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In this study, a suitable area was determined for the biogas plant to be established in Konya Closed Basin (KCB), Turkey’s largest closed basin and has a significant renewable energy field potential, by using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Within the scope of the study, a methodology consisting of three stages was followed, and first of all, the settlements in the KCB were listed according to the raw material criteria with the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Multi-attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC) methods. In the next step, nine criteria, which are frequently preferred in the literature, were used to select the most suitable places where the biogas plant could be built within the priority districts. These criteria are weighted using the Full Consistency Method (FUCOM), based on expert opinions and requiring fewer binary comparison matrices than other MCDM methods. By combining the calculated weights with the spatial data, suitability maps for biogas plant construction were created. With this aspect, the study is the first site selection study in which these methods, which are used separately in the literature, are used together. According to the final map, the most suitable location for Biogas Facility overlap a newly established industrial zone in Karaman Center. The fact that the area determined for the facility is suitable for construction and the possibility that the customer of the energy produced is other industrial establishments here is the most important indicator that the methods applied give good results.

Bu çalışma, bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesindeki sağlık çalışanlarının el hijyeni bilgi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve el hijyeni uyumunun değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmada, sağlık çalışanlarından demografik özelliklerle birlikte güncel literatür taranarak el hijyeni endikasyonları, uygulanma şekilleri, süresi, önemi ve eğitimi ile ilgili konuları içeren 20 sorudan oluşan bir anketin doldurulması istendi. Bu çalışmaya Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi XXX Hastanesi’nde çalışan 220 erkek 180 kadın olmak üzere toplam 400 sağlık çalışanı dahil edildi. Altı yıllık süre içerisinde el hijyenine uyum oranının %74 olduğu saptandı. Meslek gruplarından el hijyenine en yüksek uyumun %80 oranında hemşirelerde, en düşük uyumun ise %55 oranında doktorlarda olduğu görüldü. El hijyenine en yüksek uyum, vücut sıvıları ile temas sonrasında olduğu gözlendi. El hijyeni uygulamasına, hemşireler ve diğer sağlık personelinde en düşük uyum hastayla temastan önce, doktorlarda ise hasta çevresi ile temastan sonra olduğu saptandı. Sağlık çalışanlarının el hijyeni konusunda bilgi ve uygulama eksiklikleri belirlenerek hedefe yönelik etkin eğitim programlarıyla el hijyenine uyumun artırılması sağlanmalıdır.

Q ateşi, hücre içi patojen olan Coxiella burnetii’nin neden olduğu yaygın bir zoonozdur. Q ateşine bağlı olarak endokardit, aort anevrizması, vasküler greft enfeksiyonu, miyokardit gibi birçok kardiyovasküler komplikasyonlar olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Q ateşinin kardiyovasküler komplikasyonlarının gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

The study included 60 patients with lung cancer and 30 patients without lung cancer. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples of these 90 individuals were taken for diagnostic purposes in the University of Health Sciences Turkey, Van Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Chest Diseases. Patient information was recorded. After DNA isolation from the BAL fluid samples taken from patients, the nested-PCR protocol for amplification of mtLSUrRNA inThese findings suggest that lung cancer patients should be evaluated for PJP.Çalışmaya Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Van Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Göğüs Hastalıkları Kliniği’nde tanısal amaçla bronkoalveolar lavaj (BAL) sıvı örnekleri alınan 60 akciğer kanserli hasta ve 30 akciğer kanseri olmayan hasta dahil edildi. Hastalara ait bilgiler kaydedildi. Hastalardan alınan BAL sıvı örneklerinden DNA izolasyonu yapıldıktan sonraÇalışmaya dahil edilen akciğer kanserli hastaların 40’ında (%66,67), akciğer kanseri olmayan hastaların 6’sında (%20) olmak üzere toplam 46 (%51,11) hastadaSonuç olarak akciğer kanseri hastalarının, PJP yönünden mutlaka değerlendirilmesi gerektiği kanaatindeyiz.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in schizophrenia patients and reveal the importance of toxoplasmosis as a risk factor in these patients. Method: The study was conducted on 190 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Also included as the control group were 100 healthy individuals without schizophrenia. Anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibody levels were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in blood samples taken from the patient and control groups. Results: Anti-T. gondii IgG antibody was detected via ELISA in 63.2% of the 190 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, and in 29% of the 100 individuals included in the control group. Anti-T. gondii IgM antibody seropositivity was not detected in the patient or control group. Conclusion: In line with the data obtained in the study, it was concluded that individuals infected with T. gondii were more likely to develop schizophrenia. It was also concluded that more detailed studies should be conducted to prove the relationship between T. gondii and schizophrenia.

Objective: Demodex mites are microscopic arthropods that live on the skin of mammals and are obligate parasites. Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are two species known to settle on the skin of humans. Demodex mite infections are called demodicosis. Demodicosis, which is usually asymptomatic, is known to cause some skin diseases as a result of an imbalance in immune system mechanisms This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between Demodex spp. infestations and clinical signs, such as immunodeficiency, rosacea, blepharitis and facial itching, facial flushing, facial tenderness, facial rash, and sunburn. Methods: A total of 350 patients, 178 of whom were immunosuppressed and 172 who were immunocompetent, were included in the study. Samples were taken from the nose, chin, and forehead areas, using the standard superficial skin biopsy method and were examined under a microscope. Results: Demodex spp. was detected in 224 of the 350 patients, including 144 (80.90%) of the 178 immunosuppressed patients and 88 (51.16%) of the 172 immunocompetent patients included in the study. The difference between Demodex spp. positivity in the immunosuppressed patients and positivity in the immunocompetent patients was statistically significant. In addition, a relationship was found between Demodex spp. and some clinical symptoms. Conclusions: Demodex spp. remains a health problem in rosacea and immunosuppressed patients. It was concluded that Demodex spp. should definitely be considered in cases of facial sensitivity, facial rash, and facial flushing in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients, especially in the presence of sunburn in immunosuppressed patients, which was revealed by this study.

The current study deals with the mapping and evaluation of forest and land use cover changes in the western Himalayas, Pakistan. These forest types include i) Moist temperate forests ii) Mixed coniferous forests and iii) Sub-tropical broad leaved forests. Moist temperate forest mostly consists of evergreen conifers with some of oaks and deciduous trees. Subtropical pine forest are mostly dominated by Pinus roxburghii. These forest type are mostly mixed by Pinus roxburghii and other coniferous species like Pinus wallichiana at the upper ranges in Dewal, Angoori, Nambal, Aucha and Khanitak etc. The broad-leaved subtropical forests are recorded on the hills and in the lower slopes of Himalaya near Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The high quantity of vegetation index were observed in winter season as compared to summer. The Landsat satellite images of years 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018 were classified into land-cover units. Vegetation land decreased in the total area whereas the bare land class increased in the total. Water class further reduced and the built- up class increased up in the Murree area, Pakistan.

Amaç: Hepatit A, hepatit B, hepatit C ve HIV kan ve vücut sıvılarının bulaşı açısından önde gelen hastalıklardır. Bu çalışmada, sağlık çalışanlarında HAV, HBV, HCV ve HIV seropozitifliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Sağlık çalışanlarının serum örneklerinde HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HCV, anti-HAV IgG, anti-HBc IgG ve anti-HIV testleri kemilüminesans esasına dayanan ELISA yöntemi ile çalışıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 647 sağlık çalışanından 391’i erkek (%60,43) ve 256’sı kadındı (%39,57). Çalışanların 201’i (%31,1) hemşire, 92’si (%14,2) doktor, 94’ü (%14,5) temizlik görevlisi ve 260’ı (%40,2) diğer sağlık personeli idi. HBsAg pozitifliği 12 kişide (%1,8) saptandı. Anti-HBs pozitifliği 561 kişide (%86,7) tespit edildi. Anti-HCV ve anti-HIV pozitifliği herhangi bir sağlık çalışanında saptanmadı. Anti-HAV IgG bakılan 552 kişiden 499 kişide test sonucu pozitif (%90,3), 53 kişide ise negatif (%9,7) olarak sonuçlandı.Sonuç: Sağlık çalışanları HAV, HBV, HCV ve HIV açısından yüksek risk grubunda bulundukları için dönemsel olarak bu virüsler açısından tarama yapılması ve HAV ile HBV’ye karşı bağışık olmayanların aşılanmaları gerekmektedir., Objective: Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV are the leading diseases in terms of transmission of blood and body fluids. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the seropositivity of HAV, HBV, HCV and HIV in healthcare workers.Materials and Methods: HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HCV, anti-HAV IgG, anti-HBc IgG and anti-HIV markers at serum samples of healthcare workers were measured by ELISA method based on the method of chemiluminescent immunoassay.Results: Of the 647 healthcare workers included in our study, 391 (60.43%) were male and 256 were female (39.57%). Of the workers, 201 (31.1%) were nurses, 92 (14.2%) doctors, 94 (14.5%) cleaners and 260 (40.2%) other health personnel. HBsAg positivity was detected in 12 people (1.8%). Anti-HBs positivity was detected in 561 people (86.7%). Anti-HCV and anti-HIV positivity were not detected in any healthcare worker. Anti-HAV IgG test result was positive in 499 people (90.3%) and negative in 53 people (9.7%), out of 552 people.Conclusion: Since healthcare workers are in the high risk group for HAV, HBV, HCV and HIV, they should be screened periodically for these viruses and those who are not immune to HAV and HBV should be vaccinated.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the incidence of Demodex spp in employees and individuals receiving service in hairdressers. 55 hairdresser employees and 55 people who receive hairdresser service in the central districts of Van province were included in this study. Samples were taken from the nose, chin and forehead with the standard superficial skin biopsy method. After a drop of Hoyer solution was dripped onto these samples, adult, larva, nymph and egg forms of mites were investigated under the microscope with 10 and 20 lenses. Demodex spp was determined in 29.8% of 55 hairdresser employees included in the study and in 70.2% of 55 individuals who received hairdresser service. A statistically significant correlation was found between hairdresser employees and service users in terms of the incidence of Demodex spp. Of the 47 cases in which parasites were determined, 44 were female and 3 were male. A statistically significant correlation was found between gender and the incidence of the parasite. It was concluded that distribution of informative leaflets about this parasite to people receiving service in personal care and hygiene centers may reduce the incidence of Demodex spp., Bu çalışma ile kuaför salonu çalışanlarında ve hizmet alan bireylerde Demodex spp’nin görülme sıklığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmaya Van ili merkez ilçelerinde hizmet veren 55 kuaför salonu çalışanı ve kuaför hizmeti alan 55 kişi dâhil edildi. Örnekler standart yüzeysel deri biyopsisi yöntemi ile burun, çene ve alın bölgelerinden alındı. Bu örneklerin üzerine birer damla Hoyer eriyiği damlatıldıktan sonra mikroskopta, 10’luk ve 20’lik objektif ile akarların erişkin, larva, nimf ve yumurta formları araştırıldı. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 55 kuaför çalışanının %29.8’inde, kuaför hizmeti alan 55 bireyin %70.2’sinde Demodex spp saptandı. Demodex spp görülme sıklığı açısından kuaför çalışanları ile hizmet alanlar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir korelasyon bulundu. Parazit saptanan 47 olgudan 44’ünün kadın, 3’ünün erkek olduğu belirlendi. Cinsiyet ile parazitin görülme sıklığı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulundu. Kişisel bakım ve hijyen merkezlerinde hizmet alan insanlara, bu parazit hakkında bilgilendirici el broşürlerinin dağıtılmasının Demodex spp görülme sıklığını düşürebileceği kanaatine varıldı.

Alcohol addiction or alcoholism constitutes a significant risk factor worldwide for morbidity and mortality. Moxidectin is a recently approved anthelmintic drug, which also activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of moxidectin on rewarding effects of ethanol in the conditioned place preference (CPP) model in mice. In separate experiments, mice were administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of moxidectin (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) before a) acquisition of alcohol-induced CPP, b) each extinction session, and c) alcohol-induced reinstatement of CPP. The present experiments provide consistent data about ethanol place preference in mice (2 g/kg, i.p.), with mice in all tests spending significantly more time on the ethanol-paired side. The acquisition of the CPP response to ethanol was prevented by the administration of moxidectin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Additionally, moxidectin treatment accelerated the extinction of ethanol CPP when given repeatedly during the extinction phase. Ethanol-induced reinstatement of CPP following an extinction phase was inhibited by moxidectin. Ethanol alone and co-administration with moxidectin did not change locomotor activity and motor coordination. In conclusion, we suggest that moxidectin may be a promising therapeutic candidate for prevention of ethanol-induced addiction and relapse as well as detoxification.

Background/aim: To determine the seroprevalence and evaluate clinical findings and laboratory results of patients prediagnosed with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Gumushane. Materials and methods: Included in the cross-sectional study were 362 patients (162 female, 200 male) between 0 and 94 years of age, who were followed up after receiving a preliminary diagnosis of CCHF between January 2011 and December 2019. Anamnesis, age, sex, clinical findings, laboratory results, epidemiological and clinical evaluations, severity criteria, risk factor reviews, and a comparison of the suspected negative cases with positive cases were analyzed retrospectively. Patients included in the study were evaluated as RNA positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or IgM-positive by ELISA. Results: Of the 362 patients admitted to health institutions with a preliminary diagnosis of CCHF, 242 were diagnosed as CCHFpositive (66.9%). Moreover, 196 of those CCHF-positive patients (81%) were admitted to health institutions during the summer months. Statistical analyses revealed a significant relationship between the incidence of CCHF and patients who had been in contact with animals, lived in rural areas, and had engaged in farming and animal husbandry. In addition, fever, headache, diffuse bodily pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fever of 38 degrees C or higher, tachycardia, elevated ALT/AST, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were detected in the CCHF-positive patients. Significant relations were found between this disease and these symptoms. However, there was no significant relationship between the statistical evaluation of the disease and bloody diarrhea, bodily bruises, rash, unconsciousness, gingival bleeding, hypotension, epistaxis, petechiae, splenomegaly, ecchymosis, hematuria, maculopapular rash, gastrointestinal system complaints, anemia, or elevation of the international normalized ratio and activated partial thromboplastin time duration, separately. Conclusion: Of the 362 patients, 66.9% (242) of those who received a preliminary diagnosis of CCHF were indeed CCHF-positive in Gumushane. It was concluded that CCHF remains an important endemic disease in Gumushane. In addition, elevated ALT/AST, CK, and LDH levels, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia in patients presenting with headache, fever, fever of 38 degrees C or higher, generalized body pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and tachycardia will play a pivotal role in the preliminary diagnosis of CCHF.

*Gürbüz, Esra ( Aksaray, Yazar ), Central-west Turkey is a transition zone both tectonically and climatically between the quite different central and western regions of Anatolia. Central Anatolia represents the seismically quiet part of the otherwise highly active Turkey. On the other hand, this region has some of the lowest precipitation and highest evaporation ratios of Turkey. Conversely, west Anatolia is one of the most rapidly extending regions of the world and seismically very active. The climate is very different from the central part of Turkey and more humid. The zone between these two regions is also known geologically as the Isparta Angle. This reverse-V-shaped fold and thrust belt has several lake basins today, which have archived the geological and geomorphological history of this tectonic and climatic transition zone. The Beysehir-Sugla basin is located on the eastern part of this zone. This NW-SE trending basin includes the largest natural freshwater lake of the Mediterranean region: Lake Beysehir. Lakes Beysehir and Sugla are located in this tectonic depression that discharge into an incised river gorge opening to the Konya closed basin. In order to shed light on the development of the Beysehir-Sugla basin, our study was mainly conducted within the Neogene and Quaternary units of the region. Our structural results indicate that the depression was probably formed by a transtensional regime in the middle Miocene, which is controlled by extensional tectonics since the early Quaternary. Also, the current depression has mainly embodied the structures that are the products of these tectonic phases. According to our sedimentary data and palaeoecological interpretation of available palaeontological data, the Beysehir-Sugla basin was developed initially under a humid and warm climate in the middle Miocene; then since the late Miocene-Pliocene it was controlled by a relatively more arid and, at times, humid climate more like the central Anatolian basins. Although the Beysehir-Sugla basin is hydrologically connected to the Konya closed basin in central Anatolia, it was protected from arid climatic conditions for over millions of years as evidenced by the lack of evaporites in the studied basin and surrounding basins located in the interior part of the Isparta Angle. While the regional climate seems to have changed consistently with the geomorphic response to large-scale tectonics (i.e. orographic barrier development), the Beysehir-Sugla basin seems to be protected from hydrological closure by the existence of karstic features in the surrounding carbonate basement rocks.

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa infecting the wide variety of hosts and are commonly known as a cause of chronic diarrhea particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Molecular-based tests have high sensitivity and specificity in disease diagnosis. However, these tests’ performance relies on the isolation of DNA in a good concentration. The standard procedures of commercial DNA extraction kits are usually insufficient for this purpose due to the tough walls of spores. This study aimed to test the significance of pretreatments by glass beads and freeze-thawing processes in DNA isolation from microsporidia spores. The parasite was cultured in growing Vero cells and seven serial dilutions were prepared from the collected spores. DNA purification was performed according to different tissue kits and stool kit procedures with and without any pretreatment. Concentration of isolated DNA samples were evaluated by real-time PCR. As a result of this study, the detectable amount of spores is minimum 10 spores in each 100 μ! sample according to the different tissue kits’ standard protocols. However, according to the DNA stool mini kit, the detectable amount of spores was found to be 1,000 spores/100 μl of stool sample when pretreated with both the freeze-thawing and glass beads methods.In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that further pretreatments are an essential process for DNA extraction from the stool specimens in order to avoid possible false negativity in the diagnosis of microsporidiosis.

Bu çalışmanın ana kurgusu organik bir şekilde oluşan Gaziantep geleneksel kent dokusunun oluşum sürecini, sosyal ve mimari dinamiklerin birlikte ele alınabildiği sayısal bir analiz yöntemi ile değerlendirmek ve yorumlamaktır. Geleneksel kent dokusunun oluşumunda toplumsal faktörlerin etkisinin -sözel bir analiz ile ortaya koyulamayan özelliklerin- sayısal bir analiz yöntemi ile analiz edilerek yorumlanması hedeflenmiştir. Bu yönde bir çalışma yapılmasının ana motivasyonu ise geleneksel kent dokusunu toplumsal dinamikler bağlamında anlamanın ve yorumlamanın yeni tasarımlara ipucu verebilmesi ve altlık olabilmesi anlamında değerli olmasıdır. Hızlı bir dönüşüm ve değişim süreci içinde olan kentlerde, mimari belleğinin ve kent belleğinin sürdürülebilmesi, anlaşılması, yorumlanması ve bu bilgilerin yeni tasarımlarda kullanılabilmesi için çeşitli analizlere ve bilgilere ihtiyaç vardır. Bu bağlamda çalışma kapsamında sayısal bir analiz yöntemi olan mekân dizimi kullanılarak, Gaziantep’in geleneksel kent dokusu, dokunun oluşum mekânizması ve sosyal ilişkiler ağının anlaşılması, kentsel oluşum sürecine dair bilgi edinilmesi ve sosyo-kültürel farklılıkların kentsel dokuya yansımalarının okunması amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen bu bilgilerin geleneksel kent dokusu içinde yapılacak olan yeni kentsel tasarımlara yol gösterici nitelikte kullanılabileceği ve araştırma yönteminin benzer karakteristikteki kentler için de yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Bu calismanin ana hedefi organik bir sekilde olusan Gaziantep geleneksel kent dokusunun olusum surecini kulturel ve mimari dinamiklerle birlikte degerlendirmek ve anlamaktir. Geleneksel kent dokusunu anlamak ve yorumlamak kentsel donusumler veya kentsel tasarimlar icin ipucu verebilmesi ve altlik olabilmesi baglaminda degerlidir. Hizli bir donusum ve degisim sureci icinde olan kentlerde kent belleginin korunabilmesi ve yorumlanabilmesi icin bu tur analizlere ihtiyac vardir. Bu baglamda mekan dizimi yontemi kullanilarak, Gaziantep’in geleneksel kent dokusu olusum mekanizmasi ve sosyal iliskiler aginin anlasilmasi, kentsel olusum surecine dair bilgi edinilmesi ve sosyo-kulturel farkliliklarin kentsel dokuya yansimalarinin okunmasi amaclanmistir. Bu amacla kentin mekan dizimi analizleri yapilarak kente dair cesitli sayisal veriler elde edilmis ve bu veriler mekânsal, kentsel ve sosyo-kulturel iliskiler baglaminda yorumlanmistir. Calismanin sonucunda Gaziantep geleneksel kent dokusuna dair mimari ve kentsel anlamda genel bir bilgiye sahip olmak ve bu bilgileri gunumuzde ve gelecekte yapilacak olan geleneksel doku icindeki yeni kentsel tasarimlara yol gostermesi amaclanmistir. Bu bilgiler ve arastirma yonteminin, benzer karakteristikteki kentler icin de yol gosterici olacagi dusunulmektedir.

Günümüzde aktif fayların yakın alanlarına kurulan deformasyon ağlarının GNSS tekniği ile izlenmesi sonucunda depreme ait zamanı belirlemek mümkün olmasa da faylar üzerinde biriken gerilmeler yardımıyla muhtemel deprem konumları tahmin edilebilmektedir. Orta Anadolu Neotektonik Bölgesini, Konya-Eskişehir ve Kayseri-Sivas Neotektonik Bölgeleri olmak üzere iki alt neotektonik bölgeye ayıran bir geçiş zonu olan yaklaşık 220 km uzunluğundaki Tuz Gölü Fay Zonu (TGFZ)’nun kırılması durumunda büyüklüğü (M) yaklaşık 6-7 olan bir depreme sebep olabileceği bilinmektedir. Fay zonunun bu potansiyeli dikkate alınarak, bulunduğu alanda meydana gelen deformasyonların hesaplanması amacıyla Tuz Gölü Fay Zonu’nun Güney Kesiminde doğu-batı yönlü profil şeklinde 24 adet nirengi tesisi kurulmuştur. Oluşturulan ağda 2018-2019 yıllarında 3 periyot GNSS ölçüsü yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar GAMIT/GLOBK yazılım takımı ile değerlendirilerek bölgenin güncel hız haritası elde edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, Tuz Gölü Fay Zonu Güney kesiminde Avrasya referans sistemi sabit olmak üzere yıllık 10 ile 35 mm arasında batı ve kuzey batı yönünde bir hareket belirlenmiştir. Noktalara ait standart sapma değerleri 2-6 mm arasında değişmektedir. İlerleyen yıllarda yapılan yeni kampanya ölçüleri ile birlikte standart sapma değerlerinin azalacağı düşünülmektedir., Although the time of the earthquake could not be clearly determined but possible earthquake locations and the stresses on the faults can predicted through monitoring the deformation networks with GNSS technique established around the earthquake producing faults. Tuz Gölü Fault Zone (TGFZ) is approximately 220 km long, which is a transition zone separating the Central Anatolian Neotectonic Zone, Kayseri-Sivas and Konya-Eskişehir Neotectonic Regions as two sub-neotectonic zones, it is known that the TGFZ, may cause an earthquake with a magnitude (M) of approximately 6-7 in case of breaking. Considering this potential of the fault zone, in order to calculate the deformations occurring in the area 24 reference points were constructed in the form of an east-west profile of the southeastern part of the TGFZ. In this network established, 3 periods of GNSS observations between 2018-2019 were measured. GAMIT/GLOBK software was used to process the collected GNSS observations and determine recent velocity fields of the region. In the study, between 10 and 35 mm annually movement was determined in the west and north west direction relative to the Eurasia reference system in the southern part of the TGFZ. The standard deviation of the points varies between 2-6 mm. It is thought that standard deviation values will decrease with the new campaign measurements made in the following years.

Gürbüz, Esra ( Aksaray, Yazar ) Güney, Ayşegül ( Aksaray, Yazar ), The Ulukışla Basin is one of the most important late Cretaceous-Cenozoic basins in central Anatolia. The basin is surrounded by the Bolkar Mountains of Tauride Platform in the south, the Niğde Massif of Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex to the north, and the Ecemiş Fault Zone and Aladağ Mountains in the east. The fact that time interval proposed for the formation of Ulukışla Basin is quite wide and more than one tectonic regime prevailed in the region, have led to various suggestions concerning the evolution of the basin. While the suggestions majorly examine the character of the basin during the late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic, the number of detailed studies on the status of the basin in the late Cenozoic is limited. In this study, we focused on the less-studied late Cenozoic evolution to differentiate the tectonic phases that controlled the development of Ulukışla Basin through structural data, and elaborate the responses of sedimentation and paleogeography during this period through detailed facies analyses. Our findings indicate that the Ulukışla Basin, which started to develop as a supradetachment basin in the late Cretaceous, has continued its extensional development progressively during its Cenozoic history. While the relatively well-studied early Cenozoic sequences represent a marine environment that was rapidly changed shallow- to deep-sea environment and then gained a shallow character by the middle Eocene, sedimentary features and fossil contents of the late Cenozoic units characterize deposition started in a paralic environment changing into a terrestrial environment rapidly, as a result of isolation by the uplifting of surrounding topographies while the basin continues its development under an extensional tectonic regime. However, the extensional basin history surceased in post-middle Eocene and post-middle Miocene, probably caused by the closing processes of the different branches of Neotethys Ocean.

*Gürbüz, Esra ( Aksaray, Yazar ), History of mining in Anatolia goes back to the pre-pottery Neolithic in parallel to history of ancient civilizations in the region. Based on archaeological findings, native copper was the first metal used by humans, and right after, it was mined in central Anatolia. The mining of copper seemed to cause both the birth of metallurgy and powerful civilizations (e.g. Hittites, Assyrians, Lydians, Phrygians). Long-time mining of copper, lead, tin, gold and silver formed and left rich and valuable scientific and cultural heritages in Anatolia. They have been used efficiently in archaeological studies; however, miners’ towns need sustainable development now and the mining heritage could be a potential on it. In this study, potential of the mining geoheritages and some relevant geosites have been presented.

Evaporites are regarded as industrial raw materials with high economic value and are represented by chemical sedimentary rocks deposited in terrestrial and marine environments. Evaporite deposits rich in calcium sulphate, such as gypsum and anhydrite, are typically formed under arid climate conditions. These rocks are very important not only in paleo-environmental and paleo-climatic studies but also for oil and natural gas exploration as they may form trap where such hydrocarbons are accumulated. Some of the central Anatolian Tertiary basins such as Çankırı-Çorum, Sivas, Ulukışla, Tuz Gölü, Haymana and Beypazarı basins host outcrops of various terrestrial and marine evaporite deposits. In this study, gypsum minerals in the Aksaray and Niğde provinces (central Turkey), was mapped with ASTER imagery using band rationing, decorrelation stretching (DECOR), feature-oriented principal components (FOPCA) and sulphate index methods. Geochemical and spectroradiometer measurements were taken on samples collected during the field studies. Accuracy assessments using the maximum likelihood technique yielded highly accurate results (average 86%) and the best results were obtained from FOPCA and DECOR methods. Results were also checked with the field studies. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., British Association for Psychopharmacology, This study was funded by Aksaray University Scientific Project Coordination Unit (BAP Project No: 2017-026 ). The author is grateful to editor G. Xian and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, S. Ekercin for discussions and suggestions, B. Güllü and H. Bilgilioğlu for geochemical analyses, and T. Torun and B. Bilgilioğlu for spectroradiometer measurements.

Microsporidia are parasites that can cause infections in many vertebrate and invertebrate organisms and produce small spores resistant to environmental conditions. As they are obligate intracellular parasites, axenic cultures cannot be performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive potential of the parasite in human colon epidermal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), human monocytic (U937), African green monkey renal epithelial (VERO) and human kidney epithelial (HEK-293) cell lines of tissue and organs where the parasite is located by following the culture of the parasites and the amount of spores for six weeks. RPMI-1640 medium was used for the cultivation of U937 cells, while DMEM was used for other cell lines and the immature U937 cells were stimulated with Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate before infection. All of the host cell groups were infected with freshly collected Encephalitozoon intestinails spores in ratio 1:30 and free spores in the culture media were removed after overnight incubation at 37 degrees C under 5% CO2 condition for parasite invasion. The first release of the spores from the infected cells was observed and recorded by following for six weeks. Furthermore, the spore density released from each cell groups was evaluated by measuring the parasite load by Thoma cell counting chamber and quantified by real-time PCR. As a result of the study, it was observed that four cell lines could be infected by E.intestinalis and the spore production can be maintained for six weeks. It was observed that the monolayer macrophages and CaCo-2 cells, started to be detached from the culture flasks in few days following the parasite invasion, thus decreasing the number of host cells. After 1-2 weeks, HEK-293 cells were also detached from the surface, thus negatively affected the pure spore production by contaminating the media with dead host cell suspension. Spores started to appear in VERO cell media at the end of the second week after initial infection, while it took longer time for other cells to start releasing spores. Over the course of six weeks, the VERO cell line had the highest spore-producing potential among the other cell lines. In conclusion, this study compared the potential for reproduction of E.intestinalis in three human cell lines and monkey originated VERO cell line. This study demonstrated that cells derived from the tissues or organs where Microsporidia species causes disseminated infections could be infected by the parasitic spores in vitro. Additionally, the parasite can survive and propagate longer than six weeks. The authors believe that the results of this study will contribute to the further studies related to the parasite in the area of genetics, pharmacology, biochemistry, immunology and eradication studies.

WOS: 000408337400001, The Ivriz detachment fault has been determined on the southern border of the Ulukisla basin separating the metamorphic Bolkar Group of the Taurus Mountains and the Paleocene-Lower Eocene Halkapinar formation of basin deposits. The fault dips towards the north and has kinematic indicators (asymmetric grain/grain aggregate porphyroclasts, oblique foliation, and S-C fabrics), suggesting a top-to-the-N-NE sense of shearing. The clastic material originating from the Bolkar Group in the sedimentary units of the Ulukisla basin demonstrates that the detachment fault could have been be active during Latest Cretaceous-Eocene times. The Ivriz detachment may have initiated as part of a high-angle breakaway fault (the Aydos main breakaway fault) in the south of the Ulukisla basin. The breakaway fault then rotated to a low-angle normal fault and its northern continuation played an important role in the exhumation of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. This implies that the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene sedimentary basins in central Anatolia were supradetachment basins rather than collision- or arc-related basins as previously suggested., ASUBAP (Aksaray University, Scientific Research Projects) [201371]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK BIDEB 2211-A], This study was partly supported by ASUBAP (Aksaray University, Scientific Research Projects, Grant No: 201371). The authors are grateful to A Yildiz (ASU), N Kazanci, and E Sirel (AU) for their contributions and fruitful discussions, and the three reviewers for their criticisms that improved the manuscript significantly. EG acknowledges support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK BIDEB 2211-A).

OBJECTIVE Different sub-types or genetic variations of Blastocystis sp. are thought to play a role in the differential symptoms caused by the parasite or asymptomatic cases. In this study, it was aimed to clone a fragment of SSUrDNA gene of Blastocystis from a patient in order to define its phylogenetic subtype. METHODS In this study, DNA isolation from the stool of a Blastocystis infected patient was performed. Blastocystis specific primers were used to amplify a SSUrDNA genomic fragment. The amplified DNA fragment was cloned into a plasmid and sequenced using plasmid specific primers. The obtained DNA sequence was analyzed using BLAST and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the software MEGA. RESULTS It was found that the Blastocystis isolate in our study is subtype 3. CONCLUSION Cloning and sequencing of the target genomic region is suggested for phylogenetic analysis studies.

Gölpazarı Havzası, Türkiye’nin kuzeybatısında, ideal geometrik özelliklerine rağmen literatürde iyi tanıtılmamış bir çek-ayır havzadır. Tabanı 500 m kotunda bulunan havza DKD-BGB yönünde 12 kmuzunluğa sahipken en geniş yeri 4.5 km’dir. Sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı Gölpazarı Fayı’na bağlı olarakgelişen havza, KB ve GD kesimlerinde doğrultu atım, KD-GB kenarlarında ise normal karaktere sahipfaylarca sınırlanır. Taban seviyesinin GB’ya doğru eğimlenmesi, söz konusu fayların göreceli aktivitelerininsonucudur. Havza tortulları ve jeomorfolojinin gösterdiği üzere Kuvaterner’in ilk yarılarında kapalı birçöküntü durumunda olan havzanın güneyinde daha sonra Akçay tarafından bir boğaz açılmış ve havza dışdrenaja açık hale gelmiştir. Kalın havza dolgusunun varlığı, havzanın dış drenaja göreceli olarak yakın birzamanda açılmış olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Havzanın bölgede Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun kuzey veorta kollarının denetiminde gelişen diğer çek-ayır havzalara gerek konumsal gerekse de sağ-yanal doğrultuatımlı rejim altında gelişmiş olması itibariyle yakınlık göstermesi, bu havzanın da kökensel olarak Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun makaslama alanı içerisinde gelişmiş olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) can genetically predispose individuals for certain diseases and therefore are of clinical significance. Myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated in large genetic association studies revealing novel SNPs associated with MI. rs4977574 is a non-protein coding SNP (A>G) that is located in proximity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A and B genes on chromosome 9p21.3. rs4977574 has been recently found to be associated with the early-onset of MI, and rs4977574 is characterized by a guanine nucleotide (G) instead of an adenine nucleotide (A). rs4977574 has been reported to increase the risk for MI by 28%. In this study, we developed a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for detecting rs4977574 in Turkish population that consisted of 28 controls without previous MI record and 44 patients with MI. An intergenic genomic region containing the target SNP was amplified by PCR using patient's genomic DNA. Amplified DNA fragments were digested with a restriction enzyme, Hhal that cuts the amplified sequence if only the sequence has GCGC that carries rs4977574. After digestion with Hhal, DNA fragments were visualized in order to detect genotypes. PCR-RFLP revealed that the frequency of rs4977574, the MI-associated allele (G), was 56.8% (25/44) in patients with MI and 33.9% (9.5/28) in controls; the frequency of rs4977574 in patients with MI was significantly higher compared to controls (P = 0.027). Importantly, for the first time in this study, we have developed a novel PCR-RFLP method to detect the presence of rs4977574.

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found widely in soil and water in the nature. Among them in which potentially pathogenic for humans and animals are known as "potential pathogenic free-living amoebae (PPFLA)". PPFLA are characterized as the causes of clinical manifestations leading to death especially in immunosuppressed people. Four genus of PPFLA (Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia and Sappinia) are known to be pathogenic to humans. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of PPFLA in the water supplies in Turkey and to determine their in vivo pathogenicity. A total of 664 water samples were collected from the ponds, rivers, streams and wells found in provinces located at different regions (central, western, eastern and southeastern regions) of Turkey. These samples were initially inoculated in the monoxenic culture media and evaluated by both microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in terms of the presence of FLA. The samples identified as positive were then cultured in axenic media, the growth of amoebae that were confirmed microscopically, were than studied with PCR for molecular characterization. The isolates that were found positive by PCR from axenic cultures were inoculated intranasally to immunocompetent and immunodeficient (athymic) [BALB/c Rag2(-/-) gamma(c)(-/-)] BALB/c mice followed by the evaluation on the 21st day by histopathological and molecular methods to investigate their in vivo pathogenicity. In our study, 143 water samples were detected as positive in monoxenic cultures and 41 of them were detected as positive in axenic cultures. Twenty of 41 samples detected as positive in axenic culture could be continued in culture for three months. As a result of PCR using primers common to SYA, only nine have been identified from 20 samples as positive. According to the result of the PCR with specific primers, all (n= 9) were positive for Acanthamoeba sp., eight for Sappini sp. and five for Balamuthia mandrillaris, while none was observed Naegleria fowleri. Histopathologic examination revealed that both groups of mice that were infected with the nine isolates had normal brain tissue sections; but haemorrhages and mononuclear cell proliferation were determined in four immunocompetent and seven athymic animal lung sections. When the presence of parasites in tissue samples were evaluated by real-time PCR, Balamuthia was detected in at least one blood, lung, brain or nasal mucosa sample of the four immunocompetent mice, Sappinia sp. in four and Acanthamoeba sp. in seven immunocompetent mice infected with nine isolates. Additionally, seven Balamuthia sp., seven Sappinia sp. and eight Acanthamoeba sp. were detected in immunodeficient mice. In this study, B. mandrillaris and Sappinia sp. were the first isolated potentially pathogenic amoebae from water supplies located at different parts of Turkey. As a result awareness and precautions against suspicious water supplies used for drinking, daily use and swimming purposes should be treated more carefully.

Objective Toxoplasma gondii, which is observed in our country and worldwide, can cause mortality and is an important public health problem because of engaging babies from pregnant women. An effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis has not yet been developed. SAG1 protein is released from the bradyzoites and tachyzoites stages of T. gondii and is important at the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aimed to clone a promising DNA vaccine candidate, SAG1 gene, of T. gondii. Methods T. gondii genomic DNA was isolated from tachyzoites of T. gondii. SAG1 gene was amplified with specific primers and then cloned into the pJET1.2 vector. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli cells. The presence of recombinant plasmids was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening. Following the purification of the recombinant plasmid from positive colonies, cloning was confirmed by PCR, restriction enzyme assays, and DNA sequence analysis. Results After PCR with SAG1 gene-specific primers, 1010-bp PCR products were obtained. Recombinant plasmid, which was transformed into competent E. coli cells, was verified by PCR screening. Moreover, PCR verified that the recombinant plasmids contained the SAG1 gene. The DNA sequence was analyzed, and the DNA sequence was obtained. Conclusion One of the promising DNA vaccine candidates against toxoplasmosis, SAG1 gene, has been cloned.

Gürbüz, Esra (Aksaray, Yazar), Bu makale morfotektonik özellikleri, sismoloji, GPS ve MT verilerini kullanarak Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu'nun (KAFZ) güney kol'u için alternatif bir güzergah önermektedir. Bu yeni güzergahta güney kol, KAFZ’nun ana koluna Gölpazarı çek-ayır havzası ve Mudurnu üzerinden geçerek Bolu’da bağlanmaktadır. GPS verilerinden hesaplanan KAFZ’nundaki kayma dağılımı, yeni önerilen güzergahın KAFZ'nun Marmara'daki ikinci önemli kolu olduğunu göstermektedir., This paper proposes an alternative route for the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) using evidence from morphotectonic features, seismology, GPS and recently published Magnetotelluric and Transient Electromagnetic (MT) data. In this new route, the southern branch connects with the main branch of the NAFZ in Bolu via the Gölpazarı pull-apart basin and Mudurnu. The slip distribution of the NAFZ as taken from GPS data indicates that the newly hypothesized route is the second most important branch of the NAFZ.

Bu makale morfotektonik özellikleri, sismoloji, GPS ve MT verilerini kullanarak Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu'nun (KAFZ) güney kol'u için alternatif bir güzergah önermektedir. Bu yeni güzergahta güney kol, KAFZ'nun ana koluna Gölpazarı çek-ayır havzası ve Mudurnu üzerinden geçerek Bolu'da bağlanmaktadır. GPS verilerinden hesaplanan KAFZ'nundaki kayma dağılımı, yeni önerilen güzergahın KAFZ'nun Marmara'daki ikinci önemli kolu olduğunu göstermektedir., This paper proposes an alternative route for the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) using evidence from morphotectonic features, seismology, GPS and recently published Magnetotelluric and Transient Electromagnetic (MT) data. In this new route, the southern branch connects with the main branch of the NAFZ in Bolu via the Gölpazarı pull-apart basin and Mudurnu. The slip distribution of the NAFZ as taken from GPS data indicates that the newly hypothesized route is the second most important branch of the NAFZ.

WOS: 000360869400050, This study aims to understand the various effects of known tectonism on a fluvial network and to interpret the tectonic deformations using described, and analysed systematic anomalies in the drainage basin of the Yesilirmak River in northern Turkey at countermarch. This region, which is divided into several faulted wedges by right-lateral strike-slip faulting of the North Anatolian fault zone and its individual splays, has experienced several moderate to large earthquakes with high amounts of surface ruptures during the historical and instrumental periods. The Yesilirmak River basin includes several geomorphic imprints of such widespread and frequent strike-slip deformations. Offsets (between 750 m and 19 km), aligned drainages, and linear valleys (170 km) are expected geomorphic and tectonic responses to strike-slip faulting in the fluvial system. We used such indicators to determine the long term effects of strike-slip faulting in the Yesilirmak River drainage network. The measured stream offsets represent decreasing values toward southern splay faults consistent with published geodetic data for the region. However, some other large-scale geomorphic anomalies extracted from the drainage network are not explainable by only strike-slip tectonics. Compressional structures, i.e., anticlines, synclines, in the region are responsible for such large-scale drainage diversions (20-24 km) along the river courses. Although these diversions, the North Anatolian fault zone is the main driving force shaping present geomorphology on a regional scale. The Sungurlu-Ezinepazari fault also plays a critical role in landscape evolution. Their activities and associated block movements have resulted with tilting processes. On the other hand, the entire fluvial network should be modified by the sea level changes of the Black Sea, particularly in the late Quaternary. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK-BIDEB2211-A], The authors are grateful to Omer Emre for his contributions about the structural elements of the study area, to Went Kaypak about the seismicity of the region, to Richard A. Marston and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that have greatly improved the quality of the manuscript, and Mylinda Green who revised the English language of the manuscript. E.G. acknowledges support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-BIDEB2211-A).