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Simple Summary: Research for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment is continuously advancing. Of relevance is the use of the casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor. Here, we aimed to investigate the ability of CX-4945, CK2 inhibitor, to counteract tumor aggressiveness, as well as to restore the homeostasis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and of tight junctions, through its antiproliferative activity. Background: In oncology, casein kinase 2 (CK2), a serine/threonine kinase, has a dual action, regulating cellular processes and acting as an oncogenic promoter. Methods: This study examined the effect of CX-4945, a selective CK2 inhibitor, in a human U-87 glioblastoma (GBM) cell line, treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM) for 24 h. Similarly, the hCMEC/D3 cell line was used to mimic the blood–brain barrier (BBB), examining the ability of CX-4945 to restore BBB homeostasis, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM). Results: We reported that CX-4945 reduced the proliferative activity and modulated the main pathways involved in tumor progression including apoptosis. Furthermore, in confirmation of the in vitro study, performing a xenograft model, we demonstrated that CX-4945 exerted promising antiproliferative effects, also restoring the tight junctions' expression. Conclusions: These new insights into the molecular signaling of CK2 in GBM and BBB demonstrate that CX-4945 could be a promising approach for future GBM therapy, not only in the tumor microenvironment but also at the BBB level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most used chemotherapy agents in clinical practice is 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a fluorinated pyrimidine in the category of antimetabolite agents. 5-FU is used to treat a variety of cancers, including colon, breast, pancreatic, and stomach cancers, and its efficacy lies in its direct impact on the patient's DNA and RNA. Specifically, its mechanism blocks the enzymes thymidylate synthetase and uracil phosphatase, inhibiting the synthesis of uracil, which cannot be incorporated into nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA. Despite being one of the most used drugs in oncology, it is associated with several significant side effects, including inflammation of the mouth, loss of appetite, and reduction in blood cells. In our study, we examined the reduction of side effects in a 5-FU regimen administered at doses of 15 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg for 14 days in 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. On the 14th day, the rats were treated orally for 2 weeks with 100 mg/kg of Ulva pertusa, a well-known seaweed from the Ulvaceae family, which has demonstrated powerful biological properties. The administration of this green alga alleviated the side effects of 5-FU, improving several parameters including body weight, food intake, and diarrhea index. It also helped reduce side effects in the blood, kidneys, and liver. Histological and molecular analyses were conducted on serum and colon tissues from the rats, examining changes in colon structure and the release of oxidative stress markers such as iNOS, COX-2, and nitrotyrosine. Several biochemical indicators, including SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA, and ascorbic acid, were also evaluated. Overall, our data indicated Ulva pertusa to be a promising therapeutic against 5-FU's adverse effects, therefore, it could be worthwhile to investigate the possibility of using this alga in safer cancer treatment formulations. Certainly, future preclinical and clinical studies could assess the alga's efficacy in diverse cancer treatment regimens, exploring its role as an adjuvant therapy that may reduce chemotherapy-related toxicity without compromising therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis type 2 is a rare pathology affecting mainly the central nervous system (CNS) and retina, and is caused by variants in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase 1. Therapy with enzyme replacement through the brain infusion of the orphan drug cerliponase alfa, a recombinant human tripeptidyl peptidase 1 enzyme replacement therapy delivered via intracerebroventricular infusion, has been approved for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis type 2 disease. The safety profile of cerliponase alfa has been established based on pre-authorization studies; currently, no post-marketing investigation has been performed to confirm it. Here, a descriptive analysis of real-world spontaneous reporting data of suspected adverse reactions (SARs) to cerliponase alfa in the EudraVigilance database was performed to compile clear information on the safety profile. Methods: Suspected adverse reactions to cerliponase alfa reported in the data system EudraVigilance were analyzed for age, sex of the patient, adverse reactions, and the indication for use. Results: Cases with suspected adverse reactions to cerliponase alfa were found to be more frequent in female patients (58.1%) and in children aged 3–11 years. The most common adverse reactions were, in decreasing order, fever/pyrexia, device-related infection, vomiting, seizures/convulsions, pleocytosis, irritability, ventriculitis, and respiratory disorders. Conclusions: The results confirm the safety profile of cerliponase alfa established with pre-registration clinical studies but suggest the need for further studies to investigate the occurrence of adverse reactions, as possible predictive prognostic markers, in more depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are currently the most widespread neuronal pathologies in the world. Among these, the most widespread are Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD)—all characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in specific regions of the brain leading to varied clinical symptoms. At the basis of neurodegenerative diseases, an emerging role is played by genetic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene that cause increased LRRK2 activity with consequent alteration of neuronal autophagy pathways. LRRK2 kinase activity requires GTPase activity which functions independently of kinase activity and is required for neurotoxicity and to potentiate neuronal death. Important in the neurodegeneration process is the upregulation of casein kinase (CK), which causes the alteration of the AMPK pathway by enhancing the phosphorylation of α-synuclein and huntingtin proteins, known to be involved in PD and HD, and increasing the accumulation of the amyloid-β protein (Aβ) for AD. Recent research has identified CK of the kinases upstream of LRRK2 as a regulator of the stability of the LRRK2 protein. Based on this evidence, this review aims to understand the direct involvement of individual kinases in NDDs and how their crosstalk may impact the pathogenesis and early onset of neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) represents one of the most prevalent foregut illnesses, affecting a large portion of individuals worldwide. Recent research has shown that inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes are crucial for causing esophageal mucosa alterations in GERD patients. It seems likely that the expression of various cytokines in the esophageal mucosa also induces oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). As humoral agents and peptidergic neurotransmitters that may support the enterogastric axis, bombesin and its related bombesin-like peptide, GRP (gastrin releasing peptide), have not been fully investigated. Therefore, considering all these assumptions, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of bombesin in reestablishing biochemical markers linked with inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress in GERD pathological settings. C57BL/6 mice were alternatively overfed and fasted for 56 days to induce GERD and then treated with bombesin (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) once daily for 7 days, and omeprazole was used as the positive control. After 7 days of treatment, gastric pain and inflammatory markers were evaluated. Abdominal pain was significantly reduced following bombesin administration, which was also successful in diminishing inflammatory and oxidative/nitrosative stress markers in a manner overlapping with omeprazole. Moreover, bombesin was also able to appreciably modulate gastric pH as a result of the restoration of gastric homeostasis. Overall, these observations indicated that the upregulation of bombesin and interconnected peptides is a promising alternative approach to treat GERD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" (IBD) describes a class of relapse-remitting conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Among these, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two of the most globally prevalent and debilitating conditions. Several articles have brought attention to the significant role that inflammation and oxidative stress cooperatively play in the development of IBD, offering a different viewpoint both on its etiopathogenesis and on strategies for the effective treatment of these conditions. Marine ecosystems may be a significant source of physiologically active substances, supporting the search for new potential clinical therapeutics. Based on this evidence, this review aims to comprehensively evaluate the activity of marine algae and deriving biomolecules in decreasing pathological features of CD and UC. To match this purpose, a deep search of the literature on PubMed (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar was performed to highlight primary biological mechanisms, the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress biochemical parameters, and potential clinical benefits deriving from marine species. From our findings, both macroalgae and microalgae have shown potential as therapeutic solutions for IBD due to their bioactive compounds and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities which are capable of modulating markers such as cytokines, the NF-κB pathway, reactive oxidative and nitrosative species (ROS and RNS), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), lactoferrin, SIRT1, etc. However, while we found promising preclinical evidence, more extensive and long-term clinical studies are necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of marine algae for IBD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare thyroid neoplasm characterized by aggressiveness and a high mortality rate. Troxerutin (Trox) is a bioflavonoid widely found in various fruits and vegetables with numerous protective effects, including anticancer activities. To evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of Trox, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted in a model of ATC. Human ATC 8305C cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of Trox (10 μg/mL, 30 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL), and our results revealed that Trox treatment was able to reduce the viability of ATC cells and migratory capacity, reducing the expression of anti-apoptotic factors, such as B-cell lymphoma (bcl-2), and increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic factors, such as Caspase-3 and BID, activating oxidative stress mediators, such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO-1). Furthermore, Trox modulates NF-κB pathway markers, such as NIK and TRAF-6. Further confirmation was obtained through in vivo studies, in which Trox treatment, at doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, reduced morphological alteration, decreasing mast cell accumulation. Therefore, the use of Trox could be considered a promising strategy to counteract the progression of ATC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of OSCC pathogenesis are still unknown; however, in recent years, several reports have focused on the role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in OSCC. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the effects of GSK343, a selective EZH2 inhibitor, and its impact on the signaling pathways in OSCC, using an in vitro and in vivo orthotopic model. In the in vitro model, GSK343 (1, 10, and 25 μM) significantly decreased OSCC cell viability and cell migration through EZH2 inhibition, modulating NF-κB/IκBα pathway activation and eNOS, VEGF, and TGFβ expression, important markers of angiogenesis. In the in vivo model, GSK343 (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) restored tongue tissue architecture and reduced tumor progression through EZH2 inhibition and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway modulation. Moreover, GSK343 reduced the expression of inflammatory mediators; eNOS and TGFβ, markers of angiogenesis; and CD31 and CD34, markers of micro vessel density, respectively. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that GSK343 counteracts oral cancer progression through EZH2/Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation, suggesting that it could be a promising therapeutic approach for OSCC management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steadily increasing demand for accurate analysis of vitamin D level, via measurement of its best general marker, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), pushes for the development of novel automated assays capable of working at very low concentrations. Here, we propose a plasmonic biosensor of 25(OH)D3 (calcifediol) based on surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy, which exploits the resonant coupling between plasmonic nanoantennas and vibrational excitation of small molecules. Specifically, our proposed platform features a large-area (several mm2) metasurface made of gold nanoantennas fabricated on a silicon substrate, comprising different macroregions (“pixels”) of area 500 × 500 µm2. In each pixel, the nanoantenna geometrical parameters are tuned so as to support localized surface plasmon resonances (and hence large field enhancements at the nanoscale) within different regions of the infrared spectrum. As a result, a single chip is capable of performing analysis from the region of functional groups to that of fingerprint. Two different designs are fabricated via electron beam lithography, functionalized with a correlated antibody for the detection of 25(OH)D3, and characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Our experiments demonstrate the capability to detect a concentration as low as 86 pmol/L, and an amount of immobilized small molecules of 25(OH)D3 monohydrate (molecular weight: 418.65 g/mol) as low as 4.31 amol over an area of 100 × 100 µm2.