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The essay focuses on the two dynastic ecphrases in Boiardo's poem (II XXV and XXVII), highlighting some aspects of the way in which they are structured, with the intention of better understanding their porpose, their possible chronological placement and their relationship to the compositional events of the poem. According to the interpretation proposed, the ecphrasis of Canto XXV aims not only at correcting the historical errors in the genealogy that concludes Canto XXI, but at the primary intent of glorifying the Este white eagle and its role as a historical ally of the Church, probably at a time of difficulty in relations with Pope Sixtus IV, which could coincide with the early 1480s, not necessarily with the outbreak of war with Venice. It is suggested that this ecphrasis was conceived together with that of Canto XXVII, which exalts the dynasty of the Aragonese, and in particular the figure of Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, identified since the formation of the League among Milan, Florence and Naples as a key figure in the preservation of the Estense State. Thus it is discussed the possibility that the first version of the Inamoramento included the so-called octave II XXVII 56bis, extolling Alfonso's military exploits, contrary to the opinion of prominent Boiardists, and in particular Antonia Tissoni Benvenuti and Cristina Montagnani, but according to Tiziano Zanato., Il contributo si concentra sulle due ecfrasi dinastiche nel poema di Boiardo (II XXV e XXVII), mettendo in rilievo alcuni aspetti del modo in cui sono costruite, con l’intento di comprendere meglio la loro funzione, la loro possibile collocazione cronologica e il loro rapporto con le vicende compositive del poema. Secondo la lettura proposta, l’ecfrasi del canto XXV non risponde solo alla necessità di correggere gli errori storici presenti nella genealogia che chiude il canto xxi, ma all’intento primario di glorificare l’aquila bianca estense e il suo ruolo di storico alleato della Chiesa, probabilmente in un momento di difficoltà nei rapporti con papa Sisto IV, che può essere fatto coincidere con i primi anni Ottanta, non necessariamente con lo scoppio della guerra con Venezia. Si propone l’ipotesi che questa ecfrasi sia stata concepita insieme a quella del canto XXVII che esalta la dinastia degli Aragonesi, e in particolare la figura di Alfonso duca di Calabria, individuato fin dalla formazione della Lega tra Milano, Firenze e Napoli come personaggio fondamentale per la salvaguardia dello Stato estense. Si discute così la possibilità che nella prima versione dell’Inamoramento fosse presente la cosiddetta ottava II XXVII 56bis, che esalta le imprese militari di Alfonso, di contro all’opinione di autorevoli boiardisti, e in particolare di Antonia Tissoni Benvenuti e Cristina Montagnani, e in accordo invece con Tiziano Zanato.

Recensione al libro di Isabella Lazzarini, L’ordine delle scritture. Il linguaggio documentario del potere nell’Italia tardomedioevale.

This paper discusses six tombs from Sveta Lucija (Slovenia) that were bought in 1923 from Prof. Rudolf Much (Vienna) by Prof. Albert Egges van Giffen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) for the collection of what is now the Groningen Institute of Archaeology. These tombs, excavated in 1890, form part of one of the largest Hallstatt cemeteries known archaeologically, consisting of thousands of tombs. Walking 40 km north from Sveta Lucija, one can reach the Triglav, at 2864 m the highest mountain of the Julian Alps. The site itself is located in a valley, in a strategic location at the confluence of two rivers emerging in these Alps. During the Iron Age, Sveta Lucija functioned as a transitional site between Italy, the Balkans and Austria. This frontier character is reflected in its entire history, starting in the 8th century BC, when it emerged as a settlement centre. The article provides a biography of old study collections since c. 1850 and discusses the role of some influential archaeologists in the history of the excavations at Sveta Lucija since the 1880s. The article then contextualizes the artefacts held at Groningen, concentrating on the 7th to early 5th century BC. The numerous excavations in the burial grounds and settlement for more than a century, make Sveta Lucija one of the more thoroughly investigated European Iron Age settlement centres with a couple of hundred inhabitants. Finally, the article introduces the still-enigmatic development of the site from an Iron Age centre to a Roman village, addressing the decline of its archaeological visibility during the intervening centuries and its correlation with Celtic groups.

Heraldry is a well-defined and, almost by definition, narrow subject; a “feudal language,” with codified rules, attributes, and a history that has been told many times. Originating in medieval Europe around the invention of full-body armor, the culture of jousting and tournaments, notions of heredity, strong corporate institutions, and the practice of genealogy, it was common throughout the so-called ancien régime. Its fortunes are widely thought to have declined in the Italian Renaissance because of its incompatibility with some of the very features that have characterized the Renaissance as a distinctive cultural configuration and revolution, including the rise of the humanism, the emergence of the individual, the emancipation of the artist, and the return to classical antiquity.Renaissance Heraldry calls these theses into question with evidence of the vitality of heraldic forms in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Italy; and with evidence that heraldry as we know it today was a construction of certain strands of Renaissance culture. This was tied to the construction of the very concept of the Middle Ages. Our point of entry into the subject is a popular fifteenth-century poet, who has been famously neglected in Italian literary history with respect to the scope of his accomplishments: Matteo Maria Boiardo (1441ca. - 1495). We approach the subject also from one of the off-center centers of the peninsula’s pre-modern political geography, where Boiardo was born and where he operated: the Este states, with their capital at Ferrara, and their centuries-long tradition of “feudal” rule under a single dynasty. Specifically, Boiardo’s romance epic, the Inamoramento de Orlando (1482/3, 1495), and the history of its Renaissance reception are used as occasions here to investigate the competing discourses that circulated around a whole gamut of images relating to identity, property, authority, and the law, both in the Este states and elsewhere on the peninsula. The words these images were called by, the attributes they were said to possess, their histories, meanings, and the protocols governing their use, were actively questioned and contested. The technologies that eventually became known as philology and antiquarianism shaped the answers, and the means of arriving at them, that we are most familiar with today; our “grammars of signs,” as I call them. However, the Este dynasty nourished a humanism that brought different resources to the task of organizing the signs inherited from the past. This dissertation is invested in studying these resources, and in bringing them to light as essential contributions to the humanist tradition in the broadest sense.

Il contributo illustra due nuovi insediamenti del Bronzo recente, parzialmente coevi, identificati ad Adria e ad Este durante lo scavo per la posa in opera di metanodotti. Ad Adria è stato indagato un sito complesso, con una stratigrafia imponente, al limite nord-orientale del centro greco-etrusco ed attuale. Il sito ha origine nell’età del Bronzo Medio con le caratteristiche di un insediamento umido di tipo palafitticolo e si sviluppa in un ambiente asciutto tra Bronzo Recente 1 e 2. La pianta di una capanna è stata indagata quasi integralmente fornendo indicazioni sulle caratteristiche strutturali e di organizzazione dell’abitato. A Este un sito nasce ad occidente del centro dell’età del Ferro, con ogni probabilità a margine di un ambito lacustre e si sviluppa nel Bronzo Recente 2. Sono state evidenziate strutture a carattere abitativo e infrastrutture funzionali alla strutturazione della sponda, oltre a resti in legno e vimini. Il confronto tra i materiali rinvenuti nei due centri consente di specificare le caratteristiche proprie della facies locale, in particolare per le numerose tazze con anse lobate e rostrate nelle loro varianti., IpoTESI di Preistoria, V. 15 (2022)

O artigo tem como objetivo redescobrir e reconstruir a paisagem musical da cidade de Modena, sede de uma das cortes mais prestigiosas do Renascimento italiano: a Casa de Este. Durante o século XVII, Modena tornou-se um importante centro musical graças aos duques de Este. A corte atraiu compositores e músicos de diferentes partes da Europa e organizou apresentações magníficas. Durante o reinado de Francesco II d'Este (1674-94) a produção musical conheceu o momento mais alto e intenso. Francesco II ampliou a orquestra da corte e comprou uma grande coleção de música para a biblioteca ducal. A música começa a aparecer nos espaços públicos do ducado e tornou-se parte central da cultura urbana. A própria corte contribuiu para a construção da identidade musical da cidade. A partir de fontes musicais e de documentos de arquivo preservados no Modena State Archive, a minha pesquisa analisará os diferentes tipos de paisagem sonora que fizeram parte da história de Modena. Esta contribuição faz parte de um projeto de investigação interdisciplinar iniciado em 2018 na Universidade de Modena e baseado na criação de uma plataforma digital para valorização do património documental da Casa de Este. As ferramentas digitais aplicadas à pesquisa musicológica permitem mostrar relações significativas entre dados provenientes de diferentes tipos de fontes - arquivísticas, históricas e musicais - úteis para delinear o processo de construção do som de uma cidade ducal durante o século XVII. The paper aims at rediscovering and reconstructing the musical landscape of the city of Modena, the seat of one of the most prestigious courts of the Italian Renaissance: The House of Este. During the 17th century, Modena became an important musical centre thanks to the dukes of Este. The court attracted composers and musicians from different parts of Europe and organized magnificent performances. During Francesco II d'Este's reign (1674-94) the musical production knew the highest and most intense moment. Francesco II enlarged the court orchestra and purchased a large collection of music for the ducal library. The music begins to appear in the public spaces of the duchy and became a central part of the urban culture. The court itself contributed to the construction of the city musical identity. Through musical sources and archival documents preserved in the Modena State Archive, my research will analyse the different types of soundscape that formed part of Modena’s history. This contribution is part of an interdisciplinary research project started in 2018 at the University of Modena and based on the creation of a digital platform for the enhancement of the documentary heritage of the House of Este. The digital tools applied to musicological research, allow showing significant relationships between data coming from different types of sources - archival, historical and musical - useful to outline the process of construction of the sound of a ducal city during the seventeenth century.

The aim of this doctoral thesis is to study the quality and evolution of the relations between the Duke of Ferrara, Alfonso II d'Este, and the French crown, from the restoration of peace in 1559 between the Valois and the Habsburgs with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (2-3 April 1559) and during the following twenty years, until 1580. However, this is not an analysis aimed at deepening the relations between the ducal power of Ferrara and the French monarchy from a strictly diplomatic point of view. I have preferred to study the links between the Duke of Ferrara and the Valois kingdom through the family network that the former had on the other side of the Alps, thanks to the matrimonial alliance signed between the Este and the Guise in 1548, and which in 1559 still existed and was fully functional. From the European framework of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, we would like to shed light on the hopes, the level of autonomy, the oscillations, and the modes of action that the House of Este implemented in the face of Spanish preponderance through its links with the Kingdom of France. In addition to an international approach, we study the effects on the system of equilibrium and competition between the Italian courts through the red thread of the dispute for precedence between Este and Medici. Through the relations of the Este with the French Crown, we try to analyse not only the relationship between these two entities and the real contractual power of the Duke of Ferrara, but also the balances and influences of other Italian dynasties, such as the Savoy and the Medici, in the same context. This is also reflected in the sources that constitute the documentary framework of my thesis, i.e. the correspondence of the Este agents in the kingdom of France in the first place, which has been cross-referenced with that of the Savoy and Medici envoys, and of the ambassadors of the Republic of Venice and the apostolic nuncios, as well as with the family correspondences. Finally, it is a question of determining the negotiating power and the margins of initiative of the Este lineage, a ducal house at the head of an independent Italian state but linked by feudal ties to the Empire and the Papacy, in the face of the indirect tutelage of Spain and the geopolitical disorder produced by the French Wars of Religion; L'objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est d'étudier la qualité et l'évolution des relations entre le duc de Ferrare, Alphonse II d'Este, et la couronne de France, à partir du rétablissement de la paix en 1559 entre les Valois et les Habsbourg avec le traité de Cateau-Cambrésis (2-3 avril 1559) et au cours des vingt années suivantes, jusqu’en 1580. Cependant il ne s'agit pas d'une analyse visant à approfondir les relations entre le pouvoir ducal de Ferrare et la monarchie française d'un point de vue strictement diplomatique. J'ai plutôt préféré étudier les liens entre le duc de Ferrare et le royaume des Valois à travers le réseau familial dont le premier disposait de l'autre côté des Alpes, grâce à l'alliance matrimoniale signée entre les Este et les Guise en 1548, et qui en 1559 existait encore et fonctionnait pleinement. À partir du cadre européen issu du traité de Cateau-Cambrésis, nous voudrions éclairer les espoirs, le niveau d'autonomie, les oscillations et les modes d'action que la maison d'Este a mis en œuvre face à la prépondérance espagnole par ses liens avec le Royaume de France. À une approche à l'échelle internationale, nous joignons l'étude des effets sur le système d'équilibre et de la concurrence entre les Cours italiennes à travers le fil rouge de la querelle pour la préséance entre Este et Médicis. À travers les relations des Este avec la Couronne de France, nous essayons d'analyser non seulement la relation entre ces deux entités et le pouvoir contractuel réel du duc de Ferrare, mais aussi les équilibres et les influences d'autres dynasties italienne, telles que les Savoie et les Médicis, dans le même contexte. Cela se reflète également dans les sources qui constituent le cadre documentaire de ma thèse, c'est à dire les correspondances des agents des Este dans le royaume de France en premier lieu, qui ont été croisée avec celle des envoyés des Savoie et des Médicis, et des ambassadeurs de la République de Venise et des nonces apostoliques, et avec les correspondances familiales. Enfin, il s'agit de déterminer le pouvoir de négociation et les marges d'initiative de la ligné des Este, maison ducale à la tête d'un État italiens indépendants mais liés par des liens féodaux à l'Empire et à la Papauté, face à la tutelle indirecte de l'Espagne et au désordre géopolitique produit par les Guerres de Religion françaises.; L’obiettivo di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di studiare la qualità e l’evoluzione delle relazioni che intercorsero tra il duca di Ferrara, Alfonso II d’Este, e la corona di Francia a partire dal ripristino della pace tra Valois e Asburgo con il trattato di Cateau-Cambrésis (2-3 aprile 1559) e nel corso dei vent’anni successivi, fino al 1580. Non si tratta, però, di un’analisi mirante ad approfondire le relazioni tra il ducato di Ferrara e la monarchia francese da un punto di vista strettamente diplomatico. Ho preferito, piuttosto, studiare i legami intercorrenti tra il duca di Ferrara e il regno dei Valois attraverso la rete familiare di cui il primo poteva disporre Oltralpe, grazie all’alleanza matrimoniale stretta tra gli Este e i Guise nel 1548, e che nel 1559 non solo esisteva ancora, ma era pienamente operativa. A partire dal quadro europeo sancito dal trattato di Cateau-Cambrésis, si sono tentante di chiarire le aspirazioni, il livello di autonomia, le oscillazioni e le modalità d’azione che caratterizzarono l’operato della casata degli Este alla luce dei suoi legami con il regno di Francia e dinanzi all’avanzare della preponderanza spagnola. A un approccio su scala internazionale, è stato incrociato uno studio degli effetti sul sistema di equilibrio e competizione esistente tra le corti principesche della penisola italiana, di cui la disputa per la precedenza tra Este e Medici, consumatasi anche alla corte dei Valois, fu uno dei più vividi esempi. Attraverso le relazioni degli Este con la corona di Francia, si è analizzata non solo le connessioni tra queste due entità e la consistenza del potere contrattuale reale del duca di Ferrara, ma anche gli equilibri e le influenze di altre dinastie italiane, come i Savoia e i Medici, nel medesimo conteso. Questo approccio si riflette anche sul corpus documentario su cui si è costruita la tesi, formato prevalentemente dalle corrispondenze degli agenti estensi nel regno di Francia, che sono state incrociate non solo con quelle degli ambasciatori sabaudi, medicei, veneziani e dei nunzi apostolici, ma anche con i carteggi familiari di origine estense e guisarda. Infine, si è trattato di determinare il potere di negoziazione e i margini di iniziativa della casata degli Este, lignaggio alla testa di uno Stato italiano indipendente ma legato da vincoli feudali tanto all’Impero quanto al Papato, dinanzi alla tutela indiretta esercitata dal regno di Spagna sulla penisola italiana e al disordine geopolitico prodotto dalle guerre di religione in Francia.

This paper discusses six tombs from Sveta Lucija (Slovenia) that were bought in 1923 from Prof. Rudolf Much (Vienna) by Prof. Albert Egges van Giffen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) for the collection of what is now the Groningen Institute of Archaeology. These tombs, excavated in 1890, form part of one of the largest Hallstatt cemeteries known archaeologically, consisting of thousands of tombs. Walking 40 km north from Sveta Lucija, one can reach the Triglav, at 2864 m the highest mountain of the Julian Alps. The site itself is located in a valley, in a strategic location at the confluence of two rivers emerging in these Alps. During the Iron Age, Sveta Lucija functioned as a transitional site between Italy, the Balkans and Austria. This frontier character is reflected in its entire history, starting in the 8th century BC, when it emerged as a settlement centre. The article provides a biography of old study collections since c. 1850 and discusses the role of some influential archaeologists in the history of the excavations at Sveta Lucija since the 1880s. The article then contextualizes the artefacts held at Groningen, concentrating on the 7th to early 5th century BC. The numerous excavations in the burial grounds and settlement for more than a century, make Sveta Lucija one of the more thoroughly investigated European Iron Age settlement centres with a couple of hundred inhabitants. Finally, the article introduces the still-enigmatic development of the site from an Iron Age centre to a Roman village, addressing the decline of its archaeological visibility during the intervening centuries and its correlation with Celtic groups.

U radu se donose nepoznati arhivski zapisi te nekoliko novih atribucija kojima se proširuje opus padovanskog kipara Angela De Puttija (Padova, oko 1681. – Žminj, 1731.). Majstor je tijekom svoje karijere bio aktivan u Vicenzi, Ferrari, Goriziji i Ljubljani, odnosno na širem području Veneta, Furlanije, Kranjske, Koruške, Istre i Kvarnera. Iako kipar Angelo De Putti ima pozamašnu fortunu criticu i opus, dosad nije bio poznat podatak o njegovoj smrti. Iz novopronađenoga arhivskog zapisa saznajemo kako je Angelo De Putti umro u Žminju 14. ožujka 1731. godine u dobi od otprilike 50 godina te je bio pokopan u mjesnoj župnoj crkvi. Također, donosi se i podatak kako je u Žminju 31. prosinca 1743. godine umro i Angelov sin, kipar Giuseppe. U opus Angela De Puttija prije dolaska u Istru uvrštavaju se kipovi svetog Šimuna Stocka i Terezije Avilske s pročelja crkve Gospe Karmelske u Esteu. Isto tako pripisuju mu se i dva tugujuća anđela iz crkve Madonna del Pilastro u Esteu. Kao majstorov rad prepoznati su i kameni kipovi svetog Antuna Opata, Antuna Padovanskog, Antonina i dva anđela s pročelja župne crkve svetog Antonina u Salvaterri. Uz De Puttijeve kipove, na pročelju u Salvaterri prepoznati su i kipovi Giovannija i Antonija Bonazze. Tako su uz dva anđela s portala crkve u Salvaterri u opus Giovannija Bonazze još uvršteni mramorna figura Gospe Karmelske sa stipesa glavnog oltara crkve Gospe Karmelske u Esteu. S druge strane kao djela Antonija Bonazze prepoznati su kameni kipovi svete Eurozije i svete Ilarije iz Salvaterre te kip Uskrslog Krista s dražbe aukcijske kuće San Felice iz Pistoije.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine the differences in railways and roads as traffc environments in the context of obstacle detection, and to develop a prototype system that aims to satisfy the requirements of railway environment in varying weather conditions. There were three research questions that considered (1) improving obstacle detection on railways compared to the state of the art, (2) the differences between the aforementioned traffc environments, and (3) if it is possible to detect natural targets reliably from long distance with the developed system. The need for this research is backed by the fact that the upcoming unifying railway infrastructure safety systems European Rail Traffc Management System (ERTMS) and European Train Control System (ETCS) could be improved by using on-board detection systems for detecting various kinds of obstructions that may cause train derailments and other damages. This thesis includes literature research of roads and railways as different traffc environments emphasizing the differences from obstacle an detection point of view. Additionally, various detection technologies as well as the state of the art were reviewed. On the side of empirical studies, a prototype of the detection system and a data processing algorithm were conceived. An experiment was carried out to get results by keeping eye on the third research question in particular: the system was mounted on the side of a road where detections could be obtained, allowing the evaluation of both the data processing algorithm and hardware performance. The literature research results indicate that there is defciency in current obstacle detection systems’ reliability in all-weather conditions as well as the detection distance in railways that needs to be covered. Moreover, many automotive and sensor manufacturers along with research institutions have focused mainly on the road environment in the context of on-board obstacle detection systems, whereas railways have lacked the same interest. Because these traffc environments are very distinct, for example noticing the differences in braking distances and in the ability to dodge obstacles let alone vehicles’ differences and the amount of traffc fow, there is a need for sensory equipment and data processing that is especially designed for railway traffc use. The experiments conducted showed that the system is capable of providing detections up to 200 meters, which is not enough to ensure adequate braking distance for an average running train. The results however can be used to guide the design of a more suitable detection system and to pinpoint critical areas regarding railway safety.