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3. Eight years of homicide evolution in Monterrey, Mexico: a network approach

Author

Dorantes-Gilardi, Rodrigo, García-Cortés, Diana, Hernández-Ramos, Hiram, and Espinal-Enriquez, Jesús

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society
Abstract

Homicide is without doubt one of Mexico's most important security problems, with data showing that this dismal kind of violence sky-rocketed shortly after the war on drugs was declared in 2007. Since then, violent war-like zones have appeared and disappeared throughout Mexico, causing unfathomable human, social and economic losses. One of the most emblematic of these zones is the city of Monterrey, a central scenario in the narco-war. To better understand the underlying mechanisms by which violence has evolved and spread through the city, here we propose a network-based approach. For this purpose, we define a homicide network where nodes are geographical entities that are connected through spatial proximity and crime similarity. Data is taken from a crime database spanning 86 months in the Monterrey metropolitan area, containing manually curated geo-located and dated homicides, as well as from Open Street Map for urban environment. Under this approach, we first identify independent crime sectors corresponding to different connected components. Each of these clusters of crime presents crime evolution similar to the one at state and national levels. We then show how crime spread from neighborhood to adjacent neighborhoods when violence was mainly cartel-related and how it was chiefly static at a different time. Finally, we show a relation between homicidal crime and urban landscape by studying the distance of safe and violent neighborhoods to the closest highway and by studying the evolution of highway and crime distance over the cartel-related years and the following period. With this approach, we are able to describe more accurately the evolution of homicidal crime in a metropolitan area.

Published
2020

4. Probabilistic Multilayer Networks

Author

Hernández-Lemus, Enrique, Espinal-Enríquez, Jesús, and de Anda-Jáuregui, Guillermo

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability
Abstract

Here we introduce probabilistic weighted and unweighted multilayer networks as derived from information theoretical correlation measures on large multidimensional datasets. We present the fundamentals of the formal application of probabilistic inference on problems embedded in multilayered environments, providing examples taken from the analysis of biological and social systems: cancer genomics and drug-related violence., Comment: 9 pages, 2 Figures, 1 Table, 3 Appendices

Published
2018

5. Antitumoral and Antimetastatic Activity by Mixed Chelate Copper(II) Compounds (Casiopeínas ®) on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, In Vitro and In Vivo Models.

Author

González-Ballesteros, Mauricio M., Sánchez-Sánchez, Luis, Espinoza-Guillén, Adrián, Espinal-Enríquez, Jesús, Mejía, Carmen, Hernández-Lemus, Enrique, and Ruiz-Azuara, Lena

Subjects
TRIPLE-negative breast cancer, COORDINATION compounds, BREAST cancer, COPPER compounds, REACTIVE oxygen species, CHELATING agents, BREAST
Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), accounting for 15–20% of all breast cancers, has one of the poorest prognoses and survival rates. Metastasis, a critical process in cancer progression, causes most cancer-related deaths, underscoring the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. This study explores the anti-migratory, anti-invasive, anti-tumoral, and antimetastatic effects of copper coordination compounds Casiopeína IIIia (CasIIIia) and Casiopeína IIgly (CasIIgly) on MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 breast carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. These emerging anticancer agents, mixed chelate copper(II) compounds, induce apoptosis by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing DNA damage. Whole-transcriptome analysis via gene expression arrays indicated that subtoxic concentrations of CasIIIia upregulate genes involved in metal response mechanisms. Casiopeínas® reduced TNBC cell viability dose-dependently and more efficiently than Cisplatin. At subtoxic concentrations (IC20), they inhibited random and chemotactic migration of MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells by 50–60%, similar to Cisplatin, as confirmed by transcriptome analysis. In vivo, CasIIIia and Cisplatin significantly reduced tumor growth, volume, and weight in a syngeneic breast cancer model with 4T1 cells. Furthermore, both compounds significantly decreased metastatic foci in treated mice compared to controls. Thus, CasIIIia and CasIIgly are promising chemotherapeutic candidates against TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Las estructuras políticas en las redes de macrocriminalidad en México

Author

Vázquez Valencia, Luis Daniel, Espinal-Enríquez, Jesús, Isunza Vera, Ernesto, and Isunza, Andrea

Subjects
Communication, Estudios subnacionales, Structures politiques, Macrocriminality, Violence, Macrocriminalidade, Études régionales, Estudos regionais, Regional studies, Political structures, Violencia, Macrocriminalité, Estructuras políticas, Estruturas políticas, Macrocriminalidad, Violência, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

Reconocimientos. Este artículo pertenece a una investigación más amplia intitulada "El funcionamiento de las redes de macrocriminalidad en Veracruz", financiado por la Fundación Heinrich Boell y el órgano de cooperación técnica alemán GIZ. Esta publicación da cuenta de los primeros hallazgos con carácter exploratorio. Las redes de macrocriminalidad se conforman por estructuras criminales, empresariales y políticas. En México, la estructura política es relevante para determinar la lógica y funcionamiento de la red. ¿Cuáles son las semejanzas y diferencias de las redes de macrocriminalidad de tres regiones de la entidad federativa de Veracruz considerando sus diferencias políticas? En la medida que los principales operadores de la red son de la entidad federativa, las diferencias políticas municipales no tienen ningún impacto. Pese a lo anterior, hay una división del trabajo por región que tienen consecuencias en el nivel de violencia. Macrocriminal networks are made up of criminal, business and political structures. In Mexico, the political structure is relevant to determine the logic and operation of the network. What are the similarities and differences of the macro-criminality networks of three regions of the federal entity of Veracruz considering their political differences? To the extent that the main network operators are from the federal entity, municipal political differences have no impact. Despite the above, there is a division of labor by region that has consequences for the level of violence. Les réseaux de macrocriminalité sont constitués de structures criminelles, commerciales et politiques. Au Mexique, la structure politique est pertinente pour déterminer la logique et le fonctionnement du réseau. Quelles sont les similitudes et les différences des réseaux de macrocriminalité de trois régions de l'État de Veracruz compte tenu de leurs différences politiques ? Dans la mesure où les principaux opérateurs de réseaux sont issus de l'entité fédérale, les divergences politiques communales n'ont pas d'impact. Malgré ce qui précède, il existe une division du travail par région qui a des conséquences sur le niveau de violence. As redes de macrocriminalidade são constituídas por estruturas criminosas, empresariais e políticas. No México, a estrutura política é relevante para determinar a lógica e o funcionamento da rede. Quais são as semelhanças e diferenças das redes de macrocriminalidade de três regiões do estado de Veracruz considerando suas diferenças políticas? Na medida em que os principais operadores de rede são do ente federal, as diferenças políticas municipais não têm impacto. Apesar do exposto, há uma divisão do trabalho por região que tem consequências no nível de violência.

Published
2023

16. The Role of Transcription Factors in the Loss of Inter-Chromosomal Co-Expression for Breast Cancer Subtypes.

Author

Trujillo-Ortíz, Rodrigo, Espinal-Enríquez, Jesús, and Hernández-Lemus, Enrique

Subjects
*TRANSCRIPTION factors, *BREAST, *BREAST cancer, *HEMATOLOGIC malignancies, *GENE regulatory networks, *REGULATOR genes
Abstract

Breast cancer encompasses a diverse array of subtypes, each exhibiting distinct clinical characteristics and treatment responses. Unraveling the underlying regulatory mechanisms that govern gene expression patterns in these subtypes is essential for advancing our understanding of breast cancer biology. Gene co-expression networks (GCNs) help us identify groups of genes that work in coordination. Previous research has revealed a marked reduction in the interaction of genes located on different chromosomes within GCNs for breast cancer, as well as for lung, kidney, and hematopoietic cancers. However, the reasons behind why genes on the same chromosome often co-express remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the role of transcription factors in shaping gene co-expression networks within the four main breast cancer subtypes: Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2+, and Basal, along with normal breast tissue. We identify communities within each GCN and calculate the transcription factors that may regulate these communities, comparing the results across different phenotypes. Our findings indicate that, in general, regulatory behavior is to a large extent similar among breast cancer molecular subtypes and even in healthy networks. This suggests that transcription factor motif usage does not fully determine long-range co-expression patterns. Specific transcription factor motifs, such as CCGGAAG, appear frequently across all phenotypes, even involving multiple highly connected transcription factors. Additionally, certain transcription factors exhibit unique actions in specific subtypes but with limited influence. Our research demonstrates that the loss of inter-chromosomal co-expression is not solely attributable to transcription factor regulation. Although the exact mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains elusive, this work contributes to a better understanding of gene expression regulatory programs in breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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17. A Literature-Based Approach to a Narco-Network

Author

Espinal-Enríquez, Jesús, Siqueiros-García, J. Mario, García-Herrera, Rodrigo, Alcalá-Corona, Sergio Antonio, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Aiello, Luca Maria, editor, and McFarland, Daniel, editor

Published
2015
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