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En este Trabajo Fin de Grado se detallan cada uno de los sistemas de captura de CO2, y se evalúa la implantación de tecnologías de membrana para la captura del CO2 emitido en una instalación de elaboración de refrescos. Para ello, se hace uso del software Engineering Equation Solver (EES) con el objetivo de evaluar la reducción del dióxido de carbono emitido por la instalación y analizar la posible recuperación del CO2 capturado planteando su recirculación y/o almacenamiento para su uso posterior o venta. En este sentido, se plantea una comparativa de dos modelos de captura con membranas: el primero de ellos de mezcla perfecta, donde se asume que las concentraciones de las corrientes de rechazo (R) y permeado (P) son las mismas; el segundo, de flujo cruzado, siendo este una combinación del modelo de flujo pistón, donde los flujos y concentraciones varían en función del punto considerado de la membrana, junto con el de mezcla perfecta. Este estudio se desarrolla en la zona calderas, donde a partir de los datos de emisión facilitados por la instalación, y los resultados obtenidos del programa EES, se selecciona el modelo más adecuado atendiendo al porcentaje de CO2 en la corriente de rechazo. A continuación, se realiza una estimación económica para evaluar el coste asociado a la instalación de la tecnología de membrana seleccionada. Por otro lado, a partir del precio de venta de la tonelada de CO2, y de la cantidad de CO2 emitido, se realiza una estimación del beneficio que podría alcanzar la empresa por instalar el sistema de captura basado en membranas selectivas., In this Final Degree Project, each of the CO2 capture systems is detailed, and the implementation of membrane technologies for the capture of CO2 emitted in a soft drink production facility is evaluated. To do this, the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software is used with the objective of evaluating the reduction of carbon dioxide emitted by the facility and analyzing the possible recovery of the captured CO2, considering its recirculation and/or storage for subsequent use or sale. In this sense, a comparison of two capture models with membranes is proposed: the first of them of perfect mixing, where it is assumed that the concentrations of the rejection currents (R) and permeate (P) are the same; the second, cross flow, this being a combination of the plug flow model, where the flows and concentrations vary depending on the considered point of the membrane, together with that of perfect mixing. This study is carried out in the boiler area, where based on the emission data provided by the installation, and the results obtained from the EES program, the most appropriate model is selected based on the percentage of CO2 in the rejection stream. Next, an economic estimate is made to evaluate the cost associated with the installation of the selected membrane technology. On the other hand, based on the sales price of a ton of CO2, and the amount of CO2 emitted, an estimate is made of the benefit that the company could achieve by installing the capture system based on selective membranes.

Como continuación de mi trabajo de fin de grado, este proyecto sigue con el mismo objetivo fundamental que es el apoyo en la economía circular de emisiones cero que se ha marcado la Unión Europea para 2050. Siendo una transformación lenta y costosa que se ha ido ralentizando, reduciéndose el tiempo para remediar la catástrofe climática y que puede cambiar la vida del planeta tal y como la conocemos. En este trabajo se propone la transformación de las emisiones de CO2 procedentes de una planta cementera en un producto con valor añadido como el CH3OH. Lo que permite contribuir en la reducción de las emisiones hacia la atmósfera y la obtención de un producto que favorece a la economía circular. Este trabajo abarca desde el sistema de captura de CO2 basado en un sistema de absorción y regeneración de aminas, la simulación de un electrolizador alcalino basado en KOH para la producción de H2 y la simulación completa de la planta de producción de CH3OH. Con los resultados obtenidos, se llevó a cabo un análisis económico para estudiar la viabilidad del proyecto consiguiéndose beneficios en el proyecto lo que lo hace atractivo para llevarlo a cabo., As a continuation of my final grade work, this final master work searches the same important objective, that is the continuo support to the circular economy of zero emissions that was marked up by the Europe Union to 2050. This road is a slowly and costly transformation which has been slowed down, reducing the time to solve the climate catastrophe and that can change the life which we know. In this project, it purpose the transformation of the CO2 emissions from a cement plant in a valorated product as the CH3OH. This let to the contribution in the emissions reductions toward the atmosphere and the obtention of a product that prove to the circular economy. This work ranges from the CO2 capture system based on an amine absorption and regeneration system, the simulation of a KOH-based alkaline electrolyzer for H2 production and the complete simulation of the CH3OH production plant. With the results obtained, an economic analysis was carried out to study the viability of the project, achieving benefits in the project, which makes it attractive to carry out.

La determinación y preocupación mundial sobre los efectos de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero ha provocado una necesidad de cooperación a nivel global en cuestión de pocos años con el objetivo de mitigar el inevitable cambio climático al que está sucumbiendo el planeta. La Unión Europea es el tercer mayor emisor de gases de efecto invernadero a nivel mundial, por detrás de China y de Estados Unidos. Esta situación ha hecho que la Unión Europea haya determinado que las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero han de ser, como máximo, del 55% para el año 2030 en comparación a 1990. Posteriormente, la neutralidad climática, es decir, la reducción del 100%, ha de ser alcanzada para 2050 y de esta forma evitar los cambios irreversibles en el clima y, por ende, en la vida de todos. Acuerdos internacionales como el Protocolo de Kioto y el Acuerdo de París marcan las necesidades y los niveles necesarios a alcanzar por parte de la Unión Europea. Debida esta situación, una serie de medidas legislativas y políticas inciden especialmente en la eficiencia energética, las energías renovables y otras formas de energía no dependientes de los combustibles fósiles convencionales. Estas medidas están orientadas en gran parte a la automovilística y métodos de transporte utilizados a nivel mundial, premiando la utilización de otras formas de suministrar la energía necesaria a los vehículos. Dado este contexto sociopolítico, es necesaria la innovación científica por parte de todos los campos. Es por esta razón que este proyecto pretende la evaluación técnico-económica de la obtención de hidrocarburos de una forma sostenible y neutra para el medio a partir de materias primas no convencionales. Con este objetivo se partirá de hidrógeno y dióxido de carbono obtenidos de forma limpia, obtenidos mediante electrólisis y captación de dióxido de carbono respetivamente. Se llevará a cabo un proceso que consistirá en las reacciones de metanación, Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) y, final, Global determination and concern about the effects of greenhouse gas emissions has led to a need for global cooperation in a matter of a few years to mitigate the inevitable climate change to which the planet is succumbing. The European Union is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world, behind China and the United States. This situation has led the European Union to determine that greenhouse gas emissions should be a maximum of 55% by 2030 compared to 1990. Subsequently, climate neutrality, i.e. a 100% reduction, is to be achieved by 2050 in order to avoid irreversible changes in the climate and, therefore, in everyone's lives. International agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement set out the needs and levels to be achieved by the European Union. In view of this situation, a series of legislative and political measures have a special focus on energy efficiency, renewable energies and other forms of energy that are not dependent on conventional fossil fuels. These measures are largely oriented towards the automobile and transportation methods used worldwide, rewarding the use of other forms of supplying the necessary energy to vehicles. Given this socio-political context, scientific innovation is necessary in all fields. It is for this reason that this project aims at the technical-economic evaluation of obtaining hydrocarbons in a sustainable and environmentally neutral way from non-conventional raw materials. With this objective, the starting point will be hydrogen and carbon dioxide obtained in a clean way, obtained by means of electrolysis and carbon dioxide capture, respectively. A process consisting of methanation, Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) and finally Fischer-Tropsch reactions will be carried out to obtain hydrocarbons. This evaluation will consist of an industrial scale simulation where different parameters and cases will be evaluated to reach a conclusion about its efficiency, economic profitability and the develo

The inclusion of membrane-based oxygen-fired combustion in power plants is considered an emerging technology that could reduce carbon emissions in a more efficient way than cryogenic oxygen-fired processes. In this paper, a techno-economic assessment was developed for a 863 MWₑₗ,ₙₑₜ power plant to demonstrate whether this CCS technique results in a reduction in efficiency losses and economic demand. Four configurations based on oxygen transport membranes were considered, while the benchmark cases were the air combustion process without CO₂ capture and a cryogenic oxygen-fired process. The type of driving force through the membrane (3-end or 4-end), the point of integration into the oxy-fuel combustion process, the heating system, and the pollutant control system were aspects considered in this work. In comparison, the efficiency losses for membrane-based alternatives were lower than those in the cryogenic oxygen-fired process, reaching savings of up to 14% net efficiency. Regarding the specific energy consumption for CO₂ capture, the configuration based on the oxygen transport membrane unit with 4-end mode and hot filtration presented 1.01 kWₑₗ,ₙₑₜ,·h/kgCO₂ captured with 100% CO₂ recovery, which is an improvement of 11% compared with the cases using cryogenic oxygen. Comparing economic aspects, the specific investment costs for cases based on the oxygen transport membrane unit varied between 2520 and 2942 $/kWₑₗ,ₙₑₜ·h. This was between 39.6 and 48.2% above the investment for the reference case without carbon capture. However, its hypothetical implantation could suppose a savings of 10.7% in terms of investment cost compared with cryogenic oxygen-based case. In terms of the levelized cost of electricity and the cost of CO₂ avoidance, the oxygen transport membrane configurations achieved more favorable results compared with the cryogenic route, reaching savings up to 14 and 38%, respectively. Although oxygen transport membrane units are currently not mature for commer

El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es estudiar las propiedades termoquímicas de las membranas de intercambio iónico (ITM) bajo unas condiciones reales de oxicombustión en modo four-end, recopilando con esto datos que aporten información sobre materiales óptimos para su correcta integración en instalaciones de generación eléctrica capaces de capturar el CO2 generado. Es conocido que las membranas de intercambio iónico presentan unas características idóneas para su incorporación en procesos de oxicombustión con sistemas de captura y almacenamiento de dióxido de carbono. Previamente al desarrollo de ensayos experimentales, se ha realizado un estudio y selección de materiales aptos para su uso como membranas para producción de oxígeno. Dentro de la amplia gama de materiales, se ha seleccionado dos materiales de tipo fluorita (CGO e YSZ), dos de tipo perovskita (LSFC y BSFC) y uno de doble fase (70CGO/30LSFC) por sus buenos resultados en cuanto a conducción mixta de iones y electrones y su estabilidad fisicoquímica. Aparte de los materiales, fue necesario recopilar infomación acerca de las condiciones de operación que ayudasen a probar las principales características de los materiales empleados. Para conseguir los resultados necesarios de este trabajo, se han llevado a cabo una serie de experimentos, considerando cinco materiales ITM distintos con cinco atmosferas de gases distintas, combinando unas mismas condiciones de operación y distintas membranas ITM o una misma membrana ITM y distintas atmósferas de trabajo. Una vez tratadas las muestras se pasa a la fase analítica para comprobar su estabilidad fisicoquímica. Para ello las técnicas de caracterización llevadas a cabo son un análisis gravimétrico, un microscopio de barrido electrónico (SEM-EDX) y la espectroscopía de infrarrojos (IR). Este conjuto de pruebas arroja la información estructural, composicional y morfológica necesaria para su evaluación termoquímica. La realización de estas técnicas ha sido en l, The objective of this Final Degree Project is to study the ion exchange membranes (ITM) thermochemical properties under oxy-fuel combustion real conditions of in four-end mode, thus compiling data that provide information on optimal materials for their correct integration in electricity generation facilities capable of capturing the CO2 generated. It is known that ion exchange membranes have ideal characteristics for their incorporation in oxycombustion processes with carbon dioxide capture and storage systems. Prior to the development of experimental tests, a study and selection of materials suitable for use as membranes for oxygen production has been carried out. Within the wide range of materials, two fluorite-type materials (CGO and YSZ), two perovskite-type (LSFC and BSFC) and one double-phase (70CGO/30LSFC) have been selected for their good results in terms mixed conduction of ions and electrons and their physicochemical stability. Apart from the materials, it was necessary to collect information about the operating conditions to help test the materials used main characteristics. To achieve the necessary results of this work, a series of experiments have been carried out, considering five different ITM materials with five different gas atmospheres, combining the same operating conditions and different ITM membranes or the same ITM membrane and different atmospheres of job. Once the samples have been treated, they go to the analytical phase to check their physicochemical stability. For this, the characterization techniques carried out are a gravimetric analysis, a SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope) and an IR (Infrared Spectroscopy). This set of tests provides the structural, compositional and morphological information necessary for its thermochemical evaluation. These techniques have been carried out at the University of Seville and the University of Surrey. Once the results have been collected, a detailed analysis and interpretation of the same is carried

El ambicioso objetivo que se ha marcado la Unión Europea de 0 emisiones de CO2 para 2050 pasa por una transformación radical en el proceso productivo actual que se sustenta en los combustibles fósiles para la obtención de energía. Su desmantelamiento será tan costoso, en términos económicos y sociales, que provoca una ralentización en su puesta en marcha; pero nos estamos quedando sin tiempo para remediar la catástrofe climática, que puede cambiar la vida en nuestro planeta tal como la conocemos. Sin embargo, cada vez se impone con mayor fuerza, una corriente económica que aboga por una evolución del actual sistema productivo: las Economía Circular. En ésta se aprovechan los residuos que produce para que vuelven a utilizarse en el proceso, ahorrando materia prima y combustibles. En este trabajo se propone la transformación del CO2, residuo en la mayor parte de las actividades del ser humano, en metano y gas de síntesis que serán utilizado de nuevo en el proceso productivo para la obtención de energía. Cerrando así el círculo. Este trabajo se basa en el estudio de distintos catalizadores y sus propiedades físico-químicas, cuyo uso favorezcan la velocidad de las dos reacciones químicas, Sabatier y RWGS, que transformarán el CO2. Posteriormente, con los resultados obtenidos en el laboratorio, se hizo una simulación para su validación a escala industrial en términos económicos. Siendo ésta muy prometedora., The ambitious goal that the European Union has set itself of zero CO2 emissions by 2050 is through a radical transformation in the current production process that supports fossil fuels for obtaining energy. Its dismantling Will be so costly in economic and social terms that it causes a slowdown in its implementation but we run out of time to remedy the climate catastrophe that can change the life of our planet as we know. However, an economic current is increasingly imposed, it ended up b yan evolution of the current production system: the circular economy. In this one take advantage of the waste, they produce to be used again in the process, saving raw material and fuels. This work proposes the transformation of CO2, residue in most of human activity, into methane and synthesis gas that will be used again in the production process to obtain energy. Closing the circle like this. This work is based on the study of different catalysts and their physical-chemical properties whose use favour the speed of the two chemical reactions, Sabatier and RWGS, which transform CO2 Later with the results obtained in the laboratory, a simulation was made for validation on an industrial scale in economic terms. Being very promising is.

The exponential growth of greenhouse gas emissions and their associated climate change problems have motivated the development of strategies to reduce CO2 levels via CO2 capture and conversion. Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction has been targeted as a promising pathway to convert CO2 into syngas which is the primary reactive in several reactions to obtain high-value chemicals. Among the different catalysts reported for RWGS, the nickel-based catalyst has been proposed as an alternative to the expensive noble metal catalyst. However, Ni-based catalysts tend to be less active in RWGS reaction conditions due to preference to CO2 methanation reaction and to the sintering and coke formation. Due to this, the aim of this work is to study the effect of the potassium (K) in Ni/CeO2 catalyst seeking the optimal catalyst for low-temperature RWGS reaction. We synthesised Ni-based catalyst with different amounts of K:Ni ratio (0.5:10, 1: 10, and 2:10) and fully characterised using different physicochemical techniques where was observed the modification on the surface characteristics as a function of the amount of K. Furthermore, it was observed an improvement in the CO selectivity at a lower temperature as a result of the K-Ni-support interactions but also a decrease on the CO2 conversion. The 1K catalyst presented the best compromise between CO2 conversion, suppression of CO2 methanation and enhancing CO selectivity. Finally, the experimental results were contrasted with the trends obtained from the thermodynamics process modelling observing that the result follows in good agreement with the modelling trends giving evidence of the promising behaviour of the designed catalysts in CO2 highscale units.

This work provides a wide overview of the state-of-art of the CO2 chemical absorption applied to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. The objective is not only to provide the current status of the technology and the research and development activities carried out towards its deployment in the CCS field, but also to identify the future directions and knowledge gaps. A summary of the conventional solvents used for acid gas removal and novel solvent formulations specifically adapted to new challenges such as fossil-fuels power plants and industrial processes was reported. Novel configurations from the conventional CO2 absorption-desorption layout were summarized and their impact on the operational performance and the reboiler duty was further evaluated. Novel opportunities offered by CO2 concentrated flue gas derived from partial oxy-combustion were further discussed in the final section. A large review of the published data from pilot plants has been done to facilitate the final comparison between the current status of post-combustion and novel partial oxy-combustion configurations. Demonstration plants currently available and the commercial solutions proposed by the most important companies were briefly described. CCS pilot plants via chemical absorption have been executed in last decades reaching several CO2 capture capacities up to 80 t CO2/day. Commercial scale plants have been recently developed, being US and China the countries which lead the investment funds. The most important commercial scale demo plants, namely Boundary Dam and Petra Nova, were also described. Nevertheless, there were still many countries which need to bet for CCS at large scale.

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are considered the major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. The mitigation of this kind of CO2 emissions relies on a portfolio of alternatives where CO2 absorption appears as the nearest approach to be applied at industrial scale. Researchers have been focused on developing new formulations of solvents to make more competitive CO2 absorption as a carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. In this sense, this chapter summarizes both the conventional solvents and the most recent investigations on this field. Chemical absorption is more suitable for a lot of industrial process due to the flue gas conditions: ambient pressure, low CO2 concentration and large volume. Therefore numerous novel solvents came up in recent years and they are further discussed in this chapter. The most recent solvents, their mechanisms and kinetics and the advantages and disadvantages are also included. Finally, physical solvents are adequate in high CO2 partial pressure applications and they are reported in the last section. Although physical absorption field is constrained to high-pressure flue gas, physical solvents provided higher performance in CO2 separation process and their characteristics are also summarized.

Partial oxy-combustion is proposed as a new carbon capture concept based on the use of oxygen-enriched air as an oxidizer instead of air during the combustion stage followed by a CO2 chemical absorption. This novel approach has showed potential advantages compared with other CCS technologies that may lead to a further reductions of the energy penalties related to the CO2 separation process. In this work, a lab-scale apparatus operating under semi-batch conditions was used for the kinetic evaluation of potassium carbonate (K2CO3), aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and monoethanolamine (MEA). Four experiments were set for each solvent where the flue gas composition varied from 15%v/v (post-combustion) to 60%v/v. In general, the use of a more CO2 concentrated flue gas enhanced the CO2 absorption process and the kinetic was significantly improved under partial oxy-combustion conditions. The CO2 loading also increased in the presence of a more CO2 concentrated flue gas for each solvent tested. Those results strengthened partial oxy-combustion as a potential CCS approach in comparison with more mature technologies such as post-combustion and oxy-combustion.

Se ha propuesto y puesto en práctica una nueva metodología de aprendizaje basado en problemas en una asignatura de carácter experimental en la carrera de ingeniería química en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Sevilla (España). La metodología se basa en el trabajo con grupos reducidos y aprendizaje basado en problemas, proponiendo nuevos desafíos y oportunidades para el desarrollo de competencias de alumnos de ingeniería. Los alumnos han desarrollado tareas de diseño de procesos, selección de alternativas, toma de decisiones, diseño de ingeniería básica y gestión de compras, que han culminado con el montaje y puesta en marcha de una unidad de destilación a escala laboratorio. La metodología ha permitido trabajar todas las competencias adscritas a la asignatura con un alto grado de participación y motivación del alumnado. Por lo tanto, se considera una herramienta atractiva y útil para su incorporación en asignaturas de experimentación en ingeniería química., A new problem solving methodology is proposed for a course which is essentially experimental for student of chemical engineer at the Higher Technical Engineering School of the University of Seville in Spain is proposed. The methodology is based on small group work and problem-based learning, proposing new challenges and opportunities to develop skills and competencies in engineering student. The students developed tasks regarding process design, selection of optimal alternative, decision making, basic engineering design and purchase management, which concluded with the assembly and starting-up of a laboratory scales distillation unit. The methodology allowed working all subject competences with high participation and motivation from the students. Therefore, it is considered to be a useful and attractive tool to be incorporated to experimental chemical engineering courses.

Los materiales que se presentan a continuación están elaborados por la Red Tecnológica de Innovación Educativa "Aplicación de las TIC como apoyo al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los procesos psicológicos básicos en asignaturas de primer y segundo ciclo de la Universidad de Alicante". La idea del presente proyecto surge de la necesidad de generar herramientas de trabajo, adaptadas a las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, que nos ayuden a promover la docencia de calidad en nuestras asignaturas.