-specific mechanism that evolved to balance sex-linked gene dosage between females (XX) and males (XY) by silencing one X chromosome in females. X inactivation begins with the upregulation of the long noncoding RNA Xist on the future inactive X chromosome. While most genes become silenced on the inactive X chromosome some genes escape inactivation and thus have higher expression in females compared to males, suggesting that escape genes may have female-specific functions. One such gene encodes the histone demethylase KDM6A which function is to turn on gene expression by removing repressive histone modifications. In this study, we investigated the role of KDM6A in the regulation of Xist expression during the onset of X inactivation. We found that KDM6A binds to the Xist gene to remove repressive histone marks and facilitate its expression in early development. Indeed, depletion of KDM6A prevents upregulation of Xist due to abnormal persistence of repressive histone modifications. In turn, this results in aberrant overexpression of genes from the inactive X chromosome. Our findings point to a novel mechanism of Xist regulation during the initiation of X inactivation, which may lead to new avenues of treatment to alleviate congenital disorders such as Kabuki syndrome and sex-biased immune disorders where X-linked gene dosage is perturbed.

Emotional dysregulation is a transdiagnostic process associated with a range of addictive behaviours including problem gambling, with emerging research indicating that emotionally oriented reasons for gambling (i.e., excitement, escape) are associated with problem gambling. However, the relationships between difficulties with emotion regulation, reasons for gambling, and problem gambling, are unclear. The current study tested whether the association between difficulties with emotion regulation and problem gambling could be explained by escape and excitement gambling outcome expectancies. A total of 187 regular gamblers recruited via social media (50.3% male, 48.7% female) completed measures of difficulties with emotion regulation, gambling outcome expectancies, and problem gambling severity (Mage = 41.07, SD = 15.8). Analyses revealed that escape outcome expectancies partially mediated the relationship between difficulties with emotion regulation and problem gambling severity. However, the mediating effect of excitement on this relationship was not significant. The findings suggest that individuals with greater emotional regulation difficulties may engage in problem gambling to help manage aversive emotional states. The study's findings illustrate the importance of considering emotional dysregulation and outcome expectancies in problem gambling treatment planning and public health strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many decades, tourism researchers have identified escape from daily life as a prime motivation for taking vacations. However, the construct of escapism—a state experienced during vacations—remains misunderstood, in part because it has been investigated mainly as a motivation or state within a simplistic experience economy framework. The current research therefore presents a newly developed scale that reflects the multidimensionality of escapism. Developed through several rounds of qualitative and quantitative data, this first fully validated scale measures escapism in tourism, identifies escapism's three dimensions (escaping dailyness, escaping self, and time pressure), and demonstrates how escapism relates to other variables such as memory and well-being. The scale items in turn offer guidelines for managers to design services that free vacationers from reminders of daily life and identify elements that are more conducive to escapism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials showed that passively infused VRC01, a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) targeting the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env), protected against neutralization-sensitive viruses. We identified six individuals from the VRC01 treatment arm with multi-lineage breakthrough HIV-1 infections from HVTN703, where one variant was sensitive to VRC01 (IC50 < 25 ug/mL) but another was resistant. By comparing Env sequences of resistant and sensitive clones from each participant, we identified sites predicted to affect VRC01 neutralization and assessed the effect of their reversion in the VRC01-resistant clone on neutralization sensitivity. In four pairs, a single mutation restored partial or full sensitivity to VRC01, whereas in the fifth participant, transfer of the entire ß23-V5 loop was required. No VRC01 resistance mutations could be identified in the sixth participant, with the discordant clones differing by >100 amino acids. Mutations responsible for the differential neutralization phenotypes occurred at distinct sites across Env, including residues in loop D, the CD4-binding loop, and between the ß23 and V5 loops. Analysis of deep sequencing env data showed that VRC01 resistance was likely the property of the acquired virus, rather than occurring through post-acquisition evolution. Although VRC01-resistant parental clones generally retained sensitivity to other CD4-binding site bNAbs, they were less potently neutralized than the VRC01-sensitive clones. In conclusion, VRC01 resistance mutations occurred through multiple mutational pathways, but sensitivity to second-generation CD4bs bNAbs was retained even in VRC01-resistant transmitted viruses, confirming the potential of these bNAbs for HIV-1 prevention studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of ubiquitous threats from parasites, hosts can evolve strategies to resist infection or to altogether avoid parasitism, for instance by avoiding behavior that could expose them to parasites or by dispersing away from local parasite threats. At the microbial scale, bacteria frequently encounter viral parasites, bacteriophages. While bacteria are known to utilize a number of strategies to resist infection by phages and can have the capacity to avoid moving toward phage-infected cells, it is unknown whether bacteria can evolve dispersal to escape from phages. To answer this question, we combined experimental evolution and mathematical modeling. Experimental evolution of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in environments with differing spatial distributions of the phage Phi2 revealed that the host bacteria evolved resistance depending on parasite distribution but did not evolve dispersal to escape parasite infection. Simulations using parameterized mathematical models of bacterial growth and swimming motility showed that this is a general finding: while increased dispersal is adaptive in the absence of parasites, in the presence of parasites that fitness benefit disappears and resistance becomes adaptive, regardless of the spatial distribution of parasites. Together, these experiments suggest that parasites should rarely, if ever, drive the evolution of bacterial escape via dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper experimentally studies escape mechanisms in a bi-stable potential well, focusing on critical forcing values depending on system damping, excitation frequency, and initial phase. The experimental setup has a rotational degree of freedom. It comprises a vertical shaft with adjustable air bearings and a copper disk that increases the moment of inertia and serves as an adjustable eddy current brake. The system also includes two coil springs that provide restoring moments. External momentum is provided by an electric motor controlled through a function generator. The paper describes the identification of system parameters and compares numerical and experimental results, validating previous theoretical and numerical findings regarding the saddle and maximum escape mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage or wiwaha for Hindu society has a special meaning and position in human life, namely the beginning of the grehasta level. Marriage is something that is religious (sacred) and obligatory because it is related to a person's obligation to have children and atone for all their sins and marriage itself is highly respected because it can provide an opportunity for ancestors to incarnate into the world. This marriage aims to live prosperously and happily. Manawadharmasastra explains that there are three purposes of marriage, namely dharmasampatti, praja and rati. Dharmasampatti means together with husband and wife to realize the implementation of dharma), praja means giving birth to offspring and rati means enjoying sexual life and other sensual satisfaction. Legal Consequences of Ngerorod Marriage According to the Marriage Law, important points that need to be considered in relation to the concept of a legal state and the practice of ngerorod marriage in Bali include: Recognition and Protection in Human Rights: A valid marriage according to law must be carried out with the consent both parties. Law No. 1 of 1974 states that marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family based on Almighty God. In this case, human rights such as the right to choose a partner without coercion are highly respected. In the practice of ngerorod, although there seems to be an element of "escape," this process is actually also carried out by agreement of both parties. If both parties agree, then ngerorod can be seen as a form of cultural expression that doesn't conflict with human rights. However, if there is an element of coercion or disagreement from one of the parties, this can be considered a violation of human rights protected by law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the presence of escape peaks in x-ray fluorescence spectra measured with a germanium solid state detector (SSD). The study focuses on the energy analysis of these escape peaks, which are produced when secondary x-ray emissions escape from the detector volume, resulting in peaks in the x-ray spectrum. The research highlights the importance of understanding escape peaks for accurate trace element analysis and discusses the mechanisms behind the observed escape peaks in the spectrum. The study provides valuable insights into the calibration and analysis of x-ray fluorescence spectra using germanium detectors. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Safety behaviors are core features of anxiety-related disorders, specifically involving behaviors that do not completely terminate aversive situations, but rather prevent the risk of the occurrence of the expected aversive outcome (US). This study aimed to examine the dynamics of defensive reactivity associated with safety behaviors, both before and after their execution, and to investigate changes in these reactions following extensive training. Twenty-four healthy participants underwent a US-avoidance task as an experimental analog to model safety behavior, requiring a button press to avoid the US without terminating the associated warning cue (CS). Two CS+ were used, with one being devalued during a devaluation procedure to assess the formation of avoidance habits. Defensive reactivity was assessed using fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and skin conductance responses (SCR). Participants showed pronounced defensive reactivity to both CS + vs. CS- before the avoidance action, which decreased upon the opportunity to avoid the US. Contrarily, after the avoidance action, a re-emergence of defensive responses was observed as indicated by FPS and increased SCR. Only one participant showed signs of avoidance habit formation. The findings reveal a re-emergence of defensive reactivity following safety behaviors challenging the prevailing belief that relief is the primary sustaining factor of safety behavior.

ABSTRACT Despite a long roster of prey defences against predators now documented by biologists, any given species utilises only some of them, and we have few a priori predictions as to if, when or where they will be employed. In order to uncover general trends in the way in which crabs avoid predation attempts after they have been detected, we examined the antipredator behaviour of nine intertidal decapod species on three continents. We studied five different types of defensive behaviour and seven morphological and environmental factors which might affect such behaviours at different stages of the predatory sequence. In combination with other studies, we suggest that although intertidal crabs invest a great deal in crypticity to avoid detection, once discovered, they remain immobile, raise their chelae or flee but the extent to which these and other defences are exhibited differ markedly across species. We found that luminance contrast with the background, body size, chelae size and immediate habitat in which crabs were found affected antipredator behaviour whereas neither sex, nor chromatic contrast with the background were important. Our findings broaden understanding of defensive behaviour in several decapod species and highlight how species tailor the use of the same defences in different ways according to threat, morphology and local environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Notfall & Rettungsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We report the first record of Tarenaya spinosa (Jacq.) Raf. (spiny spider flower) as a new addition to the naturalized alien flora of Iran. Spiny spider flower is native to South and Central America and widely naturalized in the paleo-tropics (south Africa and Asia). This species was intentionally introduced to Iran in the last decade of the XX century and cultivated as an ornamental plant due to its large, peculiar, and colorful flowers. It escaped from cultivation and gradually increased its alien range in the surrounding areas, by seeds, without any direct human intervention. The UNESCOworld- heritage site Hyrcanian forests (northern Iran) includes a unique forest ecosystem which is potentially threatened by the naturalization of many alien and invasive species including this new recorded alien. Considering the potential negative impacts of this new alien species on the native biodiversity and its high reproductive potential and spread capacity, we highlight the importance of preventing new introductions, and prioritizing practices for eradication and control before it could become widespread and unmanageable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar heat gain is an important component of building cooling load, and its magnitude affects building energy consumption directly. In buildings with glass curtain walls, the window to wall rate is close to 1, so the amount of solar heat gain is huge, which directly determines the energy consumption level of a building's air conditioning system. In fact, incident solar radiation can escape to the exterior through the transparent envelope, which cannot be ignored in buildings with glass curtain walls. This will cause changes in solar heat gain, so the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) needs to be corrected. In this paper, the heat transfer process of solar radiation in window shading systems is analyzed, and an amended calculation model for the SHGC is established. Multiple forms of windows and shading systems are selected and their SHGC-amended factor for rooms with different orientations under different standard calculation conditions in various countries is calculated. As the number of glass layers increases, the transmittance of the window gradually decreases, the reflectance and absorbance gradually increase, and the SHGC value decreases. The SHGC-amended factor decreases with an increasing escape rate, and the two can be approximated as a linear correlation. The weakening effect of shading on the solar heat gain of the buildings is overestimated. The SHGC-amended factor proposed in this paper can calculate building solar heat gain more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our main objective is to explore the shape and geometry of the limiting curves of the structures that define the escape properties of a particle from a lobular domain in a multiwell potential. For this purpose, we examine the lower umbilical catastrophe D 5 , for α = 1 , by calculating the Lyapunov orbit at the entrance of the lobular region as well as the set of incoming asymptotic trajectories to it and the set of successive intersections of this set with a proper surface of section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flight‐Initiation Distance (FID)—a direct measure of an individual animal's escape response—is a widely used method to study escape ecology in fauna. The technique has primarily been applied to bird species that are active by day. Indexing the escape behaviour of nocturnal species has been limited due to the need for light to detect and observe animals which confounds behavioural responses. We demonstrate the use of existing high‐end thermal technology to facilitate standardised, un‐biased, nocturnal FIDs in small and large, terrestrial and arboreal animals, which feature initial separation (starting) distances which are the same by day and night. We provide the following (1) method for collecting FIDs by night which specifically addresses solutions to novel challenges associated with collecting these by night, (2) report of the FIDs of some strictly nocturnal bird and mammal species and compare diurnal and nocturnal FIDs for some species, (3) demonstration that the positive daytime relationship between FID and Starting Distance also occurs by night, and (4) minimum sample size threshold for quantifying escape responses and how these vary when sampling the FIDs of different animal species by night. We demonstrate the capacity to conduct nocturnal FIDs on a broad range of taxa not previously studied. We recommend 25–50 samples are needed to accurately quantify a species escape response in a particular context. Our method expands the capacity to understand how species escape by night, a critical period during which many predator–prey interactions occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critics are right to identify in the work of Arno Schmidt an antagonism between the impulse to critique society and the desire to escape it, an antinomy with sometimes uneasy political and ethical ramifications. However, they underestimate the complexity and radicalism of Schmidt's considerations in this vein, which this article illuminates by bringing his 1950s work into dialogue with the contemporaneous aesthetic writings of Theodor W. Adorno. Adorno philosophically defends the position that art's autonomy and potential for effective critique consist precisely in the moment of its attempted break with society. Schmidt's protagonists, in their striving for a non-complicit independence from fascism and capitalism, place their faith in a similar equation. In Aus dem Leben eines Fauns (1953), this essay argues, this escape eventually succeeds; in Das steinerne Herz (1956), it instructively fails. Both works exhibit the counterproductive entanglement of Schmidt's formal innovations with his social critique, whereby the former threaten to render the latter largely ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for water on Mars has long been a theme of intense exploration, as it represents a means of addressing Mars' current climate as well as its evolution in the recent and more distant past. Since the 1970s, several missions have carried instruments to track water in the atmosphere, leading to the conceptualization of a water cycle on Mars characterized by intense seasonal variability in water vapor abundance across the planet. After Mariner 9, Viking, Phobos 2 and Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Express has become the fifth orbiter capable of detecting water vapour, with unique features: measurements by several instruments, each probing a distinct wavelength region from near-infrared to thermal infrared, altitude-dependent profiling of water thanks to solar occultation, and observation in the exosphere of its by-product, hydrogen atoms, which can escape into space, depriving Mars of its primordial water reservoir. Thanks to Mars Express, a new vision of Mars' water cycle and escape processes has emerged. The achievements of Mars Express, as well as the legacy of other missions, which established the foundations of our understanding of Mars' water cycle are presented in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Leaving the nest early to avoid detection by an approaching predator is an often‐cited form of nest defence among ground‐nesting birds, yet has rarely been quantitatively demonstrated. During the breeding season, we recorded Flight‐initiation Distances (FIDs) of incubating, off‐duty and non‐breeding Hooded Plovers Thinornis cucuallatus cucuallatus in Victoria, Australia. Hooded Plovers exhibited longer FIDs when incubating compared with when off‐duty or non‐breeding birds (the latter two categories had similar FIDs). Our study supports the Leave Early to Avoid Detection (LEAD) hypothesis, and demonstrates that so‐called 'passive' defence is in fact an active decision by the incubator to leave nests at distances which exceed those at which birds without nests or off‐duty commence escape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite enormous efforts being invested in the development of novel therapies for brain malignancies, there remains a dire need for effective treatments, particularly for pediatric glioblastomas. Their poor prognosis has been attributed to the fact that conventional therapies target tumoral cells, but not glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are characterized by self-renewal, tumorigenicity, poor differentiation, and resistance to therapy. These characteristics represent the fundamental tools needed to recapitulate the tumor and result in a relapse. The mechanisms by which GSCs alter metabolic cues and escape elimination by immune cells are discussed in this article, along with potential strategies to harness effector immune cells against GSCs. As cellular immunotherapy is making significant advances in a variety of cancers, leveraging this underexplored reservoir may result in significant improvements in the treatment options for brain malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing escapes from custody is an essential function of prisons and jails. Yet, when these incidents occur, little is known about how often or quickly escapees are recaptured. Drawing on the routine activities framework, this study examines a dataset of 610 prison and jail escapees collected through a comprehensive open-source search protocol. The study uses logistic and Cox regression techniques to determine which factors are associated with being recaptured and the time-to-recapture. Findings indicate that more than 91 percent of escapees were recaptured within 1 year and very few remained on the lam for more than a few days. People who escape from nonsecure facilities (often called walkaways) were less likely to be recaptured and remained out of custody for longer durations than those who escaped from secure facilities or while outside under secure (e.g., transport) or nonsecure (e.g., work release) settings. Jail escapees were also less likely to be recaptured, and were apprehended more slowly, than those who fled from a prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although not yet recognized as an official disorder, Social Media Disorder (SMD) has recently received considerable interest in the research. However, relatively little is known about underlying motives for social media use and to what extent motives show differential associations with SMD symptom severity and SMD diagnosis. The overall aim of the present study was therefore to examine motives for social media use in relation to (1) which motives are most common, (2) associations between motives and both SMD symptom severity and SMD diagnosis, and (3) the effects of sex and age. Methods: Data were collected through a digital survey (n = 1820) and included both high school students (n = 924) and university students (n = 896). Six different motives were assessed, and SMD was measured in relation to both Heavy Involvement and Negative Consequences of social media use. Results: The results showed that the most common social media use motives were Entertainment, Social Maintenance, and Information and Skills. However, it was the three least common motives - Social Compensation, Self-status, and Escape - that were most strongly associated with SMD symptom severity and SMD diagnosis. These three motives explained as much as 42% of the variance in negative consequences of social media use. Only a few small effects of sex or age were found. Discussion: Some social media use motives are much more strongly associated with SMD than others are. This could indicate that prevention and intervention programs should target these motives specifically, rather than focusing on social media use in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most bacteria will use their toxins to interact with the host cell, causing damage to the cell and then escaping from it. When bacteria enter the cell, they will be transported via the endosomal pathway. Rab GTPases are involved in bacterial transport as major components of endosomes that bind to their downstream effector proteins. The bacteria manipulate some Rab GTPases, escape the cell, and get to survive. In this review, we will focus on summarizing the many processes of how bacteria manipulate Rab GTPases to control their escape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of tourists visit churches on their holiday without being religious or having any religious motivation. If religion is not important for the visit, what is then central to the tourist experience, and how do tourists describe their church visit? In this article, I examine tourists' church visits and the meaning it gives. In a setting characterized through tourism and religion, and with a special focus on the individual church experience, the personal perspective is prioritized. The data for this study have been collected at the church of Santa Cecilia in Rome, where I have interviewed 12 tourists. The findings show that the experience of escape is an important part of the church visit. Further the findings demonstrate tourists' need to find back to themselves, as a contrast to the busier tourist role. While previous studies of visits to religious sites often emphasize religious identity and holiness, this study indicates that religion is unimportant or subordinate to some extent. The findings therefore provide new knowledge about the significance for tourists of visiting churches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the natural world, animals make decisions on an ongoing basis, continuously selecting which action to undertake next. In the lab, however, the neural bases of decision processes have mostly been studied using artificial trial structures. New experimental tools based on the genetic toolkit of model organisms now make it experimentally feasible to monitor and manipulate neural activity in small subsets of neurons during naturalistic behaviors. We thus propose a new approach to investigating decision processes, termed reverse neuroethology. In this approach, experimenters select animal models based on experimental accessibility and then utilize cutting-edge tools such as connectomes and genetically encoded reagents to analyze the flow of information through an animal's nervous system during naturalistic choice behaviors. We describe how the reverse neuroethology strategy has been applied to understand the neural underpinnings of innate, rapid decision making, with a focus on defensive behavioral choices in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of National Security Review / Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prisons as a place for the implementation of guidance for residents have caused various kinds of problems. The escape or flight of correctional residents is a phenomenon that continues to occur in prisons. This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the efforts made by the Kuantan Bay Class IIB Prison in protecting the escape or flight of residents from prison. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Qualitative methods are used by researchers to provide data images based on what is seen which is collected and in the form of notes or documents or interviews to related sources. The results revealed that the escape of prisoners was caused by many factors, namely the inability to maximize supervision by prisons due to overcrowded, and the strong desire of the residents. to meet with family. The conclusion in this study is that the efforts made by The Kuantan Bay Class IIB Prison in protecting the residents of the fostered escape or run away are by establishing good relations between prison officers and the fostered residents, providing punishment for residents who have escaped, holding coaching, training and useful activities for the fostered residents. In addition, in terms of facilities and building conditions, building and security improvements are also carried out to minimize residents from escaping or running away from prisons such as the addition of barbed wire so that fences are not easy to climb. The conclusion of this study is effort.

Bacteriophages have been used across various fields, and the utilization of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technology can accelerate the research and applications of bacteriophages. However, some bacteriophages can escape from the cleavage of Cas protein, such as Cas9, and decrease the efficiency of genome editing. This study focuses on the bacteriophage T7, which is widely utilized but whose mechanism of evading the cleavage of CRISPR/Cas9 has not been elucidated. First, we test the escape rates of T7 phage at different cleavage sites, ranging from 10-2 to 10-5. The sequencing results show that DNA point mutations and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) at the target sites are the main causes. Next, we indicate the existence of the hotspot DNA region of MMEJ and successfully reduce MMEJ events by designing targeted sites that bypass the hotspot DNA region. Moreover, we also knock out the ATP-dependent DNA ligase 1.3 gene, which may be involved in the MMEJ event, and the frequency of MMEJ at 4.3 is reduced from 83% to 18%. Finally, the genome editing efficiency in T7 Δ1.3 increases from 20% to 100%. This study reveals the mechanism of T7 phage evasion from the cleavage of CRISPR/Cas9 and demonstrates that the special design of editing sites or the deletion of key gene 1.3 can reduce MMEJ events and enhance gene editing efficiency. These findings will contribute to advancing CRISPR/Cas-based tools for efficient genome editing in phages and provide a theoretical foundation for the broader application of phages.

Abstract Background X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an epigenetic process that occurs during early development in mammalian females by randomly silencing one of two copies of the X chromosome in each cell. The preferential inactivation of either the maternal or paternal copy of the X chromosome in a majority of cells results in a skewed or non-random pattern of X inactivation and is observed in over 25% of adult females. Identifying skewed X inactivation is of clinical significance in patients with suspected rare genetic diseases due to the possibility of biased expression of disease-causing genes present on the active X chromosome. The current clinical test for the detection of skewed XCI relies on the methylation status of the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (Hpall) binding site present in proximity of short tandem polymorphic repeats on the androgen receptor (AR) gene. This approach using one locus results in uninformative or inconclusive data for 10–20% of tests. Further, recent studies have shown inconsistency between methylation of the AR locus and the state of inactivation of the X chromosome. Herein, we develop a method for estimating X inactivation status, using exome and transcriptome sequencing data derived from blood in 227 female samples. We built a reference model for evaluation of XCI in 135 females from the GTEx consortium. We tested and validated the model on 11 female individuals with different types of undiagnosed rare genetic disorders who were clinically tested for X-skew using the AR gene assay and compared results to our outlier-based analysis technique. Results In comparison to the AR clinical test for identification of X inactivation, our method was concordant with the AR method in 9 samples, discordant in 1, and provided a measure of X inactivation in 1 sample with uninformative clinical results. We applied this method on an additional 81 females presenting to the clinic with phenotypes consistent with different hereditary disorders without a known genetic diagnosis. Conclusions This study presents the use of transcriptome and exome sequencing data to provide an accurate and complete estimation of X-inactivation and skew status in a cohort of female patients with different types of suspected rare genetic disease.

Neurocognitive impairment is an important cause of HIV-associated morbidity. The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has shifted the spectrum of HIV-associated cognitive impairment from HIV-associated dementia to milder forms of cognitive impairment. Independent replication of HIV within the central nervous system in those on effective ART with peripheral suppression is a recognised phenomenon known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA escape. CSF HIV RNA escape is independently associated with neurocognitive impairment but has also been detected in asymptomatic persons with HIV. The current consensus for management of CSF HIV RNA escape is based on expert opinion rather than empirical evidence. The current evidence suggests having a low threshold to investigate for CSF HIV RNA escape and optimising ART based on resistance profiles. The use of central nervous system (CNS) penetration effectiveness scores is no longer recommended. The evidence for statins, SSRIs, minocycline, lithium and valproate is limited to small-scale studies. There are potential new developments in the form of nanoparticles, Janus Kinase inhibitors and latency reversal agents.

Between 1837–1863, the government on the Dutch colony of Curacao registered the escape attempts from all enslaved persons on the island. By combining the structured information of the 'register of runaway slaves' with other sources, it becomes clear that running away during slavery was a multi-faceted phenomenon. The 1,613 registered escape attempts included not only escapees, trying to flee the island, but also a majority of truants who fled temporarily but stayed on the island. Escapees were mostly young men, who normally worked in groups and had to prepare their attempts well, in order to have a chance to escape the island. An analysis of the profiles of truants show that they were a wide range of persons, from pregnant women to elderly people, fleeing alone or in groups. All these people not only needed an opportunity to flee, but also a place to go to. Together, they created a 'maroon landscape', a mental map of opportunities available to enslaved people. Their mental landscape did include locations, people and circumstances on Curacao, but also the sea surrounding it. Moreover, seasonal effects like harvest time and changes abroad altered the 'maroon landscape' continuously and lead to an adjustment of behavior, which is most obvious after the abolition of slavery in nearby Venezuela in 1854. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing the abundance of atmospheric hydrogen (H) at Mars is critical for determining the current and, subsequently, the primordial water content on the planet. At present, the atmospheric abundance of Martian H is not directly measured but is simulated using proprietary models that are constrained with observations of H Lyman‐α emission brightness, as well as with observations of other atmospheric parameters, such as temperature and Solar UV irradiance. Publicly available brightness measurements require further processing to have scientific utility. To make the data needed to model H abundances and escape rates more accessible to the community, we use H Lyman‐α emissions made with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission. The near decade‐spanning data set is reduced to obtain disk‐pointed averages of the H brightness in the upper atmosphere of Mars and then analyzed for statistical trends across multiple variables. The H Lyman‐α emission brightness is found to be dependent on Solar illumination, Solar cycle, and season. The resulting data trends are used to derive empirical fits to build a predictive framework for future observations or an extrapolative tool for estimates of water content at previous epochs. Data that was intentionally not included in the empirical derivations are used to validate the predictions successfully to within 18% accuracy, on average. This first‐of‐its kind predictive model for H brightness is presented to the community and can be used with atmospheric models to further derive and interpret the abundances and escape rate of H atoms at Mars. Plain Language Summary: The upper atmosphere of Mars contains Hydrogen atoms that can escape into outer space. Since these atoms originate from water, understanding the abundance and variation of these atoms is important to understanding water escape from Mars. There are no direct measurements of H abundances in the upper atmosphere of Mars. However, H atoms emit UV photons, and these photons can be measured and used with models to derive H atom abundances. This work investigates the UV photon emissions of H atoms from the upper atmosphere of Mars using a 9‐year data set by converting the data into scientifically useable form and studying the trends with time. A predictive model is developed to successfully replicate the trends in the UV emissions of H atoms according to illumination, seasonal, and Solar activity conditions. This predictive model can be used with other tools and observed quantities to derive H abundances to infer the present and evolving water content at Mars. Key Points: Nine years of H Ly‐α brightness measurements are found to depend on Solar cycle, illumination, and Martian seasonStatistical fits for H Ly‐α brightness across independent variables are empirically derivedA predictive tool for atmospheric H brightness at Mars is developed and shared with the community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Semiarid environments, such as the Patagonian shrublands, are characterised by having shrubby patches surrounded by grasses with different ecophysiological strategies to tolerate long dry periods. Aims: We hypothesised that coexisting grasses of the Patagonian rangeland, already classified as drought-escaping or drought-tolerant, have different traits according to the season and the annual rainfall events. Methods: Two dominant native grasses were selected: Pappostipa speciosa (evergreen) and Poa ligularis (deciduous). Samples were collected in the four seasons for the term of 1 year. Rainfall events and soil water content of each season were determined. Spring was the wettest season and autumn the driest. Physiological (relative water content, pigments, hormones), biochemical (polyphenols, antioxidant activity) and morphological traits were measured in the four seasons. Key results: P. speciosa was characterised by keeping evergreen leaves with high production of polyphenols as secondary metabolites with high antioxidant capacity during the dry autumn and winter seasons. P. ligularis was characterised by high contents of gibberellin (GA1), auxin (IAA), total phenols, total flavonoids and tartaric acid esters, and high antioxidant capacity in roots during the autumn dry season. In addition, P. ligularis leaves had higher content of carotenoids and polyphenols than P. speciosa during the summer dry season. Conclusions: The major adaptive strategy to tolerate dry periods is the high activity of the secondary metabolism, mainly in leaves in P. speciosa (a drought-tolerant grass) and in roots in P. ligularis (a drought-escaping grass). Implications: Rainfall variations during a year can affect the phenological growth stages and the metabolism of two native grasses from Argentina characterised by different drought resistance mechanisms. The major adaptive strategy against the dry period is the high activity of secondary metabolism; mainly in leaves for the drought-tolerant grass Pappostipa speciosa , and in roots for the drought-escaping grass Poa ligularis. Photographs by Ana M. Cenzano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A six‐fold typology of ideal trips was developed in this study by listening to the voices of residents of Southeast Queensland, Australia, who identified what they felt a dream vacation encompassed. The study represents one of the first of its kind to explore this phenomenon from the tourists' perspective. The typology encompassed 16 styles of holiday. The six types included destination‐exclusive holidays, personal growth, exploration, escape, hedonism and attraction or activity specific holidays. The study concludes that more empirical research into this phenomenon is desired before comprehensive theory development can occur, for existing theories and models used to study ideal holidays tend to be fragmented and often contradictory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an epigenetic process that occurs during early development in mammalian females by randomly silencing one of two copies of the X chromosome in each cell. The preferential inactivation of either the maternal or paternal copy of the X chromosome in a majority of cells results in a skewed or non-random pattern of X inactivation and is observed in over 25% of adult females. Identifying skewed X inactivation is of clinical significance in patients with suspected rare genetic diseases due to the possibility of biased expression of disease-causing genes present on the active X chromosome. The current clinical test for the detection of skewed XCI relies on the methylation status of the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (Hpall) binding site present in proximity of short tandem polymorphic repeats on the androgen receptor (AR) gene. This approach using one locus results in uninformative or inconclusive data for 10–20% of tests. Further, recent studies have shown inconsistency between methylation of the AR locus and the state of inactivation of the X chromosome. Herein, we develop a method for estimating X inactivation status, using exome and transcriptome sequencing data derived from blood in 227 female samples. We built a reference model for evaluation of XCI in 135 females from the GTEx consortium. We tested and validated the model on 11 female individuals with different types of undiagnosed rare genetic disorders who were clinically tested for X-skew using the AR gene assay and compared results to our outlier-based analysis technique. Results In comparison to the AR clinical test for identification of X inactivation, our method was concordant with the AR method in 9 samples, discordant in 1, and provided a measure of X inactivation in 1 sample with uninformative clinical results. We applied this method on an additional 81 females presenting to the clinic with phenotypes consistent with different hereditary disorders without a known genetic diagnosis. Conclusions This study presents the use of transcriptome and exome sequencing data to provide an accurate and complete estimation of X-inactivation and skew status in a cohort of female patients with different types of suspected rare genetic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a lot of talk about the topic of servants, their rights and duties has become widespread and has become a matter of debate in our society. Because it has implications for the individual, the family and the community, the topic of insurance for the escape of servants is an important topic in this section, especially as it relates to the family. The scientific approach in this research has been to extrapolate the opinions of scholars on the matter, draw on the original sources of research, and attribute the texts and opinions of scientists to their books directly. The research aims to outline the provisions on insurance of domestic workers in jurisprudence and the system by: - To indicate what is meant by insurance for the escape of the domestic worker in Islamic jurisprudence, the rights and duties of the employer and the domestic worker, the reasons for the escape of the domestic worker and what is the treatment and the provision for insurance for the escape of the domestic worker in Islamic jurisprudence; The research has been divided into the following issues: the definition of insurance, the definition of escape, Definition of servants, definition of insurance for domestic workers, and the rights and duties of the employer and domestic servants and the reasons for the worker's escape and treatment, and the importance of insurance for the domestic service worker The research recommends holding seminars and conferences and activating lectures in schools and communities on servants' rights and duties. as well as the types of insurance and the provision of insurance on the necessary and necessary things for man to conduct doctrinal and societal studies on the causes of servants' flight and ways of addressing them and propose appropriate solutions for the existence of the right alternative in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to do an experimental analysis of academic task refusal for one girl with a developmental disability. Task refusal was analyzed in two experimental analyses. First, an analysis testing if the behavior was maintained by negative reinforcement, and the second, an analysis testing if the behavior was the result of transitioning between academic tasks differing in preference. Task refusal did not occur in the demand condition of the functional analysis, indicating that the behavior was not maintained by escape from demands. Conversely, task refusal occurred solely in the second experimental analysis when transitioning from a high‐preferred to a low‐preferred academic task. In this case, the context of terminating a preferred academic task and transitioning to a less preferred academic task was aversive but not the demand itself. In addition, when an embedded break condition was compared to a no break condition in a multielement design, task refusal was reduced to zero levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group members frequently face violations of group-based expectations by in- and outgroup members' behaviour. Responses to such violations include confronting the violators and escaping from the group. The current article presents a novel, integrative model explaining how and why violations of group-based expectations elicit these reactions. We argue that group members experience violations of expectations as threats to their social selves, which motivates them to react at all. Crucially adding to extant theorising, we argue that how group members react depends on their perceived control, a largely overlooked factor thus far. Herein, we synthesise our model's empirical basis, which spans studies on different violations (violations of ingroup norms, norms for cooperation, and expectations based on political ideology) and different group contexts (e.g., attitude-based lab groups, learning groups, Facebook groups). Moreover, we discuss boundary conditions for the model's applicability and its potential for integration with classic research on social identity management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the antecedents of viewers engagement from social media influencers specifically in relation to YouTube channels, which include feelings of escape, self-improvement, fun, glamourous, connectivity from the audience as well as Overall Perceived image of the influencer. The sample design used in this research is non-probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. The processed data came from 280 respondents and then the data was analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive influence of escape on fun, there is a positive influence of self improvement on fun, glamorous and connectivity, there is also a positive influence of fun, glamorous and connectivity on overall perceived image and there is a positive influence of overall perceived image on viewers engagement. Likewise, this study found that there is no positive effect of escape on glamorous and connectivity. In general, the results of this study show that fun, glamorous and connectivity, and overall perceived image are important factors that influence viewers engagement. Content that has a positive, authentic and informative overall image tends to attract more attention and is easily understood by viewers. Suggestions for future research, researchers can conduct research on Indonesian youtuber objects that are not included in this study and overseas youtuber objects. and can also conduct research on the impact of escape and self improvement on viewers engagement by adding job occupation variables as moderators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAlthough not yet recognized as an official disorder, Social Media Disorder (SMD) has recently received considerable interest in the research. However, relatively little is known about underlying motives for social media use and to what extent motives show differential associations with SMD symptom severity and SMD diagnosis. The overall aim of the present study was therefore to examine motives for social media use in relation to (1) which motives are most common, (2) associations between motives and both SMD symptom severity and SMD diagnosis, and (3) the effects of sex and age.MethodsData were collected through a digital survey (n = 1820) and included both high school students (n = 924) and university students (n = 896). Six different motives were assessed, and SMD was measured in relation to both Heavy Involvement and Negative Consequences of social media use.ResultsThe results showed that the most common social media use motives were Entertainment, Social Maintenance, and Information and Skills. However, it was the three least common motives – Social Compensation, Self-status, and Escape – that were most strongly associated with SMD symptom severity and SMD diagnosis. These three motives explained as much as 42% of the variance in negative consequences of social media use. Only a few small effects of sex or age were found.DiscussionSome social media use motives are much more strongly associated with SMD than others are. This could indicate that prevention and intervention programs should target these motives specifically, rather than focusing on social media use in general.

Background. The baptized Kalmyks settled in the Middle Volga region and in the Southern Urals contributed to the economic development and defense of Russia’s south-eastern borders. The negative side of the creation of separate Kalmyk settlements was the desire of some of the baptized Kalmyks to return to the Kalmyk Khanate. The purpose of the work is to consider the measures taken by the Russian authorities to prevent the escape of baptized Kalmyks to the Kalmyk Khanate, as well as practical steps aimed at their detention and return in 1737–1771. Materials and methods. The basis of the research source base was the materials of the Joint State Archive of Orenburg Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The historical-genetic, structural-functional methods of scientific research, the method of critical analysis of historical sources are used. Results. The analyzed sources do not allow us to judge unambiguously the effectiveness of measures aimed at preventing the escape of baptized Kalmyks. The escapes continued until the migration of the Volga Kalmyks to China and the liquidation of the Kalmyk Khanate. At the same time, the total number of fugitives by the end of 1760 did not exceed one per-cent of the total number of baptized Kalmyks settled in the Orenburg province.