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This study provides information about the books in the tereke estates of members of the Ottoman period in the city of Bitola is provided, and the books are classified according to their subjects and informative qualities for Ottoman society. Books in the inheritance records of the period analyzed are mostly concentrated in the field of religious sciences. After religious sciences, literary-moral texts, books produced in many branches of science, such as grammar, logic, medicine, botany, astronomy, history, education, training, and general-purpose encyclopedic works and dictionaries, were found in the inheritance records. As the primary source of the research, the tereke records of the members of the ilmiye which are scattered in twenty-nine shar’iyye registry books between 1607-1697 in the Manastir court were evaluated. This study uses a qualitative research method purpose and scope of the study. Documentary scanning and historical methods were used as data collection techniques, and document analysis was used to analyze the data obtained. The results showed that most of the books read in the place and period examined consisted of textbooks in madrasas and texts that were generally popular in Ottoman society. The books reflected in the inheritance records belong to various disciplines according to their subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 19th century, British literature addressed to young readers begins to emerge an unusual image of the world, in which, without the intervention of a fantastic element and almost imperceptibly for the reader, different times and eras are harmoniously combined. The crucial technique for creating such a universe is an anachronism, skillfully used by the author and not exposed to him; the latter, in turn, can leave clues for an attentive reader ready to join his “game.” The image of such a space turns out to be consonant with ideas developed in literary studies in recent years, such as the concept of “mythical (nonlinear) time” (M. Nikolaeva), “closed world” (P. Hunt), “palimpsest world” (M. Certeau), etc. The most important locus of such a world in the texts we are considering (Water Babies by Ch. Kingsley, The Wind in the Willows by K. Grahame) turns out to be a noble estate, to denote which we propose to use the term we introduced — “house on the edge of time.” As an additional task, we will analyze the world of W. Maine’s novel Earthfasts (1966), a fantastic “borderland,” which, in our opinion, serves as a development of the image of the Vendale in the tale by Charles Kingsley.

The Rîșleacov family was part of the category of Bessarabian nobles, Dvoreni of Ukrainian origin on the paternal line, ranked among the local nobility and recorded, in 1824, in the 3rd part of the Genealogical Book from Bessarabia. Both archival documents and oral history testify that the nobles of the Rișleacov lineage contributed to the development of the locality, serving in state offices, being founders of the village church and local philanthropists. Being large landowners, the members of the Rișleacov family built on their estate mills, a small brick factory, other small agrarian industrial units. The house and auxiliary constructions of the mansion, which initially covered an imposing area of 5 ha, have been preserved until now, and the documentary heritage with reference to this theme, offers the possibility of reconstructing the forgotten pages of the history of Bessarabia from the second half of the 19th century-20s of the 20th century. Currently, the Rîșleacov mansion is being brought back to life by the Șoldănești History and Ethnography Museum, finding its headquarters here which, unfortunately, is not included in the Register of state-protected monuments in the Republic of Moldova.

Nowadays, the limitation of the freedom of will when obtaining ownership rights to household property has acquired tremendous legal importance because the registration of household property is manifested in frequent inheritance disputes, and citizens have been deprived of the opportunity to make a will for years. Consequently, the rule of legal inheritance remained the only means of obtaining ownership of the household property. Increased rates of estate disputes caused by many reasons are more problematic. Some citizens can still not register their property, and these plots are subject to dispute. It is worth noting how the freedom of will was limited in the household and how quickly agricultural plots turned into inheritance disputes. Restricting the freedom of will and other restrictions creates an irreversible situation of unequal distribution of land among citizens, and years later, we will face the reality when the right to own land will lose its self-generating function. The research is directed to evaluating the problem caused by the limitation of the freedom of will when obtaining the ownership right to the household’s property. Also, the research discusses the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania regarding land ownership.

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Copyright of Estudios de Historia de España is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Research objectives: The main purpose of the study is to consider some fairly actively used stereotypes and their validity. Research materials: The reason for writing the proposed publication article was the work of A.Yu. Konev “The phenomenon of ‘foreignism’, yasak and gift exchange: the peoples of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia in Russia at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 18th centuries.” Published and newly discovered archival materials were its source basis. Results and novelty of the research: Within the framework of this article, we can distinguish two plots about stereotypes, quite different in nature, but relating, to a large extent, to one group of the population of Russia in the 16th–18th centuries – yasak people or yasak foreigners. According to the first stereotype, the unbaptized non-Russian population of the Russian state were not among the subjects of the Russian tsar, or at least not to the full extent. The authors usually do not provide any real justification for this point of view, but if they try to do so, they point to restrictions regarding unbaptized yasak and service people and to baptism as a way to obtain additional preferences (implementing a rise in social standing). At the same time, if we turn to the documents of the middle of the 18th century, we will see that officials and scientists of that time had no doubts that the yasak unbaptized population were Russian subjects from the moment their territories became part of this state. With a high degree of probability, we can admit that the formation of this stereotype dates back to the period of the predominance of the ideologeme “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationality” and is the result of extrapolation to the situation of the 16th–17th centuries representations of the second half of the 19th century. The second stereotype is less obvious, but quite serious. It consists of ignoring the information contained in a huge layer of documents of the 16th–17th centuries, namely, indications that yasak was collected from estates, and the presence of patrimonial lands was the basis for paying yasak. The reverse is also true – the payment of yasak gave rights to patrimonial lands. This information is contained in tsars’ decrees, orders to governors – that is, legislative documents. But until now, the bulk of specialists dealing with the history of the Volga region, the Urals, and Siberia simply did not notice these places in the documents. This is a kind of stereotype of ignoring the obvious. Meanwhile, based on the text of these documents, it is obvious that yasak can be considered only bearing in mind the status of the lands from which it was paid, indicated in the sources. This is true for territories from the Volga region to Central Siberia. Obviously, the time has come to change approaches to these issues. The scientific novelty of the study lies largely in the attempt to read and translate sources (often long published and well-known) as they were, discarding the “filters” formed by the historiographical tradition.

This study deals with description of the furnace structure, studied during archaeological work on the territory of the upper part of one of the oldest towns in Siberia – Tobolsk (founded in 1587). Stratigraphic surveys together with a numismatic collection allowed the authors to date the revealed heating structure to the second half of the XVIII century. It was established that the furnace was built at the bottom of the cellar; its base was a frame of scaffolds, on which the brickwork was made (the reuse of bricks from pulled down furnaces was recorded). The studied part of the furnace base has been preserved to a height of 1 m; the maximum studied dimensions are 170×160 cm. Based on the analysis of the masonry, the furnace found to be rectangular in shape. It was decorated with tiles. The authors believe that the studied furnace design is not typical for Tobolsk of the second half of the XVIII century. It was in the house of a wealthy citizen.

The institution of naqib al-ashraf was established in order to follow the lineages of the sayyids regularly and to fulfill some of the practices brought by their distinguished positions. It is known that the naqib al-ashraf qaim-i maqams, who are the local representatives of the naqib al-ashrafs in the center, were chosen from the respected and distinguished sayyid families in the region where they lived. The person about whom we can have the most information among the naqib al-ashraf qaim-i maqam who served in the early periods in Bursa is Sayyid Cafer Pasha. Cafer Pasha belongs to a reputable sayyid family in Bursa with roots in Tabriz. As a result of this prestigious position, family members from their grandfather Emir Gazi have been appointed to important duties such as being the trustee of the foundations of Sultans and ensuring that they are put in order. After the death of Cafer Pasha, his son Sayyid Mehmed was appointed as the Naqib al-ashraf qaim-i maqam, and in the following years his grandson İbrahim continued the same task. Thus, as far as it is known, three members of the family served as naqib al-ashraf qaim-i maqam of Bursa. This study investigates the history of a sayyid family, which was locally known but not very famous and consequently about whom little is known by following the limited information in the court records and archival documents. In this way, while the names of the five ancestors of Cafer Pasha before him could be determined, information about many different areas of life, from the birth of his eight generation children and grandchildren to their marriages, property-trading, inheritance disputes and relations with foundations, could be obtained. Thus, the social position, social, economic and legal relations of a respected but not famous sayyid family in Bursa in the 17th century were tried to be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Islamic Civilization Studies / İslam Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi (IMAD) is the property of Islam Medeniyeti Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kaj: Časopis Za Književnost, Umjetnost, Kulturu is the property of Kajkavsko Spravisce and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the content structure and linguistic means of creating the image of the manor in the Russian-language text on the material of reminiscence character. Texts of different periods in which descriptions of the manor are revealed are analyzed. The work employs a complex approach combining elements of etymological, structural-semantic, contextual analysis. The study concludes that the conceptual core of the image of the manor has been preserved since ancient times: the manor is a place of the mastered world, a dwelling place. This meaning corresponds to the image of the manor in the reminiscences of Russian writers and memoirists. The text of the reminiscences of the XIX-XX centuries allows us to trace the updated semantic dominants: the transformation of the image of the manor over two centuries, the change of ideas about the order of things in the world, the destruction of the ideal image. The dynamics of the development of the image of the manor in the Russian literary text and individual-author semantic increments are revealed, as well as in the systematization of linguistic means of creating the image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the application of the principles of decorum in manorial architecture in Lithuania in the 1700s. The case study focuses on the manor house of the Counts Zabiela (Zabiełło) in Paežeriai (Vilkaviškis district, Lithuania). Art historian Aleksandra Aleksandravičiūtė was the first to do research into this topic when discussing the sculptural décor of the Paežeriai. This article continues the analysis in the framework of decorum: the plan and functional structure of the Paežeriai manor house, and the relationship between the decoration of the remaining spaces and the function of the rooms. The research aims to assess whether the principles of decorum were applied in the Paežeriai manor house, considering the high status of the Counts Zabiela in society and the functions associated with their status – social, representative, and private. The plan and inventory data of the Paežeriai manor house are unknown, therefore the only possibility to discuss the primary plan and the functional structure of the house is the object itself, as well as analogues and examples which circulated in treatises on architecture. During the Age of Enlightenment, the issue of decorum was given much attention in aristocratic architecture. Like good manners, good architectural decorum was not mandatory, but it was usually respected and considered when designing façades, interiors, planning spaces and their functions. Since this topic was widely discussed during the Enlightenment, the concept of decorum is briefly addressed at the beginning of the article. Before starting the analysis of the manor house, the family of the Counts Zabiela and the importance of their rise in the 1700s are discussed. The question of the architect of the Paežeriai manor house is touched upon. The established opinion in historiography is that the house was designed by the German-born architect Marcin Knackfus vel Martin Knackfuss (ca. 1740–ca. 1821). The author of the article overviews the works on the theory of architecture, which discuss the issue of decorum, and which were presumably referred to by this and other architects who worked in Lithuania. As a similar house-planning analogue, the Ruzhany (Belarus) manor house of the Sapiega (Sapieha) family, designed by German-born architect Jan Samuel Becker, was chosen. The preserved project of this house and the inventory of the premises compiled shortly after its construction provide reliable knowledge about the plan and functional structure of the house. This data can be hypothetically applied to the case study of Paežeriai. The last part of the article presents a hypothetical reconstruction of the planning and functional structure of the Paežeriai manor house. In conclusion, it is argued that the plan and functional structure of the piano nobile of the Paežeriai manor house is typical of the 1700s and is based on the French model. The entire space of the first floor consisted of three types of rooms, which could be entered from the vestibule: the guest apartment (a drawing room, a dining room, and a butler’s pantry with a service staircase), the state apartment (a ball room, an antechamber, and a state bedroom) and a private (hostess?) apartment (an antechamber, a bedroom, a closet, and a staircase). The ground floor was supposed to contain service rooms and presumably the owner’s apartment. The group of vaulted rooms could be used for storing valuables or functioned as service rooms. The preserved exterior and partially preserved interior decoration of the Paežeriai manor house allows us to appreciate the principles of applying decorum. The general motif that is common to the entire decoration is the Ionic order. It is the only classical order used in the entire formal reception route: from the façade portico, the ground and first floor vestibules, to the state apartment including the state bedroom. In the decoration, the aim was to emphasize the function of the room and its character by artistic means. Regarding the house planning and room functions, the principles of decorum were applied considering the high position of the Counts Zabiela in society and the functions associated with their social, representational, and private status. The principle of decorum was consistently applied in the Paežeriai manor house: the space planning and room functions were combined with the decoration, and the general whole of the interior was directly connected with the exterior of the building. In the words of Voltaire, such simple and noble architecture, where every element is in its right place, allows you to enjoy a work that does not dazzle, but always pleases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The topic concerns the legal features of refusing to accept an in- heritance. The prototype of rejection of inheritance originates from an- cient times. Roman law occupies a special place among the ancient legal systems, which belongs to the strong values of the legal culture, emphasizing its enormous importance for the legal development of both European and other states. According to the legislation in force in Georgia, the law regulates relations related to the refusal to accept an inheritance. The heir has the right to refuse to receive the inheritance by law and by will from the circle of heirs. Refusal to accept inheritance is irreversible and requires special attention. In its content, it is clearly different from the avoidance of inheritance. It is not allowed to refuse to receive the inheritance partially, for a period or with any reservation . If the heir refuses to accept the inheritance, he must altogether refuse it within the time limits defined by the law. An inheritance that passes to a decedent's heirs is considered the total of all assets and liabilities of the decedent. Legal norms related to inheritance relations need to be adjust- ed. The central part of the legal norms regulating inheritance has not changed after the adoption of the Civil Code of Georgia. Georgian legislation and practice in this area are not without flaws, and problematic issues have accumulated that need to be understood in a new way. The work is a legal study, the purpose of which is to review the legal features of the refusal to accept the inheritance, the shortcomings, the legal norms used, and judicial and notary practices based on the comparative legal analysis of the legal literature of foreign countries, related to the refusal to accept the inheritance and the avoidance (non-acceptance) of the inheritance. Also, the work aims to present the problems, which will allow us to develop conclusions and recommendations to determine how to regulate this relationship.

В статье анализируются ранние этапы развития территории старейшей усадьбы Подмосковья до начала ХХ века, а также описывается влияние владельцев этих земель и на формирование местности в периоды процветания и упадка. Основное внимание в работе автор акцентирует на уникальные природные особенности территории, а также на ее историю. В ходе изучения ландшафтной структуры данной местности, автор рассказывает об истории формирования усадебно-паркового ансамбля «Горки». В статье описывается изменение пейзажных элементов и архитектурных сооружений на протяжении всего периода развития территории, от первых построек на холме до благоустройства усадебного парка. Рассмотрение особенностей усадьбы и парка поможет восстановить общую картину формирования Горок.

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters is the property of Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Housing Environment / Środowisko Mieszkaniowe is the property of Chair of Housing Environment, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Estate books can be defined as the books in which the assets of the people who died in the Ottoman period are recorded with their values. Estate books are among the books kept for many years in the Ottoman Empire. This situation has also been effective in terms of the development of accounting. The records in the estate records are considered among the important sources used by the courts in the Ottoman period regarding the division of inheritance. In other words, the books prepared in accordance with the accounting discipline are also the subject of history and law disipline. In this study, the transcription (translation) of the estate recordss of two people who died in the Cami'i-i Cedid district in the city of Ruse is given and the liquidation balance sheet of both estates was created in accordance with the transcription. As a result of the study, it has been tried to show that the assets of the deceased and the rights distributed are equal to each other, as the liquidation balance sheet of both estates

On October 17, 2017 the conference “An Alsatian Intellectual in Enlightenment Russia: L.G. Nikolay, Strasbourg President of the Russian Academy of Sciences” happened. Materials of the conference, with the addition of other essays and documents, formed the basis of the book under review (published under the editorship of Sorbonne Professor Rodolphe Baudin and Senior Researcher of IWL RAS Alexandra Veselova). The book’s authors are well-known scientists from France, Russia, Germany and Switzerland. Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nikolay (1737–1820; in Russia he was called Andrey Lvovich) played a prominent role in Russian social and cultural life at the end of the 18th century. Nicolay came from the intellectual milieu of Strasbourg, which became a subject of research in the essays included the book by R. Baudin, D. Ryusk and V. Berelovich. From 1769 he was in Russia, where he was entrusted with the position of mentor to the heir to the throne, Pavel Petrovich. In 1798, Nikolay was appointed president of the Russian Academy of Sciences; N. Prokhorenko’s essay is devoted to his productive activity in this post. Thanks to his personal qualities, Nicholas managed to stay at court after the coup on March 12, 1801 and ingratiate himself with Alexander I; in 1803 he left the service. A number of materials of the reviewed work are devoted to the literary work of Nikolay, a prolific and versatile poet (articles by M. Arens and A. Ananyeva). For posterity, the name Nikolay is associated primarily with the famous estate of Mon Repos in Vyborg, which he acquired in 1788, to which he dedicated a poem in 1804, probably his best work (article by Yu. Moshnik and M. Efimov). The book also pays attention to Nikolay as a character in historiographical essays and fiction (articles by A. Veselova and M. Efimov). Attached are five unpublished letters from Nicolai; their addressees are the diplomat and lawyer F.A. Annenberg and the poet and scientist K. Pfeffel. The book is provided with a chronology of Nicolai’s life and work and brief annotations of articles (in French and Russian).

Bernhard's literary texts are replete with (juridically well-informed) inheritance stories, last wills and legacies, inheritance conflicts and constraints. Many texts follow in their construction the genealogical line from fathers to sons that is burdened by an always fatal family and national history, which is represented via inheritance law and narration. A case in point is the story "Ungenach" (1968), in which the son, as the sole heir, is confronted with a rich inheritance bequeathed to him by his father, who owned huge estates. The story deals with his efforts to organize an "Abschenkung" (divestment by donation) in favor of criminals and outsiders to get rid of his ancestry. A similar plot rules Bernhard's great novel Auslöschung ([Extinction] 1986) on the last will of a wealthy family in the aftermath of Austrian fascism. The paper examines the juridical and poetic dimensions of Bernhard's inheritance writings – beginning with the conflicts around Thomas Bernhard's own last will, which prohibits all performances of his plays in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic concerns the legal features of refusing to accept an inheritance. The prototype of rejection of inheritance originates from ancient times. Roman law occupies a special place among the ancient legal systems, which belongs to the strong values of the legal culture, emphasizing its enormous importance for the legal development of both European and other states. According to the legislation in force in Georgia, the law regulates relations related to the refusal to accept an inheritance. The heir has the right to refuse to receive the inheritance by law and by will from the circle of heirs. Refusal to accept inheritance is irreversible and requires special attention. In its content, it is clearly different from the avoidance of inheritance. It is not allowed to refuse to receive the inheritance partially, for a period or with any reservation. If the heir refuses to accept the inheritance, he must altogether refuse it within the time limits defined by the law. An inheritance that passes to a decedent's heirs is considered the total of all assets and liabilities of the decedent. Legal norms related to inheritance relations need to be adjusted. The central part of the legal norms regulating inheritance has not changed after the adoption of the Civil Code of Georgia. Georgian legislation and practice in this area are not without flaws, and problematic issues have accumulated that need to be understood in a new way. The work is a legal study, the purpose of which is to review the legal features of the refusal to accept the inheritance, the shortcomings, the legal norms used, and judicial and notary practices based on the comparative legal analysis of the legal literature of foreign countries, related to the refusal to accept the inheritance and the avoidance (non-acceptance) of the inheritance. Also, the work aims to present the problems, which will allow us to develop conclusions and recommendations to determine how to regulate this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hem saray hem de saray dışında yaşayan Osmanlı kadınlarının yaşam tarzıher daim herkesin merakını celbeden bir konu olmuştur, olmaya da devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada da 19.yüzyıl (1825-1850) Osmanlı kadınının gündelik yaşam tarzı özellikle kıyafetler üzerinden kısmî olarak ortaya çıkartılmaya çalışıldı. Bu çerçevede beşi Müslüman seksen dokuz kadın terekesi incelendi. Terekeler kadın kıyafetleri özelindeincelenirken kıyafetlerden mütevellid giysilerde kullanılan kumaş türleri de kısmen ele alındı. Toplum içinde aktif şekilde varolan kadınların içerideki (ev) ve dışarıdaki (sokakta) halleri zaman zaman klasik ve modern dönem karşılaştırması yapılarak ortaya konuldu. Kıyafetler özelindekadının toplum içindeki varoluş şekillerinin, şekilsel biçimlerinin ve dolayısıyla görüntülerinin gün yüzüne çıkartılması amaçlandı. Tespitlerimiz terekelerin daha çok gayrimüslimlere ve dahi yönetici sınıf ve zengin kesim dışındakilere ait olmasından dolayı halk içindeki gayrimüslim kadınlara dair oldu. Tüm bunlar İstanbul Şerʻiye Sicilleri Arşivi’ndeki Mülga Beledî Kassamlığı esas alınarak yapıldı.

O espólio de Fernando Pessoa tem sido, desde a sua aquisição pelo Estado português, em 1979, um núcleo fundamental da cultura em língua portuguesa. Esse manancial, que esteve na génese das sucessivas edições da obra do poeta depois dos trabalhos pioneiros de chancelas como a Ática e a Aguilar, conheceram extensões relevantes desde 2008. Foi nesse ano que foram adquiridos pelo Estado português alguns documentos incluídos pelos sobrinhos de Pessoa, no quadro de um polémico leilão. Em 2020, um novo conjunto de autógrafos foi adquirido pela Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal através de um ajuste directo com os herdeiros de Pessoa, só recentemente disponibilizados para consulta na Sala dos Reservados da BNP. Este artigo conjuga uma descrição sumária do processo de novas aquisições, com a apresentação de um conjunto seleccionado de documentos, alguns dos quais inéditos, a que se somam alguns materiais que em 2008 foram digitalizados por uma equipa de investigadores que trabalharam em casa dos herdeiros de Pessoa e que não constam nem do conjunto leiloado em 2008, nem dos documentos adquiridos em 2020.

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The policy of the Polish Government, which is - following a legal decision by the European Court of Justice - violating the rules of constitutional democracy since 2015, is often taken as an example of global prevailing populism or the »seductive lure of authoritarianism« (Anne Appelbaum). Beside that other explanations comprehend actual tendencies in Poland as a specific middle-east european idea of nation, rather ethnically than politically framed. Andrzej Gniazdowski tries to go beyond these approaches by analysing the situation in a broader historical and theoretical context. By critically reconsidering Andrzej Walickis idea-historical view of the polish ›Sonderweg‹ to modernity, that traces back the political notion of nation to the tradition of the old Aristocratic Republicanism in Poland, Gniazdowski is interpreting this genuine oligarchic republicanism as a type of radicalism, understanding it as a secularized theological notion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns on the Draft Act on Family Foundations. This draft law is still in the course of legislative works, but it constitutes the basis for a lively discussion in Poland on its final structure. This paper presents the general concept of regulating family foundations in Poland with the most important aspects of the private-legal structure. The model relating to tax solutions remains beyond the scope of this text. The Bill on Family Foundations has a symbolic dimension, because if the legislator intends to implement it, it means that the development of economic relations in Poland has reached an appropriate high level.

Research objectives: To study the handwritten shajara of Mamai “Khan”, the persons mentioned in it, and its chronological attribution. Research materials: A handwritten genealogy of the descendants of Mamai “Khan” deposited in the archive of orientalists of the Institute of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Academy of Sciences, civil cases of the Buinsky district court of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the archive of the Simbirsk district court, the materials of state audits of the population, official documents of the authorities and administration of the Simbirsk and Saratov provinces, and a legend about the founding of the village of Old Zelenaya, Khvalynsky district, Saratov province. Results and novelty of the research: Based on an analysis of a corpus of published and archival sources, M.A. Usmanov’s version of the “Mishar” origin of Mamai’s genealogy was confirmed. For the first time ever, the chronological framework of this genealogy was determined, and a description of its main representatives was given. The shajara is studied in the context of the history of the Tatar service class, which participated in the protection of the fortified lines and actively populated the “wild steppe” in the Volga and Trans-Kama regions. The article shows the process of transformation of the Tatar military class, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from landlords and lashmans to state peasants. It is noted that many descendants of the clan of Mamai “Khan” in this period began to engage in theological and educational activities, being parish imams. The set of documents involved in the study of the genealogy contains valuable information about the migration of the Meshchera Tatars to the southeast of the Russian state in the eighteenth century.

The article examines the transformations of Peter the Great in the context of the evolution of serfdom in Russia. The author substantiates the thesis that during the Peter’s transformations, the so-called “second edition of serfdom” took place, replacing its original, forced by objective conditions of survival and development of the country, estate-legal grounds. The substitution of the serfdom’s grounds is seen primarily in the rejection by the state of the conditionality principle of noble rights to the estate by compulsory lifelong service in the army, namely, this followed from the extension to estates of the patrimony’s possessory format. The analysis of the decree on single inheritance and its interpretations in historiography allowed us to conclude that the liberation of noble land ownership from the encumbrance of compulsory service created a legal basis for the subsequent “freedom of the nobility”, the rapid expansion of the privileges of the “noble estate” and, mainly, the ownership rights to land and peasants. The tax reform of Peter led to the fact that landlords began to assimilate the view of peasants as serfs, completely dependent on them, especially in the conditions of the responsibility imposed by the state on the owner of the estate for the payment of poll taxes and the supply of recruits.

The transformation of British public space, in London in particular, has drastically reconfigured notions of public and private. In this context, public art has progressively become unable to rely simply on its presence outside of the gallery to fulfill the civic role it has endorsed since the post-war era. This article looks at the ways artists have navigated the treacherous seas of contemporary publicness to keep public art relevant to today’s British cities.

In national historiography, estate (social) divisions are typically disregarded in favor of supposedly shared ethnicity, which is proposed to have united a given nation for centuries. Hence, the Polish national historiography is unable to account for the Galician Jacquerie (1846), when serfs were killing nobles, despite their (retroactively) assumed shared Polish ethnicity. On the other hand, the 1994 mass massacre of the Tutsis by Hutus is recognized as the Rwandan Genocide, though both groups share the same language, culture, and religion—or what is usually understood as ethnicity. What has sundered the Tutsis and the Hutus is the estate-like socioeconomic difference, or a memory thereof. It appears that under certain conditions estate (social, class) difference may become an ethnic boundary. In the case of the aforementioned jacquerie, the estate difference made the serfs and the nobles into two different de facto ethnic groups. Similarly, in Rwanda, estate (social) difference is implicitly posed as ethnicity, thus making the Hutus and the Tutsis into separate ethnic groups. However, the official definition of genocide as adopted by the United Nations explicitly excludes social groups (for instance, estates) from its purview, leading to terminological paradoxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of research on the history of the Russian merchants of the late XVIII - early XX centuries. The dissertations on the history of the merchants of different Russian regions are considered. It is concluded that the question of the social nature of the Russian merchants continues to be debatable. Some scholars characterize the merchants as an estate, others as part of the (highest stratum) of the estate, still others refuse it the right to be called such, considering merchants to be an artificially isolated state as a privileged part of the bourgeoisie. In historiography, there is still no definite answer to this question, and among historians there is no unity in assessing the social nature of the Russian merchants. For example, for B. N. Mironov merchants is the highest stratum of a single urban estate, representing a new hypostasis of the posad community. Historians working in this direction make urban estates an object of study as a single social community. As an example, we point to theses of V. P. Klyueva and K. A. Ankusheva. Their authors agree with B. N. Mironov that the result of the transformation of the posad community was the creation on its basis future urban estates. However, a significant part of historians, unlike B. N. Mironov, considers the merchants not an estate stratum, but an independent estate. Thus, the question of the social nature of the Russian merchants continues to be debatable. The purpose of this article is to identify the current problems of Russian historiography on the genesis of Russian merchants. An approach to its solution allows the introduction into the scientific circulation of new mass sources in dissertations and monographs on the merchants of individual Russian regions.

The paper deals with the analysis of the role of ethics in the ideas on landlords’ economy in Russian public thought of 18th - early 19th centuries. The study of writings of N. I. Panin, M. M. Shcherbatov, A. P. Sumarokov, F. O. Tumansky, N. M. Karamzin and some other authors who represented the highest ranks of Russia’s intellectual and administrative elite of the age, allows to specify peculiar theory of economy of the noble’s estate, which emerged by the middle of 18th century. The central point of such theory was the idea of ethical regulator - that is, an ability possessed by the ‘virtuous landlord’ to rule his estate in a manner which enriches both him and his serfs. This approach, in turn, appropriated certain elements of older Muscovite theories of Domostroy, and was stressing the importance of landlord’s personal involvement in the matters of administering the estates. Thus, landlord’s private economy was reshaped as a variation of service in the name of ‘common good’ and, as such, was made a central argument in the defense of nobles’ monopoly in owning serfs. In the literature of 18th century this theory was usually presented by means of figures of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ landlords; typically, ‘good’ landlord was appearing as a masterful owner of village capable of self-restrict and justice. In spite of M. Raeff’s ideas, it was ethical regulator that distinguished this theory of estates’ economy from the cameralist intellectual arsenal that was aimed at unleashing the creative capacities of subjects and became so popular in the 18th century.

The essay highlights traditions, customs, relationships, morals and manners of the Asians and the Europeans as represented in Ivan Bunin’s famous collection Dark Avenues. This article is an attempt to demonstrate the specificity of Bunin’s vision of national mentality shaped both by national identity and by the place where a person belongs to, be it a civilized urban space or a countryside. Russian mentality reveals itself to the fullest when explored against the background of the Russian estate house that became a spiritual home for Bunin in emigration. Bunin discloses the ambiguity of the Russian national character that combines spirituality with vulgarity, empathy and compassion with unrestrained craving for living life to its fullest each day and lack of discipline. The impetuous nature of the Russians is opposed to the more reserved character of other nations. Different attitudes to life and death disclose different cultural codes affected by Catholic and Orthodox traditions. In his ontology of love, Bunin explores, with deep interest, the dark avenues of the human soul, beamed through the national mentality.

The paper considers some problems of learning Historical Space, which is one of the modern historical knowledge’s directions. In the mid-twentieth century, F. Brodel foregrounded matter of Historical Space social component. Understanding of different globalization’s scope, correlation between national and supranational, special features of developing different nations becomes more and more demanding in modern social, humanitarian knowledge. In methodology topic geographical space is limited by social interaction, and in certain way, transforming into historical space. Subject field of Historical Space anyway is sociocultural and defines features of social community’s existence. Boarders of community forms chains of interaction, also forms limits of real individuals’ behaviour and their interpersonal relationships. Nature of Historical Space’s subject produces the problem of correlation between sociological and anthropological approach. The importance of anthropological episteme, the profound unconscious basis of social practises, is more and more visibly in modern historical knowledge (I.M Savelieva). Lack of attention to such basis became an object of criticism Brodel’s «geohistory» and his irrecognition of history of mentalities as a subject defining main directions of social development. With specific examples, P.U. Uvarov considers the process of establishment medieval civilization in the context of epoch different social communities’ interactions. Relocation of nomadic civilizations from East and Central Asia to the West led to fundamental changes in landowner’s society in the West of Eurasia. In this area were formed circumstances, that provided effective interaction between individual and society in space of parish and manor, these two centers of power and influence, in the condition of weak government. Way of thinking in the region guaranteed creative potential of social contradictions. Spain’s loss of power and wealth by the end of XVI century was analyzed through perception of the world so-called picaro, the peninsula citizen, disrupted his entire routine, the keeper of social negative attitudes of mind and behavior, by I.U. Nikolaeva. Time and space perspectives of learning Historical Study with appropriate multidisciplinary approach gain new heuristic potential.

For the first time in literary criticism, the author of the article turns her attention to the image of the estate in Tolstoy’s later artistic work, showing the dynamics of the writer’s views on estate life, the image of an ideal estate, which for Tolstoy was always associated with the motives of work, family life, proper attitude towards the people, etc. It is noted that in 1880–1910, the estate theme in Tolstoy’s creative imagination was directly related to the problems of land ownership, proper management and correct and gradual path of the individual and their spiritual growth. The picture of estate life In Leo Tolstoy’s novel “Resurrection” is realized in two contrasting versions: luxurious existence of the upper class and the aristocracy, not supported by any content, and transforming into a new ima- ge of the working life of the intelligentsia and landowners on the land. The author demonstrates the facts of impoverishment of estate life at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, which are introduced in the artistic world of the novel. It is proved that the idea in the work of inseparable connection of a person with the people around him and with humanity at large, which is the key conception of the novel, is directly related to Tolstoy’s understanding of the change of the forms of estate life, important and dear for the writer himself. Of great importance in the novel is the awareness of the characters of natural life, which is presented in contrast to civilization, which deviates from the basic laws of love and goodness. On the basis of an analytical comparison of the drafts of the novel and the final text, the author substantiates the importance of the estate theme for understanding the fe- elings of the protagonist and his inner life, for organizing the epic artistic world of the novel. The article illustrates the stages of the dialectical movement of Dmitry Nekhlyudov and the connection between the estate and family themes. The author rethinks some episodes of the novel that have received controversial interpretations in science and reveals the artistic links that connect different chapters of the work.

The article examines the significance of the personality and activities of Vladimir P. Sukachev in the history of public life and culture of Irkutsk. It emphasizes his role as the founder of the Irkutsk Art Museum, the initiator of many scientific research in Siberia and neighboring countries, an intellectual who created a unique example of a “cultural nest” in the Russian province. The main stages of the formation of the collection are presented, a number of the most significant works that make up its core are noted. The study uses a historical and biographical method based on archival sources.

Abstract The “Hacienda Santa Isabel”, built in 1816, is located in the parish of San Miguel of Nono, to the north of the city of Quito, Ecuador. Nono is comprised of 20 farms dedicated to agriculture and cattle, which gives financial support to the parish; founded by Jesuits and divided by the agrarian reform. The ancient architecture used is the Andean Region, based on the use of materials and techniques such as adobe, adobe and bahareque. The building is structurally composed by stone foundations, walls and wooden base. With a climate of Andean paramo, the average temperature ranges from 6° to 15°, remaining constant throughout the year; needing thermal comfort and insulation from moisture. By the position of the House of Hacienda analyzes the solar radiation and the incidence of the wind. And the way the materials are part of the solution of coat and sustainability of the parish. At the present time in Ecuador and other countries who know the benefits and features of the Andean architecture, continue using and complemented with modern techniques and materials to build with less environmental impact and lower costs. Resumen La “Hacienda Santa Isabel” construida en 1816, se encuentra en la parroquia San Miguel de Nono, al noroccidente de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador. Nono está conformado por veinte haciendas dedicadas a la agricultura y a la ganadería, que da el soporte económico a la parroquia; fundada por Jesuitas y dividida por la reforma agraria. La arquitectura ancestral utilizada es la Andina, basada en la utilización de materiales de la zona y técnicas como el adobe, tapial y bahareque. La edificación está compuesta estructuralmente por cimentación de piedra, muros portantes y cubierta a base de madera. Cuenta con un clima de páramo andino, su temperatura media va desde los 6° a 15°, manteniéndose constante durante el año; necesitando confort térmico y aislante de humedad. Mediante la posición de la casa de hacienda se analiza la radiación solar y la incidencia del viento. Y la manera en cómo los materiales forman parte de la solución de abrigo y sostenibilidad de la parroquia. En la actualidad en Ecuador y en otros países que conocen las bondades y características de la arquitectura andina, la siguen utilizando y complementando con materiales y técnicas modernas para edificar con un menos impacto ambiental y a más bajos costos.