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Using existing adrentimicrobials with essential oil components to prevent antimicrobial resistance is an alternative strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance status, synergistic combinations, and in vitro biofilm formation activities of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Candida albicans against antimicrobial agents and cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol, limonene and eucalyptol. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution, cytotoxicity by XTT, synergy by checkerboard and time-kill, and biofilm inhibition by microplate methods. Cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol showed strong antimicrobial activity. Synergistic effects were observed when using all essential oils with antimicrobials. Only two C. albicans isolates showed antagonism with cinnamaldehyde and fluconazole. The constituents showed cytotoxic effects in the L929 cell line (except limonene). A time-kill analysis revealed a bacteriostatic effect on S. maltophilia and MRSA isolates and a fungicidal effect on C. albicans isolates. These results are important for further research to improve antimicrobial efficacy or to develop new agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim In this study, it was aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of the essential oil components (EOCs), carvacrol (CAR), cinnamaldehyde (CIN), thymol (TH), alpha pinene (α-PN), eucalyptol (EU), limonene (LIM), and the antibiotics, linezolid (LZD), vancomycin (VAN), gentamicin (GEN), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin (CLN), and penicillin (PEN) against 50 multidrug resistant Corynebacterium striatum strains, and the synergistic interactions of CAR and CIN with the antibiotics against 10 randomly selected Coryne. striatum strains to explore synergistic interactions to determine if their combined use could enhance antibiotic activity and potentially reduce resistance. Methods and results The activity of the EOCs and the antibiotics against Coryne. striatum strains isolated from clinical specimens, was examined by broth microdilution method. The synergistic interactions of the EOCs with the antibiotics against 10 randomly selected Coryne. striatum strains were determined by checkerboard method. EOCs, CIN, and CAR and antibiotics, LZD, VAN, GEN, CIP, and CLN were detected to have antibacterial activity against Coryne. striatum strains alone and either synergistic interactions were observed in combinations of the antibiotics with EOCs. Conclusions All Coryne. striatum strains were determined to be susceptible to VAN and LZD and resistant to GEN, PEN, CIP, and CLN. Synergistic interactions were observed in all combinations of antibiotics tested with CAR and CIN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flora of Türkiye is hosting many Origanum sp. and spp. valuable members of Lamiaceae, including outstanding endemic species and hybrids. Those are having a number of using field and still meeting the World's major demand. Five combinations of artificial Oregano hybrids were cultivated in Ankara ecological conditions. Among those species; Origanum minutiflorum and Origanum onites are endemic to the flora of Türkiye and the combinations of those hybrids are very valuable and unique. According to the field studies results; the highest green herb yield was provided from H4 as 439.93g and from H5 as 317.26 g x plant-1. H2 and H3 showed the highest green leaf yield by 278.69 and 244.33 g x plant-1, and the highest leaf ratio (%). The essential oils ranged between 4.20% and 5.96%, Carvacrol predominated in the hybrids at; 77.90% (H1), 61.26% (H3) and 26.99% (H4), 72.09 (H5), and linalool at 45.86% (H2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Due to its curative anti-cancer properties, the evergreen tree yew (Taxus baccata L.) was well-known before recently. Water deficit is one of the most important environmental issues that has a detrimental influence on plant biochemical and physiological processes. By regulating plant processes at the molecular level, melatonin (MT), as a bioactive elicitor, helps plant growth and withstand stress. The goal of this research was to ascertain the impact of exogenous MT on several crucial phytochemical and physiological characteristics of yew under water scarcity. Methods: Under drought stress conditions (40, 60, 80 and 100% Field capacity (FC)), MT was applied on the leaves of yew plants at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 µM. Results: Exogenous application of MT (200 µM) caused varied biochemical responses and the highest shoot and root weight in plants. During mild drought stress, MT application increased RWC and chlorophyl content. Also, MT-treated plants in conditions of moderate drought stress (i.e., 60% FC) had higher essential oil (EO) content and yield than untreated plants. α-Pinene and β-Myrcene, as two main compounds, were highest in plants not treated with melatonin under severe drought stress (40% FC). The highest E-β-Caryophyllene and α-Humulen (two other major components) were obtained from 200 µM and control, respectively, under 100% FC. Conclusions: This research can be viewed as a useful approach to alleviate the negative impacts of water deficit stress, especially on pharmaceutical products, because the use of melatonin boosted the growth and phytochemical properties of yew in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective: Thyme is one of the medicinal plants that is cultivated in some parts of the world and some of its species are native to Iran. The evaluation of the phytochemical diversity of the essential oil of these species is one of the important steps in the breeding of thyme, and such diversity in essential oil compositions is caused by the different effects of environmental and habitat factors. The present research was carried out in order to understand the phytochemical diversity of the essential oil of different populations of thyme. Materials and Methods: In this study, the percentage essential oli compounds in 15 populations (8 populations of T. kotschyanus species, 3 populations of T. migricus, 2 populations of T. fedtschenkoi and a population of T. fallax and T. pubescens) from natural habitats of northwest and west regions of Iran, were studied. In order to evaluate the essential oil percentage and components, flowers of the populations were harvested during flowering season. Identification of essential oil components was performed by gas mass spectrometer (GC/MS) gas chromatography. Results: A total of 27 compounds were observed in the essential oils of the studied populations, and there was considerable diversity among them. According to the results, Thymol, P-cymene, and Gamma-terpinene were the dominant components of the essential oil. The highest essential oli percentage was related to Thymol taht Bukan- Kouhbardzard (69.75%) and Barugh-Takaghaj (62.13%) had the highest amount. The superiority of West-Azarbaijan populations was significant in Thymol components. In addition, Carvacrol was high in Urmia-Qushchi (58.29%), Sardasht (44.77%), and Linalool was high in Saghez (53.21%) population. By principal component analysis (PCA) it was determined that the first three components explained 60% of the variations in the data. Also, the cluster analysis of the populations of West Azerbaijan province and Kurdistan province was divided into two separate groups. Thymol was negatively correlated with 1,8-cineole. Gamma-terpinene, which was one of the other dominant compounds of the essential oil, with 1,8-cineole and Beta. Ocimene compounds showed a negative correlation. The strongest positive correlation between 1,8-cineole with Beta. Ocimene, Caryophyllene oxide with Camphor, and Lavandulyl acetate with Camphene were observed. Alpha-thujen had the highest negative correlation with other essential oil compounds and Carvacrol did not have a high correlation with other compounds. Conclusion: Bukan and Barugh case of high amount of Thymol, and Sardasht, Urmia-Qushchi and Naghadeh populations because of their high levels of Thymol and Carvacrol, are superior and can be useful in pharmaceutical industry, products and breeding programs.

This research was carried out to determine and compare the essential oil components of regenerated plants and calli grown under in vitro conditions with in vivo plants of Origanum syriacum var. bevanii taxon used as donor. The essential oil components of the donor plants grown with cuttings taken from the native environment and regenerant plants and calli grown from the various explants in vitro supplemented with different concentrations of the plant growth regulators were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In result of the research, it was determined that the essential oil components of donor and regenerant plants and calli were quite different from each other. It was determined that was Carbamic Acid (26.49%) and Carvacrol (19.67%) in essential oil from the regenerant plants while was Carvacrol (36.28%) and ortho-Cymene (19.76%) in essential oil from the donor plants as major components. It was determined that was 64.82% Ethanol, 57.23% 1,2-Propanediol, 55.11% L(+)-Lactic acid, 53.53% Methyltartronic acid, 52.16% 4-Penten-2-ol ve 38.47% 2-Methoxycinnamic acid in essential oil from the callus as major components disparately. 2-Methoxycinnamic acid, which is one of the initial components in the formation of simple phenolic compounds, was found at the highest rate (38.4%) in the callus developed from the stem node explant, compared to the other callus developed from the leaf explant, and constitutes the main component. Therefore, according to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the callus developed from the stem node explant gave promising results in the formation of secondary metabolites.

The results of a study of the composition of essential oil and extracts obtained by hydrodistillation and subcritical extraction from plants of the genus Mentha L. are presented. The test samples were peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and horsemint (Mentha longifolia L.). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to identify and compare the component composition of essential oils and extracts from Mentha L. plants. The composition of the essential oil of horsemint differs from the essential oil of peppermint by the high concentration of linalool and the absence of pulegone and piperitone. The component composition of the extracts of peppermint and horsemint, obtained under conditions of subcritical extraction with water and acetone, was studied. The concentration of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and esters increased in the transition from the essential oil to the acetone subcritical extract of both types of mint. In the water extract of peppermint, there were practically no sesquiterpenoids or esters; there was a general decrease in the yield of all components compared to the essential oil and acetone extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to compare the antioxidant properties of essential oils (EOs) and essential oil (EO) component, the antioxidant abilities in vitro of five EOs (oregano oil, clove oil, lavender oil, etc.) and 20 EO components (eugenol, carvol, and cinnamaldehyde, etc) were measured by 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, with antioxidant 2, 6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) as the control. The IC50 values of EOs and EO components with DPPH free radical scavenging rate of more than 90%, as well as citral, cinnamaldehyde and limonene with scavenging rate of less than 90% were determined. The results showed that: ① at a concentration of 200 mg/mL, the DPPH free radicals scavenging rates of oregano oil, clove oil, lavender oil, cinnamon oil, valerian oil, eugenol, thymol, carvol, terpineol, vanillin, and BHT on DPPH free radicals were above 90%, while the free radical scavenging rates of citral, cinnamaldehyde, and limonene were 84.79%, 45.55% and 36.21%, respectively. ② When the concentration was reduced to 20 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of oregano oil, clove oil, lavender oil, eugenol, thymol, carvol, vanillin, and BHT on free radicals were still above 90%, but that of cinnamon oil, valerian oil and terpenol were reduced to 48.90%, 38.51% and 43.01%, respectively. ③ Based on the IC50, the antioxidant properties of several EOs and EO components were as follows: eugenol (0.008 4 mg/mL) > clove oil (0.012 7 mg/mL) > lavender oil (0.358 0 mg/mL) > BHT (0.641 5 mg/mL) > oregano oil (0.684 4 mg/mL) > thymol (0.970 9 mg/mL) > vanillin (1.148 3 mg/mL) > carvavol (1.478 6 mg/mL) > citral (48.799 2 mg/mL) > cinnamaldehyde (124.365 9 mg/mL) > limonene (213.184 2 mg/mL). In conclusion, eugenol, clove oil, lavender oil, oregano oil, thymol, vanillin and carvall have high antioxidant capacity in vitro, among which the antioxidant capacity of eugenol, clove oil and lavender oil are 76.37, 50.51 and 1.79 times of BHT respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Thyme is one of the medicinal plants that is cultivated in some parts of the world and some of its species are native to Iran. The evaluation of the phytochemical diversity of the essential oil of these species is one of the important steps in the breeding of thyme, and such diversity in essential oil compositions is caused by the different effects of environmental and habitat factors. The present research was carried out in order to understand the phytochemical diversity of the essential oil of different populations of thyme. Materials and Methods: In this study, the percentage essential oli compounds in 15 populations (8 populations of T. kotschyanus species, 3 populations of T. migricus, 2 populations of T. fedtschenkoi and a population of T. fallax and T. pubescens) from natural habitats of northwest and west regions of Iran, were studied. In order to evaluate the essential oil percentage and components, flowers of the populations were harvested during flowering season. Identification of essential oil components was performed by gas mass spectrometer (GC/MS) gas chromatography. Results: A total of 27 compounds were observed in the essential oils of the studied populations, and there was considerable diversity among them. According to the results, Thymol, P-cymene, and Gamma-terpinene were the dominant components of the essential oil. The highest essential oli percentage was related to Thymol taht Bukan-Kouhbardzard (69.75%) and Barugh-Takaghaj (62.13%) had the highest amount. The superiority of West-Azarbaijan populations was significant in Thymol components. In addition, Carvacrol was high in Urmia-Qushchi (58.29%), Sardasht (44.77%), and Linalool was high in Saghez (53.21%) population. By principal component analysis (PCA) it was determined that the first three components explained 60% of the variations in the data. Also, the cluster analysis of the populations of West Azerbaijan province and Kurdistan province was divided into two separate groups. Thymol was negatively correlated with 1,8-cineole. Gamma-terpinene, which was one of the other dominant compounds of the essential oil, with 1,8-cineole and Beta. Ocimene compounds showed a negative correlation. The strongest positive correlation between 1,8-cineole with Beta. Ocimene, Caryophyllene oxide with Camphor, and Lavandulyl acetate with Camphene were observed. Alpha-thujen had the highest negative correlation with other essential oil compounds and Carvacrol did not have a high correlation with other compounds. Conclusion: Bukan and Barugh case of high amount of Thymol, and Sardasht, Urmia-Qushchi and Naghadeh populations because of their high levels of Thymol and Carvacrol, are superior and can be useful in pharmaceutical industry, products and breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Flora of Türkiye is hosting many Origanum sp. and spp. valuable members of Lamiaceae, including outstanding endemic species and hybrids. Those are having a number of using field and still meeting the World’s major demand. Five combinations of artificial Oregano hybrids were cultivated in Ankara ecological conditions. Among those species; Origanum minutiflorum and Origanum onites are endemic to the flora of Türkiye and the combinations of those hybrids are very valuable and unique. According to the field studies results; the highest green herb yield was provided from H4 as 439.93g and from H5 as 317.26 g x plant-1. H2 and H3 showed the highest green leaf yield by 278.69 and 244.33 g x plant-1, and the highest leaf ratio (%). The essential oils ranged between 4.20% and 5.96%, Carvacrol predominated in the hybrids at; 77.90% (H1), 61.26% (H3) and 26.99% (H4), 72.09 (H5), and linalool at 45.86% (H2).

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The hydro-distilled essential oils obtained from aerial parts of the wild and cultivated Echinophora tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana have been analyzed by GC-MS and screened for antimicrobial activity. In total, 28 compounds representing more than 99% of the oils were identified. α-phellandrene (13.22% and 55.27%), δ-3-carene (49.29% and 4.03%), and methyl eugenol (22.59–25.69%) were found as the main components for the wild and cultivated oils, respectively. EOs of the wild and cultivated plants differed significantly in both the percentage of the main components and antifungal effect. α-phellandrene was more dominant in cultivated plants (55.27%) than in wild ones (13.22%), while δ-3-carene was more abundant in the wild plants (49.29%). In the antifungal assays, both oils displayed moderate to high activity against three phytopathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth directly affects the global food supply, demanding a higher production efficiency without farmland expansion - in view of limited land resources and biodiversity loss worldwide. In such scenario, intensive agriculture practices have been widely used. A commonly applied method to maximize yield in animal production is the use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics as growth promoters. Because of the strong antibiotic selection pressure generated, the intense use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has been associated to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Also, cross-resistance can occur, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and limiting treatment options in both human and animal health. Thereon, alternatives have been studied to replace AGP in animal production. Among such alternatives, essential oils and essential oil components (EOC) stand out positively from others due to, besides antimicrobial effectiveness, improving zootechnical indexes and modulating genes involved in resistance mechanisms. This review summarizes recent studies in essential oils and EOC for zoonotic bacteria control, providing detailed information about the molecular-level effects of their use in regard to AMR, and identifying important gaps to be filled within the animal production area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria and resistance genes along the food chain and the environment has become a global, but silent pandemic. To face this challenge, it is of outmost importance to develop efficient strategies to reduce potential contamination by these agents. In the present study, 30 strains of Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from various surfaces throughout the meat production chain in a goat and lamb slaughterhouse were characterized as MDR bacteria harboring several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The antimicrobial efficacy of natural essential oil components "EOCs" (carvacrol "CA," cinnamaldehyde "CIN," eugenol "EU," geraniol "GE," limonene "LI" and thymol "TH"), HLE disinfectant solution (3--6% H2O2; 2.2--4.4% lactic acid and 12.5--25 mM EDTA in water) and EDTA was tested against these MDR bacteria. Results showed that Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were compound and strain dependent. In addition, the synergistic effect of these antimicrobials was evaluated at 1/2 MIC. Here our study showed particularly promising results regarding the inhibitory effect at sub-inhibitory concentrations, which were confirmed by the analysis of bacterial growth dynamics over 72 h. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of EOCs, HLE disinfectant solution and EDTA or their combinations was studied in developing and established biofilms of MDR bacteria obtaining variable results depending on the morphological structure of the tested strain and the phenolic character of the EOCs. Importantly, the combination of EOCs with HLE or EDTA showed particularly positive results given the effective inhibition of biofilm formation. Moreover, the synergistic combinations of EU and HLE/EDTA, TH, CA, GE, LI or CIN + EDTA/HLE caused log reductions in established biofilms of several strains (1--6 log10 CFU) depending on the species and the combination used, with Pseudomonas sp. strains being the most susceptible. Given these results, we propose novel antimicrobial formulations based on the combination of sub-inhibitory concentrations of EOCs and HLE or EDTA as a highly promising alternative to currently used approaches. This novel strategy notably shows great potential to efficiently decrease the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria and ARGs in the food chain and the environment, thus supporting the decrease of resistomes and pathogenesis in clinical and industrial areas while preserving the antibiotic therapeutic action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of histamine-forming bacteria in cheeses, and to assess the impact of naturally-occurring antimicrobials on isolates' viability and histamine-forming potential. Cheese isolates' ability to produce histamine was evaluated by incubation in the presence of the histamine precursor; qualitative detection with a pH indicator and a quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Eight of the 114 isolates were able to produce histamine, but only one was capable of generating histamine at high concentrations. Histamine-producing isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry. Isolated strain C_MRSV_25A_4 was the microorganism with the highest capacity to produce histamine, and was identified as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. The antimicrobial potential of natural antimicrobials was tested against this isolate. The results showed that carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol and nisin exhibited remarkable bactericidal activity. These compounds' inhibitory potential was evaluated against the histamine-generating ability of strain C_MRSV_25A_4 at three concentrations of interest: minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), MBC/2 and MBC/4. The results on histamine-forming capability at sub-bactericidal concentrations were promising. Given these results, we propose novel antimicrobial formulations based on natural antimicrobials as efficient strategies to reduce potential microbial contamination and histamine accumulation throughout cheese production. [Display omitted] • Bacteria responsible to generate histamine were isolated from commercial cheeses. • Natural compounds had an antimicrobial effect against histamine-forming isolates. • Sub-bactericidal concentrations partially inhibited decarboxylase activity. • Using sub-bactericidal concentrations could control histamine content in cheese. • Antimicrobials may reduce microbial growth to prevent histamine formation in cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria and resistance genes along the food chain and the environment has become a global, but silent pandemic. To face this challenge, it is of outmost importance to develop efficient strategies to reduce potential contamination by these agents. In the present study, 30 strains of Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from various surfaces throughout the meat production chain in a goat and lamb slaughterhouse were characterized as MDR bacteria harboring several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The antimicrobial efficacy of natural essential oil components “EOCs” (carvacrol “CA,” cinnamaldehyde “CIN,” eugenol “EU,” geraniol “GE,” limonene “LI” and thymol “TH”), HLE disinfectant solution (3–6% H2O2; 2.2–4.4% lactic acid and 12.5–25 mM EDTA in water) and EDTA was tested against these MDR bacteria. Results showed that Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were compound and strain dependent. In addition, the synergistic effect of these antimicrobials was evaluated at 1/2 MIC. Here our study showed particularly promising results regarding the inhibitory effect at sub-inhibitory concentrations, which were confirmed by the analysis of bacterial growth dynamics over 72 h. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of EOCs, HLE disinfectant solution and EDTA or their combinations was studied in developing and established biofilms of MDR bacteria obtaining variable results depending on the morphological structure of the tested strain and the phenolic character of the EOCs. Importantly, the combination of EOCs with HLE or EDTA showed particularly positive results given the effective inhibition of biofilm formation. Moreover, the synergistic combinations of EU and HLE/EDTA, TH, CA, GE, LI or CIN + EDTA/HLE caused log reductions in established biofilms of several strains (1–6 log10 CFU) depending on the species and the combination used, with Pseudomonas sp. strains being the most susceptible. Given these results, we propose novel antimicrobial formulations based on the combination of sub-inhibitory concentrations of EOCs and HLE or EDTA as a highly promising alternative to currently used approaches. This novel strategy notably shows great potential to efficiently decrease the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria and ARGs in the food chain and the environment, thus supporting the decrease of resistomes and pathogenesis in clinical and industrial areas while preserving the antibiotic therapeutic action.

Essential oils and their active components have been extensively reported in the literature for their efficient antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal properties. However, the sensitivity of these volatile compounds towards heat, oxygen and light limits their usage in real food packaging applications. The encapsulation of these compounds into inorganic nanocarriers, such as nanoclays, has been shown to prolong the release and protect the compounds from harsh processing conditions. Nevertheless, these systems have limited shelf stability, and the release is of limited control. Thus, this study presents a mesoporous silica nanocarrier with a high surface area and well-ordered protective pore structure for loading large amounts of natural active compounds (up to 500 mg/g). The presented loaded nanocarriers are shelf-stable with a very slow initial release which levels out at 50% retention of the encapsulated compounds after 2 months. By the addition of simulated drip-loss from chicken, the release of the compounds is activated and gives an antimicrobial effect, which is demonstrated on the foodborne spoilage bacteria Brochothrixthermosphacta and the potentially pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. When the release of the active compounds is activated, a ≥4-log reduction in the growth of B. thermosphacta and a 2-log reduction of E. coli is obtained, after only one hour of incubation. During the same one-hour incubation period the dry nanocarriers gave a negligible inhibitory effect. By using the proposed nanocarrier system, which is activated by the food product itself, increased availability of the natural antimicrobial compounds is expected, with a subsequent controlled antimicrobial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is a prevalent fungal infection and public health burden, majorly caused by the attack of zoophilic fungi genera of Trichophyton and Microsporum. Among them, T. mentagrophytes and M. canis are the dominating pathogens that cause dermatophytosis in humans. Though anti-fungal treatments are available, the widespread drug resistance and minimal efficacy of conventional therapies cause recurring infections. In addition, prolonged anti-fungal medications induce several systemic side effects, including hepatotoxicity and leucopenia. The anti-dermatophytic formulation of biocompatible essential oil components (EOCs) is attractive due to their highly potent anti-dermatophytic action. Herein, two EOCs, Eugenol (EU) and Isoeugenol (IU), incorporated emulsion hydrogel (EOCs-EHG) synthesized from hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate. The cytocompatibility of the hydrogels is confirmed by treating them with fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. The EOCs-EHG demonstrated pH and temperature-responsive sustained release of entrapped EOCs and inhibited fungal spore germination. T. mentagrophytes and M. canis biofilms are eradicated at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 2 µg mL -1 each of EU and IU. The in vivo anti-dermatophytic activity of EOCs-EHG is confirmed in dermatophyte-infected Wistar albino rat models. The topical application of EOCs-EHG demonstrated complete infection eradication and facilitated skin regeneration, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of EOCs-EHG against dermatophytosis., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Rosa damascena Mill. is the most prominent rose source for the manufacturing of rose oil, rose water, concrete, and absolute from flower petals. The purpose of this study was to see how different harvest dates affected the essential oil components and rates obtained from flowers in oil rose planted for the first time in Turkey's Mardin Province. Blossoms were taken five times with three replications, at around one-week intervals, from a garden in the Yaylabaşı district at 6:00 a.m. (4, 11, 18, 24, and 31 May). Animal manure and leonardite were used instead of chemical fertilizers for plants. No chemical pesticides have been applied. Essential oil components of the oils obtained by a water distillation system (Clevenger apparatus) were determined by GC/MS. The citronellol ratio, which is the most important component for the quality of the essential oil in the plant, was found to be highest (35.90%) in the first harvest period and lowest in the last harvest period (17.57%). Geraniol levels decreased in the first three harvests, with the greatest level (27.16%) coming in the last harvest. The percentages of citronellol/geraniol varied between 1.51 and 0.65 depending on the different harvest dates. Nerol rates peaked at 15.44% on the first harvest, progressively declined until the fourth harvest (7.92%), then slightly increased on the fifth harvest. Nonadecane continuously increased from the first to the last harvest (4.10%-11.66%). No methyl eugenol was detected. Mardin is a promising location for oil-bearing rose cultivation, given the essential oil components and their ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of application of organic and biological fertilizers on leaf dry weight (LDW), essential oils content (EO), and composition of Salvia leriifolia Benth., a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 10 treatments. The experiment was performed at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Mashhad- Iran, during two growing seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). The treatments consisted of five levels of organic fertilizers [control (C0), compost 10 ton/ha (C10) compost 20 ton/ ha(C20), vermicompost three ton/ ha(V3) and vermicompost six ton/ ha(V6)] and Pseudomonas putida biofertilizer in two levels [Inoculation (S1) and without inoculation (S0)]. The results indicated that the highest LDW (1470 kg/ha) in the second year was obtained in C20S1, which increased by 47%, compared to C0S0, respectively. The EO in both growing seasons was not affected by the treatments. However, the application of 20 ton/ haof compost caused the EO yield was significantly higher than other treatments, except V6. A significant increase in LDW caused the highest EO yield of 5.0 and 5.9 kg/hawas obtained in C20S0 treatment in first and second growing seasons, respectively, which increased by 60% compared to the control (C0S0). The results showed that out of 99.9% of EO compounds, 95.6% including 33 identified compounds and only 4.2% contained other compounds. The valuable compounds of β-pinene (26.3%), 1,8-cineole (14.8%), α-pinene (13.8%) and Borneol (4.8%) have the highest percentage of EO compounds in the studied treatments. Organic fertilizer treatments had no significant effect on the four main compounds of S. leriifolia EO but increased Guaiol, Epi-α-eudesmol and δ-cadinol compared with control. The highest percent of Guaiol (2.3) and epi-α-eudesmol (3.2) were obtained in V6S1, respectively, which increased by 68% and 178% compared with control. Also, bacterial inoculation showed a significant difference with non-inoculation in Guaiol and epi-α- eudesmol using V6S1 treatment. Despite the increase in the percentage of these compounds, some of the EO compounds significantly decreased with the application of vermicompost treatments. Accordingly, Sabinene, epi-α-bisabolol compounds in V6S0 were decreased by 116% and 52%, respectively, and Terpine-4-ol and cis-sabinol compounds in V3S0 decreased by 21% and 19%, respectively, compared with control. Finally, the application of organic fertilizers had different effects on the S. leriifolia EO components, but the percent and amounts of all four main components were not affected by treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to explore an alternative to the use of antibiotics for prevention and treatment of wounds infection caused by two common bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For this purpose, three different essential oil components (EOCs), namely carvacrol, citronellol and cinnamic acid, were loaded into electrospun fibers of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) aided by alpha-cyclodextrin (αCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). Electrospun-fibers prepared with each EOC and their mixtures were screened for antimicrobial capability and characterized regarding morphological, mechanical, thermal, surface polarity, antibiofilm and antioxidant properties. αCD formed poly(pseudo)rotaxanes with PCL and weakly interacted with EOCs, while HPβCD facilitated EOC encapsulation and formation of homogeneous fibers (500–1000 nm diameter) without beads. PCL/HPβCD fibers with high concentration of EOCs (mainly carvacrol and cinnamic acid) showed strong antibiofilm (>3 log CFU reduction) and antioxidant activity (10–50% DPPH scavenging effects). Different performances were recorded for the EOCs and their mixtures; cinnamic acid migrated to fiber surface and was released faster. Fibers biocompatibility was verified using hemolysis tests and in ovo tissue integration and angiogenesis assays. Overall, HPβCD facilitates complete release of EOCs from the fibers to the aqueous medium, being an environment-friendly and cost-effective strategy for the treatment of infected wounds. • Structurally different EOCs can be electrospun in PCL fibers with the aid of cyclodextrins (CDs). • In absence of CDs, the EOCs melt the PCL fibers or migrate to their surface. • αCD forms poly(pseudo)rotaxanes with PCL but the stronger fibers failed to host EOCs. • HPβCD preferentially hosts EOCs, facilitates the electrospinning and regulates EOCs release. • PCL/HPβCD electrospun fibers with carvacrol or cinnamic acid and their binary mixtures efficiently inhibit bacteria biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial filtration materials based on essential oil components (EOCs) immobilized onto silicon oxide particles have been found effective for nonthermal stabilization of liquid foods (i.e., beer, juice, wine, and etc.). However, their antimicrobial efficiency depends on the food matrix. The present work aimed to assess the effect of the major constituents of liquid food matrices on the antimicrobial activity of vanillin immobilized onto silica microparticles. Silicon oxide particles were functionalized with vanillin and characterized. The maximum tolerated concentrations of different food major constituents (i.e., proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, organic acids, alcohols and minerals) were determined against Escherichia coli K12. The results showed that organic acid and alcohol had synergetic effects on vanillin-functionalized particles, and the addition of proteins, lipids or some carbohydrates inhibited their antimicrobial activity. No effects on microbial counts were found for mineral salts. The dual combinations between the synergistic and nonsynergistic food constituents showed improved antimicrobial activity compared to single compounds. The data confirmed previous in vitro experiments and could be used to predict the antimicrobial activity of the filtration system when treating real liquid food matrices. • Silica particles functionalized with vanillin are effective against E. coli • The in vivo antimicrobial efficiency depends on the food matrix. • Proteins, lipids, and pectin negatively impact on the antimicrobial activity. • Results might be used in the antimicrobial activity prediction of on other food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicological properties of different silica particles functionalised with essential oil components (EOCs) were herein assessed using the in vivo model C. elegans. In particular, the effects of the acute and long-term exposure to three silica particle types (SAS, MCM-41 micro, MCM-41 nano), either bare or functionalised with eugenol or vanillin, were evaluated on different biological parameters of nematodes. Acute exposure to the different particles did not reduce nematodes survival, brood growth or locomotion, but reproduction was impaired by all the materials, except for vanillin-functionalised MCM-41 nano. Moreover, long-term exposure to particles led to strongly inhibited nematodes growth and reproduction. The eugenol-functionalised particles exhibited higher functionalisation yields and had the strongest effects during acute and long-term exposures. Overall, the vanillin-functionalised particles displayed milder acute toxic effects on reproduction than pristine materials, but severer toxicological responses for the 96-hour exposure assays. Our findings suggest that the EOC type anchored to silica surfaces and functionalisation yield are crucial for determining the toxicological effects of particles on C. elegans. The results obtained with this alternative in vivo model can help to anticipate potential toxic responses to these new materials for human health and the environment.

The hydro-distilled essential oils obtained from aerial parts of the wild and cultivated Echinophora tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana have been analyzed by GC-MS and screened for antimicrobial activity. In total, 28 compounds representing more than 99% of the oils were identified. α-phellandrene (13.22% and 55.27%), δ-3-carene (49.29% and 4.03%), and methyl eugenol (22.59–25.69%) were found as the main components for the wild and cultivated oils, respectively. EOs of the wild and cultivated plants differed significantly in both the percentage of the main components and antifungal effect. α-phellandrene was more dominant in cultivated plants (55.27%) than in wild ones (13.22%), while δ-3-carene was more abundant in the wild plants (49.29%). In the antifungal assays, both oils displayed moderate to high activity against three phytopathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria alternata.

Encapsulation in liposomes has been an efficient strategy to improve the stability of sensitive bioactive compounds such as essential oils (EOs). However, the stability of liposomal formulations remains a key parameter controlling the delivery of encapsulated ingredients. Cholesterol (Chol) modulates the membrane properties conferring stability to the lipid bilayer. Thus, the Chol content in the liposome formulations encapsulating EO components should be carefully chosen. In this work, various liposome formulations differing by Chol content (DPPC:Chol 100:10; 100:25; 100:50; 100:75; 100:100) were exposed to a series of 22 EO components at DPPC/EO 100/25. The formulations were characterized for their final composition and their permeability to the hydrophilic fluorophore, sulforhodamine B (SRB), was monitored. Results showed that the Chol content experimentally determined for the various formulations (above 10% Chol) was below the theoretical weighed Chol. Among the tested components, 13 molecules displayed a significant permeabilizing effect on 10% Chol membranes. Most of these possess a hydroxyl group. The EO induced permeability was dependent on the Chol content which affects the membrane phase: their effect was reduced upon increasing Chol content keeping five EOs components effective at 40% Chol. The EO's effect was also linked to the hydrophobicity of the molecule. Hence, the DPPC:Chol ratio of the formulation is chosen considering the structure of the compound, its hydrophobicity and its effect on the permeability at different Chol content: a formulation comprising 40% Chol is suggested for highly hydrophobic molecules whereas a formulation with higher Chol content could be selected for less hydrophobic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In time, diagnosis and detection of virulence factor and its pathogenomics study continues to grow and this leads to novel treatments for infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to detect and characterise virulence genes in a haemolytic strain of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and molecular interaction studies with herbal essential oil components in silico. A hospital biosample-isolated strain of Staphylococcus aureus (BMS-2) was resistant towards Cephalosporin. The PCR-amplified FASTA nucleotide sequence was identical with S. aureus strains absolutely. The calculated GC value was 34.05%. The translated protein sequence was identified with a conserved domain of hlyII β-channel forming cytolysin belonging to leukocidin superfamily and was predicted as a stable, non-transmembrane protein comprising B cell epitopes. Structurally, the protein was found to be composed of α helix, π-helix, extended strands, β-sheet, turn and bends with atomic composition as C658H1026N174O200S2. The molecular docking studies made between the HlyII cytolysin (receptor) and wet lab studied essential oil components (citral a, citronellol, eucalyptol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, menthol, piperine and thymol) as ligands using Autodock 1.5.6 tool had inferred about prevalence of hydrogen bonds as well as covalent bonds in the intermolecular interactions. Amino acids like Tyr68, Tyr 69, Asn106, Asp67 and Asn106 were observed to be the most active residues for H-bond and hydrophobic bonds respectively. Only geraniol had interaction with glycine residue of the toxin molecule. In conclusion, geraniol with the highest ligand efficiency was observed to be the most potent phyto-constituent interacting with the in vitro detected hlyII cytotoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils and their active components have been extensively reported in the literature for their efficient antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal properties. However, the sensitivity of these volatile compounds towards heat, oxygen and light limits their usage in real food packaging applications. The encapsulation of these compounds into inorganic nanocarriers, such as nanoclays, has been shown to prolong the release and protect the compounds from harsh processing conditions. Nevertheless, these systems have limited shelf stability, and the release is of limited control. Thus, this study presents a mesoporous silica nanocarrier with a high surface area and well-ordered protective pore structure for loading large amounts of natural active compounds (up to 500 mg/g). The presented loaded nanocarriers are shelf-stable with a very slow initial release which levels out at 50% retention of the encapsulated compounds after 2 months. By the addition of simulated drip-loss from chicken, the release of the compounds is activated and gives an antimicrobial effect, which is demonstrated on the foodborne spoilage bacteria Brochothrixthermosphacta and the potentially pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. When the release of the active compounds is activated, a ≥4-log reduction in the growth of B. thermosphacta and a 2-log reduction of E. coli is obtained, after only one hour of incubation. During the same one-hour incubation period the dry nanocarriers gave a negligible inhibitory effect. By using the proposed nanocarrier system, which is activated by the food product itself, increased availability of the natural antimicrobial compounds is expected, with a subsequent controlled antimicrobial effect.

This study aimed to evaluate possible synergistic interactions on antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of clove and cinnamon oil components in combination and characterization of compounds responsible for synergistic interactions using TLC bioautography followed by checkerboard titration, isobologram analysis, and spectrometric characterization. Among the combinations tested, cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil and eugenol from clove oil in combination showed a synergistic antimicrobial interaction against foodborne microbes Listeria monocytogenes (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI): 0.31), Salmonella typhimurium (FICI: 0.41), and Aspergillus niger (FICI: 0.48), and synergistic antioxidant efficacy (combination index: 0.78) in in vitro model. Cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend did not show any cytotoxic effect (IC50 > 1000 μg/ml) in human normal keratinocyte cell line. The results provide evidence that the cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend may help in designing a more potent novel natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the component composition of the essential oil of garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.), obtained by various extraction methods. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and subcritical CO2 extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and subcritical extraction with solid-phase and liquid–liquid preconcentration. The components were identified by comparing the recorded mass spectra with the spectra of individual compounds and the data of the NIST07 and WILEY8 data bases. For all extraction methods, the major essential oil components were 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-thujone, β-thujone, borneol, 4-terpineol, β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide, and viridiflorol. The concentration of analytes in the extracts varied depending on the extraction method. In total, 104 components were identified in the extracts, of which 30 were extracted by hydrodistillation, 32 by subcritical CO2 extraction, 14 by supercritical fluid extraction, 46 and 62 by subcritical extraction with solid-phase and liquid–liquid extraction into the organic phase. An increase in the number of components in more stringent extraction methods as compared to hydrodistillation showed that, in the extracts, a deeper decomposition of macrocomponents might take place, except for camphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Menthol and menthone are two important components in the essential oil of peppermint(Mentha piperita L.) which are commercially used in the pharmaceutical industries. This study has presented the allometric ratio of menthol and menthone to pulegone affected by the induction of bioregulators. Methods: The experiment was conducted in controlled condition based on completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. The plants were subjected to different bioregulator treatments including distilled water; 5 %v/v methanol; 40 ppm GA3 (gibberellic acid) + 5%v/v methanol; 40 ppm IBA (indole butyric acid) + 5%v/v methanol, and 40 ppm GA3 + 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol. Essential oils analysis were performed using different methods of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results: The application of 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol increased the essential oil content. With the use of bioregulators, the content of menthol and menthone increased and the amount of pulegone was conversely reduced. The lowest content of pulegone was measured in the treatment with 40 ppm GA3 + 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol. Allometric analysis of components showed that the ratios of menthol/pulegone, menthone/pulegone, and (menthone+menthol)/pulegone increased by bioregulators application, especially with 40 ppm GA3 + 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol. Conclusion: Using plant bioregulators could be a suitable procedure to increase pro-health potential through increasing the amount of menthol with decreasing the content of pulegone in the essential oil. It is possible that the bioregulators were able to convert pulegone to menthol and menthone.

The aim of this study was to examine whether the process of initial colonization and the formation of mature biofilm structure of foodborne bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium can be impeded by active essential oil components β‐caryophyllene, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol at their individual and combined effects. Among the essential oil components tested, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol at their individual effect showed >50% degradation in biofilm biomass against preformed (matured) biofilms of both the studied bacteria, whereas β‐caryophyllene failed to do so. In combination, cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend showed synergistic antibiofilm efficacy against preformed biofilms of both the studied bacteria L. monocytogenes (FICI: 0·24) and S. typhimurium (FICI: 0·40), whereas other tested combinations showed additive antibiofilm efficacy with FICI ranged from 2·02 to 2·35. Essential oil components alone and in combination also showed much higher inhibition effect on biofilm formation at the initial stage compared to their inhibition effect on preformed biofilms. The results provide evidence that cinnamaldehyde/eugenol combination may help in designing a more potent novel, natural antibiofilm blend at sufficiently low concentrations in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Significance and Impact of the Study: In the present work, synergistic antibiofilm efficacy of cinnamaldehyde/eugenol combination against established biofilms of foodborne bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium has been reported. These synergistic interactions may help in designing a more potent, safe and effective novel natural antibiofilm agent in food and pharmaceutical industries. Besides, this combination will also be helpful in reducing concentration of individual components, thereby minimizing the undesirable impact on sensory properties of food. To our knowledge, this is the first time, synergistic antibiofilm efficacy of cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend against established biofilms of foodborne bacterial pathogens has been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to identify the storage temperature and duration providing the least quality losses in essential oil of Mentha piperita of Lamiaceae family with a great economic significance throughout the storage. The Mentha piperita leaves harvested at the beginning of flowering were dried in a drying cabin at 35 °C. Essential oils were extracted with the aid of Clevenger device, placed into glass vials. The control group was analyzed for essential oil components and ratios right after the distillation and the experimental groups were analyzed after storage of essential oil samples in a fridge at 2 °C, 4 °C, 6 °C, -18 °C, -20 °C and -22 °C temperatures for 1, 3 and 6 months with the aid of a GC-MS device. Present findings revealed that storage conditions had significant effects on essential oil components. As compared to essential oil components of the control group, 3 months of storage at storage temperatures of below 0 °C could be recommended for a-pinene, P-pinene, 1,8-cineole, pulegone, piperitone and caryophyllene components, 6 months of storage at 2°C for menthone, 6 months of storage at -20°C for menthol and 6 months of storage at -18 °C for caryophyllene component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Available disinfection methods and therapies against Helicobacter pylori have multiple disadvantages, such as increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains, which requires the search for novel effective antimicrobial agents against H. pylori. Among them, naturally-occurring antimicrobial compounds, like essential oil components (EOCs), have been reported as substances with anti-H. pylori potential. To avoid the disadvantages associated with using EOCs in their free form, including volatility, low water solubility and intense sensory properties, their immobilisation in inert supports has recently been developed. This study sought to evaluate the inhibitory properties of EOCs immobilised on silica microparticles against H. pylori and to elucidate the mechanism of action of the immobilised antimicrobials. After the preparation and characterisation of the antimicrobial supports, the susceptibility of H. pylori in the presence of the immobilised compounds was assessed by plate count, fluorescent viability staining and direct viable count–fluorescent in situ hybridisation analyses. The antimicrobial supports were found to inhibit H. pylori growth, and to induce morphological and metabolic alterations to the H. pylori membrane, with a minimum bactericidal concentration value between 25 and 50 μg/ml according to the tested EOC. These findings indicate that immobilised EOCs can be used as potential antimicrobial agents for H. pylori clearance and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hortscience Journal of Suez Canal University is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it is aimed to determine the essential oil ratio and essential components in different diurnal periods by applying different drying methods on type Satureja cuneifolia Ten. For this purpose, essential oil ratios and essential oil components of type Satureja cuneifolia Ten. were determined. The leaves of S. cuneifolia was dried using three different drying methods (sun-drying for 10 h, shade drying for 36 h, and oven drying at 40 °C for 10 h). After the essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation, the essential oil components were analyzed by capillary GC-MS. The effect of different drying methods on the essential oil ratio was found to be statistically significant. According to the obtained data, the highest amount of essential oil was found in shade drying (1.88%) and the lowest amount of essential oil was detected in oven drying (1.78%). The essential oil components carvacrol and p-cymene reached the highest values in shade drying method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous silica microparticles functionalized with lactose for the specific release of essential oil components (EOCs) in the small intestine are presented. In vitro and in vivo intestinal models were applied to validate the microparticles (M41-EOC-L), in which the presence of lactase acts as the triggering stimulus for the controlled release of EOCs. Among the different microdevices prepared (containing thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde), the one loaded with cinnamaldehyde showed the most significant Caco-2 cell viability reduction. On the other hand, interaction of the particles with enterocyte-like monolayers showed a reduction of EOCs permeability when protected into the designed microdevices. Then, a microdevice loaded with cinnamaldehyde was applied in the in vivo model of Wistar rat. The results showed a reduction in cinnamaldehyde plasma levels and an increase in its concentration in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The absence of payload release in the stomach, the progressive release throughout the intestine and the prolonged stay of the payload in the GIT-lumen increased the bioavailability of the encapsulated compound at the site of the desired action. These innovative results, based on the specific intestinal controlled delivery, suggest that the M41-payload-L could be a potential hybrid microdevice for the protection and administration of bioactive molecules in the small intestine and colon.

This research was managed to identify the effects of the different seed quantity (5, 10, 15 and 20 kg.ha–1) and row interval (15 and 30 cm) on the yields and the volatile oil components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under the Harran Plain conditions, during 2013 and 2014 years. The study was established according to the split plot in randomised complete block design. Seed and volatile oil yields, volatile oil ratio and volatile oil components were importantly affected seed quantity and row interval. The transaction of 15 cm × 10 kg.ha–1, the highest seed and volatile oil yield were taken, was determined to be the most suitable. The trans-anethole was taken the primary component under all transactions and it was changed to depend on the row interval and seed quantities.

This research was managed to identify the effects of the different seed quantity (5, 10, 15 and 20 kg.ha-1) and row interval (15 and 30 cm) on the yields and the volatile oil components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under the Harran Plain conditions, during 2013 and 2014 years. The study was established according to the split plot in randomised complete block design. Seed and volatile oil yields, volatile oil ratio and volatile oil components were importantly affected seed quantity and row interval. The transaction of 15 cm × 10 kg.ha-1, the highest seed and volatile oil yield were taken, was determined to be the most suitable. The trans-anethole was taken the primary component under all transactions and it was changed to depend on the row interval and seed quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Essential oil components (EOCs) are potent natural antimicrobial agents, but their high volatility and reactivity limit their potential applications. Here, we report the preparation of a series of nanomaterials containing EOCs (i.e., allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, diallyl disulphide, eugenol and thymol). The materials were prepared by simple adsorption of the EOCs onto a montmorillonite nanoclay. The antimicrobial activities of these materials were assessed against Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus as typical models of agricultural fungal pathogens and foodborne bacterial pathogens, respectively. In addition, the activities of the encapsulated EOCs were compared with those of the corresponding free forms with or without Tween‐80 in two types of assays: microdilution assays for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and agar‐based assays mimicking surface treatment. Enhanced antifungal activity of the encapsulated form was observed for all EOCs. In addition, against S. aureus, the MICs of all EOCs were remarkably lower in encapsulated form than in free form. These results indicate that EOCs encapsulated in low‐cost nanoclays have favourable potential as antimicrobials compared with the pure compounds. Antimicrobial activity of the nanoclay‐encapsulated essential oil components were compared with their free forms. Prolonged activity of the encapsulated forms was observed against Aspergillus niger, while remarkably lower MICs were achieved against S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract The encapsulation of essential oil components into liposomes was demonstrated to improve their solubility and chemical stability. In this study, we investigated the effect of chemical structure, Henry's law constant (H c), and aqueous solubility of essential oil components on their liposomal encapsulation. Estragole, eucalyptol, isoeugenol, pulegone, terpineol, and thymol were encapsulated in lipoid S100-liposomes using the ethanol injection method. The H c values were determined. The incorporation in liposomes was more efficient (encapsulation efficiency > 90%) for the essential oil components exhibiting low aqueous solubility (estragole, isoeugenol, and pulegone). Moreover, efficient entrapment into vesicles (loading rate > 18%) was obtained for isoeugenol, terpineol, and thymol. This result suggests that the presence of a hydroxyl group in the structure and a low Hc value enhance the entrapment of essential oil components into liposomes. Furthermore, drug release rate from liposomes was controlled by the loading rate of essential oil components into liposomes, the size of particles, the location of essential oil components within the lipid bilayer, and the cholesterol incorporation rate of liposomes. Finally, considerable concentrations of isoeugenol, pulegone, terpineol, and thymol were retained in liposomes after 10 months with respect to the initial concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Lavandula stoechas is a species of native and permanent plants in Golestan province that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. L. stoechas has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to extract essential oil using steam distillation method from the flowers of L. stoechas collected from Jahan-nama region in the Golestan province, and evaluate its antibacterial activity. Methods: Steam distillation (Clevenger) and GC-MS system were used to separate volatile oils and identify the essential oil components, respectively. Two methods of disk diffusion and broth micro dilution were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of L. stoechas essential oil. Six bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. Results: The essential oil yield was 0.28%. The main components were camphor (71.86%), 1, 8-cineole (4.08%), linalool (3.77%) and borneol (3.19%). The essential oil showed no inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis, while it had different inhibitory effects on other bacteria. S. aureus and Bacillus sp. showed the highest sensitivity with inhibition zone diameter of 32 and 29 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the essential oil of L. stoechas has high inhibitory and antimicrobial activity particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, which may be due to the presence of 71.86% camphor in its composition.