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In this paper, thermal conductivity measurement of liquids and nanofluids is numerically investigated by the steady state method. In which, it is required to omit the natural convection effects on the inaccuracy of measurement for heat lost quantification. One of the well-known steady-state apparatus is circular parallel-plate where the distance between circular plates is filled with liquids or nanofluids. So, it has to be designed accurately to neglect the effects of free convection. The numerical simulation is a convenient method which can omit the mentioned effects. Water, Ethylene and Ethylene Glycol are considered as base liquids and Al2O3 as a Nano-fluid in this work. Thermal boundary conditions, the distance between two parallel discs, physical and thermal quantities of fluids, size and volume fraction of nano-particles have extensive effects on the measurement process. The main result of the simulation indicates that for all of the cases, the distance between two parallel discs has to get less than 2 mm for accurate measurement of thermal conductivity in the parallel circular plate, wherein, uncertainty in the presence of the natural convection can be easily omitted., Comment: 12 figures, 16 pages

This paper introduces a simulation study of fluid actuated multi-driven closed system as spherical mobile robot called "RollRoller". Robot's mechanism design consists of two essential parts: tubes to lead a core and mechanical controlling parts to correspond movements. Our robot gets its motivation force by displacing the spherical movable mass known as core in curvy manners inside certain pipes. This simulation investigates by explaining the mechanical and structural features of the robot for creating hydraulic-base actuation via force and momentum analysis. Next, we categorize difficult and integrated 2D motions to omit unstable equilibrium points through derived nonlinear dynamics. We propose an algorithmic position control in forward direction that creates hybrid model as solution for motion planning problem in spherical robot. By deriving nonlinear dynamics of the spherical robot and implementing designed motion planning, we show how RollRoller can be efficient in high speed movements in comparison to the other pendulum-driven models. Then, we validate the results of this position control obtained by nonlinear dynamics via Adams/view simulation which uses the imported solid model of RollRoller. Lastly, We have a look to the circular maneuver of this robot by the same simulator., Comment: 30 pages, 24 figures, submitted to Mechanism and Machine Theory