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Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many lifestyle changes, especially in the diet. Policies such as physical distancing and quarantine orders aimed to mitigate to spread of COVID-19 have affected the economy and, therefore, the dietary habits of the people. Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze the associations between income levels and dietary habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 697 Indonesian adults from various regions in Indonesia. The study was conducted from June - August 2020. Data were obtained through a self-administered online questionnaire including dietary habits, lifestyles, and quality of life data adapted from MyNutriLifeCOVID-19 Online Survey. To analyze the associations between income levels and dietary habits during the COVID-19 pandemic, a chi square test was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Respondents had mean age of 27.56 ± 8.58 years and the majority were women (83.6%). The percentage of people with large-scale social restrictions was 47.5%. Respondents reported that their dietary habits were healthier during the pandemic (46.2%), with the majority categorized as high and very high-income status (59.1%). From self-reported of the people in Indonesia, there was association between high-income level and self-perceived healthier dietary habits. Higher-income level was also associated with higher frequency of online food/drink delivery, consuming western diet foods, consuming dietary supplements, and probiotic consumption (p

Anemia status is one of the public health problems at both global and Indonesia. The prevalence of anemia was found higher in the women of reproductive age. The prevalence in Special Region of Yogyakarta was even larger than the national average (34% vs 21.7%) for women of reproductive age group. Poor intake of micronutrient could be a major contributor to anemia. The aim of this study was to determine the difference of micronutrient intake among student with risk and no-risk anemia in the Alma Ata University. This cross-sectional study conducted from August to September 2020. Of 128 subjects was recruited and divided into two groups (64 risk anemia and 64 non-risk anemia group). The screening of anemia status was obtained by using self-assessment of clinical/physical questionnaires. Micronutrient intakes such as iron, folic acid, zinc, vitamin B6 and B12, cooper, and vitamin C were assessed by Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Independent T-test was created to analyze the difference of micronutrient intake in risk and non-risk anemia groups. In this study, there were significant differences in the intake of micronutrients such as iron (p

Latar Belakang: Peningkatan prevalensi obesitas dapat disebabkan oleh konsumsi sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Sugar-sweetened beverages mengandung gula yang tinggi, sehingga berkontribusi pada meningkatnya asupan energi dan berkorelasi dengan obesitas. Kombinasi strategi pengaturan diet diperlukan untuk mengendalikan asupan makan terutama konsumsi SSBs dan mencegah terjadinya peningkatan berat badan. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan rata-rata asupan energi dan gula dari SSBs setelah diberikan intervensi konseling gizi dan self-monitoring menggunakan aplikasi smartphone (MyFitnessPal) pada mahasiswa dengan status gizi overweight dan obese di Universitas Alma Ata Yogyakarta. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pretest-posttest with control group design. Populasi penelitian adalah mahasiswa Universitas Alma Ata Yogyakarta. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 68 orang mahasiswa (34 eksperimen dan 34 kontrol). Pengambilan subjek penelitian untuk menemukan mahasiswa overweight dan obese dengan teknik purposive sampling dan pengambilan subjek penelitian untuk eksperimen dan kontrol menggunakan teknik random sampling. Data asupan energi dan gula dari SSBs dengan formulir semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Analisis univariat menggunakan distribusi frekuensi dan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dan Mann-Whitney. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 20 dan nutrisurvey. Hasil: Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada asupan energi dan gula dari SSBs antara kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol (p Penurunan asupan energi dan gula dari SSBs pada kelompok eksperimen lebih besar daripada kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada rata-rata asupan energi dan gula dari SSBs setelah diberikan intervensi pada mahasiswa overweight dan obese. Konseling gizi dan self-monitoring asupan makan menggunakan aplikasi smartphone (MyFitnessPal) memperbaiki asupan energi dan gula dari SSBs. KATA KUNCI: Konsumsi Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Konseling Gizi; MyFitnessPal; Self-Monitoring ABSTRACTBackground: The increase in obesity prevalence can be caused by the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Sugar-sweetened beverages contain high levels of sugar, which contribute to increased energy intake and obesity risks. A combination of dietary strategies is needed to control food intake, especially consumption of SSBs, and prevent weight gain. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the difference between the energy and sugar intake of SSBs after being given nutritional counseling intervention and self-monitoring using smartphone app (MyFitnessPal) among overweight and obese students at Alma Ata University Yogyakarta. Methods: This study was a pre-test-post test with control group design. We recruited students as our subjects. A total of 68 students (34 experiments and 34 controls) were obtained. Subjects were divided into two groups using the random sampling technique. Energy and sugar intake data from SSBs were assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and nutrisurvey. Results: The results of the analysis showed that there were significant differences between the energy and sugar intake of SSBs in the experimental group and control group (pConclusions: There is a significant difference in the average energy and sugar intake of SSBs after being given intervention among overweight and obese students. Nutritional counseling intervention and self-monitoring of food intake using smartphone app (MyFitnessPal) improve energy and sugar intake of SSBs. KEYWORDS: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption; Nutrition Counseling; MyFitnessPal; Self-Monitoring

Summary Background & aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are at high risk of malnutrition, and their doctors are part of a multidisciplinary team, including nutritionists. However, adherence to nutritional guidelines may be difficult in the context of capacity constraints during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate barriers to doctors' adherence to nutritional guidelines and the impacts of guideline adherence on the outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods A multinational electronic survey involving 51 doctors was conducted between November 2020 and January 2021 from 17 COVID-19-designated hospitals in countries with high (Indonesia) and low (Vietnam) numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Results In general, doctors reported concerns related to nutritional practices in patients with Covid-19 which included feeling stress when performing medical nutritional therapy (65%), lacking self-efficacy or confidence in performing nutritional care (49%), lacking clear nutritional guidelines (45%), and experiencing budget limitations (33%). A regression analysis adjusted for age, country, and the number of hospitalized COVID-19 cases revealed that guideline knowledge (β: −1.01 (−1.78, −0.23); p = 0.012) and awareness of guidelines (β: −1.37 (−2.66, −0.09); p = 0.037) were negatively correlated with the length of stay of critically ill COVID-19 patients, but non-significant after adjusting for specialization of the doctor. When stratified according to country, a significant relationship between guideline adherence and length of stay of critically ill patients was only found in Vietnam [guideline adherence: β: −0.55 (−1.08, −0.03); p = 0.038; guideline knowledge: β: −1.01 (−1.9, −0.13); p = 0.027] after adjusting for age, specialty, and number of hospitalized COVID-19 cases. In Indonesia, the significant relationship between guideline adherence and mortality of COVID-19 patients remained strong (β: −14 (−27, −1); p = 0.033) after adjusting for age, specialty, and number of hospitalized COVID-19 cases Conclusions Inadequate nutritional knowledge is a key barrier to guideline adherence, and this was international and may be related to doctors' specialties and the COVID-19 pandemic. Adherence to nutritional guidelines may represent a prognostic factor for survival in COVID-19 patients.

Objective:The coexistence of underweight (UW) and overweight (OW)/obese (OB) at the population level is known to affect iron deficiency (ID) anaemia (IDA), but how the weight status affects erythropoiesis during pregnancy is less clear at a population scale. This study investigated associations between the pre-pregnancy BMI (pBMI) and erythropoiesis-related nutritional deficiencies.Design:Anthropometry, blood biochemistry and 24-h dietary recall data were collected during prenatal care visits. The weight status was defined based on the pBMI. Mild nutrition deficiency-related erythropoiesis was defined if individuals had an ID, folate depletion or a vitamin B12 deficiency.Setting:The Nationwide Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (Pregnant NAHSIT 2017–2019).Participants:We included 1456 women aged 20 to 45 years with singleton pregnancies.Results:Among these pregnant women, 9·6 % were UW, and 29·2 % were either OW (15·8 %) or OB (13·4 %). A U-shaped association between the pBMI and IDA was observed, with decreased odds (OR; 95 % CI) for OW subjects (0·6; 95 % CI (0·4, 0·9)) but increased odds for UW (1·2; 95 % CI (0·8, 2·0)) and OB subjects (1·2; 95 % CI (0·8, 1·8)). The pBMI was positively correlated with the prevalence of a mild nutritional deficiency. Compared to normal weight, OB pregnant women had 3·4-fold (3·4; 95 % CI (1·4, 8·1)) higher odds for multiple mild nutritional deficiencies, while UW individuals had lowest odds (0·3; 95 % CI (0·1, 1·2)). A dietary analysis showed negative relationships of pBMI with energy, carbohydrates, protein, Fe and folate intakes, but positive relationship with fat intakes.Conclusion:The pre-pregnancy weight status can possibly serve as a good nutritional screening tool for preventing IDA during pregnancy.

Purpose Study location may cause a different type of socio-demographic, body mass index (BMI), study intensity and food-related behavior. The increasing number of Indonesia students who study abroad to Taiwan is interesting to be examined those factors related. The purpose of this study is to examine the food-related behavior of Indonesian college students in different study location. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to administer questionnaires assessing socio-demographic, BMI, study intensity, meal preparations, food access and eating behavior of Indonesian college students (n = 493). Study location took in two cities and different countries (Indonesia and Taiwan). Analysis statistics was using frequency descriptive, Chi-square test, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Logistic regression. Findings The trend showed students who lived in Malang tended to have healthier eating behavior. Students tended to have a higher prevalence of low study intensity, dependent meal preparation and difficult food access in Taipei. There was a significant relationship between study location and study intensity (p < 0.01), study location and BMI (p < 0.01), study location and meal preparation (p < 0.01), study location and food access (p = 0.02). On the other hand, eating behavior had no significant relationship with study location (p = 0.28). Marital status became the most dominant variable in influencing obesity (OR = 0.198). Findings indicate that there are significant differences between study location with marital status, BMI, study intensity, meal preparation and food access, but not eating behavior. Moreover, married status is most influencing to obesity risk. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this research were data of height and weight was not be measured directly. Moreover, the reliability of the instrument was unexpected. In the future, research needs improvement more sample for fixing it. Moreover, to support initiatives to incorporate eating behavior into body weight management strategies may be needed. The implications are to create an effective nutrition education for Indonesian college students. Hopefully, it will be influencing public attitudes and affecting the quality of life. Practical implications Further investigation should consider longitudinal studies to explore the different effects of eating behavior on overweight and obesity. Nutritional education programs should give to young adults not only in developed but also in developing countries. Originality/value This paper shows our findings about the difference study location that may cause a different type of eating behavior. The research subject was Indonesian college students who live and study in two cities, Malang-Indonesia and Taipei-Taiwan. The trend showed students who live in Malang tend to have healthier eating behavior. On the other hand, study intensity, meal preparation and food access were significantly different in both cities. Indonesian college students in Taipei tended to have the higher prevalence of low study intensity, dependent meal preparation and difficult food access. The authors believe that the findings would appeal to a broad audience, especially for improving meal preparation in college students who study abroad.

Latar Belakang: Prevalensi obesitas terus mengalami peningkatan hingga saat ini. Penelitian terkini memperlihatkan bahwa orang dengan status gizi obesitas cenderung memiliki asupan kalsium dan kadar serum besi lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan orang yang memiliki status gizi normal. Pengaturan pola makan yang kurang tepat menjadi salah satu penyebab tingginya prevalensi obesitas. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya pengendalian asupan makan pada individu obesitas dengan memanfaatkan kombinasi konseling gizi dan pengendalian asupan makanan harian dengan bantuan aplikasi self-monitoring (MyFitnessPal).Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui asupan zat besi dan kalsium pada subyek overweight dan obesitas dan pengaruh penggunaan konseling gizi dan aplikasi self-monitoring asupan (MyFitnessPal).Metode: Rancangan penelitian experimental dibuat dengan pretest-posttest with control group design pada 68 mahasiswa (32 mahasiswa setiap kelompok) di Universitas Alma Ata Yogyakarta. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test dan Mann Whitney.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara asupan zat besi sebelum dan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok eksperimen (p=0,001) sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,417). Ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara asupan kalsium sebelum dan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok eksperimen (p=0,002) sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,126). Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada asupan zat besi (p=0,005) dan kalsium (p=0,001) antara kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol.Kesimpulan: Ada pengaruh konseling gizi dan self-monitoring asupan (MyFitnessPal) memengaruhi asupan zat besi dan kalsium pada mahasiswa overweight dan obesitas.KATA KUNCI: asupan kalsium; asupan zat besi; konseling gizi; MyFitnessPal; self-monitoring ABSTRACT Background: Prevalence of obesity gradually increasing in the worldwide. People who had obesity status tend to have lower calcium and iron intake levels compared to non-obese people. Unhealthy diet practice is one of the causes of high prevalence of obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to control food intake of obese individuals by utilizing a combination of nutritional counseling and monitoring food intake using mobile apps MyFitnessPal.Objectives: This study aimed to determine intake of iron and calcium among overweight and obese student and whether effect of nutritional counseling and self-monitoring mobile application (MyFitnessPal) associated with their food intake.Methods: This experimental study was made by pretest-posttest with control group design. Of 68 students (34 subjects in each groups) at Alma Ata University Yogyakarta were recruited. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and the Mann Whitney test created to assess the statistical analysis.Results: The results of this study found that there was a significant difference between iron intake before and after the intervention in the experimental group (p = 0.001), however, there was not significant difference in the control group (p = 0.417). There was a significant difference between calcium intake before and after intervention in the experimental group (p = 0.002), but not in the control group (p = 0.126). This study found a significant difference between intake of iron (p = 0.005) and calcium (p = 0.001) in each group.Conclusions: Using mobile apps for self-monitoring intake in combination with nutritional counseling could be considered as it was proven to be associated with iron and calcium intake among overweight and obese students in this study. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.KEYWORDS: calcium intake; iron intake; MyFitnessPal; nutrition counselling; self-monitoring

The nutrition transition in low-middle income countries is marked by rising intakes of highly caloric, low nutrient-dense (junk) foods, decreasing intakes of fruits and vegetables, and sedentary behavior. The objective of this study was to explore interactions among fruit-and-vegetable intake, junk food energy intake, sedentary behavior, and obesity in Indonesian children. We conducted this school-based, case-control study in 2013 in Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia. The cases were 244 obese children aged 7&ndash, 12 years having a BMI &gt, 95th percentile of an age- and sex-specific distribution from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The controls (n = 244) were classroom-matched children with a BMI &lt, 85th percentile. Using conditional logistic regression, the relative odds (95% confidence intervals, OR: 95% CI) of obesity given reported frequent fruit-and-vegetable intake (&ge, 3 servings/day), low junk food energy (&le, 1050 kcal/day) intake and low sedentary behavior (&lt, 5 h/day) was 0.46 (0.30&ndash, 0.69), 0.61 (0.37&ndash, 0.98), and 0.18 (0.12&ndash, 0.28), respectively. Effect sizes were dose-responsive and appeared additive. For example, children with low sedentary behavior and frequent fruit-and-vegetable intake were 92% less likely (OR = 0.08, 0.04&ndash, 0.15) to be obese than children not exceeding either of these thresholds. Similarly, children frequently eating fruits and vegetables and reporting a low junk food energy intake were 70% less likely (OR = 0.30, 0.15&ndash, 0.59) to be obese. The findings were unchanged after adjusting for child, maternal, and household covariates. Preventive interventions for child obesity need multiple components to improve diets and raise levels of physical activity rather than just addressing one of the three types of assessed behaviors.

Background Indonesian school children spend one-third of their time in school, where they are exposed to a variety of foods at school canteens. However, the healthiness of school canteens is not yet well understood. This study was conducted to characterize the healthiness and quality of management of school canteens, and measure readiness of school canteens to reopen following COVID-19 closures. Design and methods Mixed methods were used to conduct a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from schools located in the Bantul District of Indonesia. Primary schools (n=152) were randomly selected, with a final sample size of 147. Data were collected using Google Forms, delivered via WhatsApp or e-mail. School canteens were classified as healthy if they had a Healthy Canteen Score (HCS) ≥10, or unhealthy if they had a HCSResults Less than half (43.5%) of school canteens were deemed to be healthy. School canteens were more likely to be healthy if the canteen manager had a formal decision letter (OR=15.2; 95% CI=3.7-62.5); used print material messaging (OR=3.2 to 4.6 times); or received inspection by external officers periodically (OR=2.8; 95% CI=1.04-7.5). Readiness to reopen was 4.5 (OR=4.5; 95%CI: 1.1-17.9) times higher among schools that had their own canteen, and 4 (OR=3.9; 95% CI=1.1-13.8) times higher among schools located in rural areas, adjusting for the remaining variables. Conclusions School canteen healthiness can be improved by implementing national food policy and healthy school canteen standards accompanied by the existence of good management practices within schools, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background : Hypertension still has been a great health problem in indonesia. In Indonesia, the prevalence of hypertension in 2013 was as many as 28.5 %, and in The Yogyakarta special was as many as 25,7 %. Several factors that can affect hypertension, some unavoidable as aging and sex, but some can as lifestyle very closely related to nutrition as deficiency intake calcium and magnesium[LAL1] . Calcium may affect blood pressure because it inhibits the effects of the intake of salt naci high on blood pressure. And if less magnesium it can increase levels of sodium intracellular and sent down the potassium intracellular. [LAL2] Objectives : To know the relationship between calcium and magnesium intake with the genesis hypertension in outpatients at RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul Yogyakarta.Methods : The research was observational with case-control[LAL3] design. Research was carried out in February 2016 and population research was outpatients RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul Yogyakarta. Sample case was outpatients the age of 30-60 years with the diagnosis hypertension. Control is outpatients with the age of 30-60 years who do not hypertension. The sample of the 45 patients with comparison cases control 1: 1, so the total sample was 90 patients with 45 patients hypertension and 45 a patient was not hypertension .Sampling method was by purposive sampling. Variable dependent was hypertension and independent variable was calcium and magnesium intake.[LAL4] An instrument was form food frequency questionary (FFQ) form that was taken by means of interview. Data analysis using analysis univariate ( descriptive with the spss version 19 and bivariat (test chi-square).Result : Bivariat analysis showed that calcium intake (p = 0.827; or = 0.909; el 95 % = 0.385 – 2.143) no significant relationship with the occurrence of hypertension .While intake of magnesium (p = 0.035; or = 2.471; el 95%= 1.058 - 5.768) had significant relationship with the occurrence of hypertension.Conclusion : A significant relation was between magnesium and the genesis hypertension. Was proven but intake calcium did not prove the relationship with the genesis hypertension[LAL5] . KEYWORDS : hypertension, calcium and magnesium intake

Good nutritional support is crucial for the immune system to fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, in the context of a pandemic with a highly transmissible coronavirus, implementation of nutrition practice may be difficult. A multicenter electronic survey involving 62 dieticians was conducted, in order to understand barriers associated with dieticians’ adherence to nutrition guidelines for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. 69% of dieticians felt under stress when performing nutrition care, and 90% took supplements to boost their own immunity against the coronavirus. The concerns related to clinical practice included a lack of clear guidelines (74%), a lack of access to medical records (55%), inadequate experience or knowledge (48%), and a lack of self-efficacy/confidence (29%) in performing nutritional care. Half (52%) of the dieticians had performed nutrition education/counseling, 47% had monitored a patient’s body weight, and 76% had monitored a patient’s dietary intake. An adjusted linear regression showed that guideline adherence independently predicted the dieticians’ nutrition care behaviors of nutrition counselling (ß: 0.24 (0.002, 0.08), p = 0.04), and monitoring of body weight (ß: 0.43 (0.04, 0.11), p = 0.001) and dietary intake (ß: 0.47(0.03, 0.10), p = 0.001) of COVID-19 patients. Overall, adherence to COVID-19 nutrition guidelines is associated with better nutritional management behaviors in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVES: In this cross-sectional community-based study, we explored the relationship between TMAO and BMI with metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly adults in Taiwan. METHODS: Population in this study were from a cross-sectional, community-based study in northern Taipei City, Taiwan. Eighty-six adults subject aged over 40 years (men and women) were enrolled. All subjects live near the Shin Kong Hospital. Body mass index (BMI) calculated based on body height and weight data. TMAO measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufactory's instruction. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on the 2005 revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III). The logistic regression, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: This study reported that the metabolic syndrome group had higher TMAO levels (17.62 ng/mL) compare to participants without metabolic syndrome. In a multiple logistic regression, after adjusted with age, gender, weekly red meat consumption, log Hs-CRP, log choline, l-carnitine, and total body fat percentage, TMAO (adjusted OR = 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08–32.37) and BMI (adjusted OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.79) were more likely to increase metabolic syndrome risk. CONCLUSIONS: TMAO and BMI have roles in increasing metabolic syndrome risk. TMAO associated with higher OR of metabolic syndrome than BMI. Therefore, these findings showed that TMAO is a potential biomarker to predict metabolic syndrome risk in middle-aged and elderly adults in Taiwan. FUNDING SOURCES: Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP-BUDI LN), the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Research Technology Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia.

Obesity has become a significant problem for developing countries, including Indonesia. High duration of sedentary activity and high intake of unhealthy foods were associated with high risk of overweight and obesity. The objective of this study was to compare the distributions of sedentary activity and dietary behavior with overweight/obesity risks between urban and rural areas among children and adolescents aged 10&ndash, 18 years in Indonesia. This is a cross-sectional study. Data from a national survey in 33 Indonesian provinces (Basic Health Research /Riskesdas 2013) were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) adjusted with all variables, such as age, gender, residency, education level, physical activity, and food intake. An urban&ndash, rural residence difference was found in the factors related to obesity. Daily caffeinated soft drinks and energy drinks consumption (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01&ndash, 1.23) were related to risk of overweight and obesity in urban areas. Daily grilled foods (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.22&ndash, 1.42) and salty food (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04&ndash, 1.15) consumption were significantly associated with obesity in rural areas but not in urban areas. Furthermore, sedentary activity was correlated with overweight and obesity among those who lived in urban and rural areas. Our findings suggest that education, environmental, and policy interventions may need to specifically target urban settings, where access is high to a wide range of processed and traditional high-sugar, high-fat snack foods and beverages.

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from year to year in both developed and developing countries. Obesity that occurs in infants can be caused by over eating or today’s lifestyle that tends to consume fast food or unhealthy food. Objectives: To determine whether unhealthy food consumption was the risk factor of obesity in children at Jetis Health Centre, Yogyakarta.Methods: This study is a case-control study. The population consisted of children aged 24-59 months in the region of Jetis Health Centre, Yogyakarta. There were 51 obese children and 51 non-obese children in Jetis in 2015. The cases were children aged 24-59 months diagnosed obese (z-score weight/height ≥3SD), while controls were children aged 24-59 months with z-score Results: Toddlers consumed unhealty food > 32 times/week tended to obese 4.26 times higher than they who did not consume < 32 times/week (p=0.001, OR=4.26, 95% Cl: 1.26-10.3).Conclusions: Toddler who consumed unhealthy food > 32 times/week had the risk to obese 4.26 times higher than they who did not. KEYWORDS: unhealthy food, obesity, toddlerABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prevalensi kegemukan dan obesitas dari tahun ketahun meningkat baik di negara maju maupun berkembang. Obesitas yang terjadi pada balita dapat diakibatkan karena makan melebihi kebutuhan atau gaya hidup masa kini yang cenderung suka mengonsumsi makanan cepat saji atau unhealthy food. Tujuan: Mengetahui konsumsi unhealthy food sebagai faktor risiko obesitas pada balita di Puskesmas Jetis, Yogyakarta.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kasus kontrol. Populasi terdiri dari balita berusia 24-59 bulan di wilayah Puskesmas Jetis Yogyakarta sebanyak 702 balita dimana 62 balita obesitas dan 640 balita tidak obesitas. Jumlah sampel setelah dilakukan penghitungan jumlah sampel didapatkan 51 balita obesitas (z score ≥ 3 SD) dan 51 balita tidak obesitas (z score < 3 SD). Kasus adalah balita usia 24-59 bulan yang didiagnosa obesitas dengan z score BB/TB ≥3SD, kontrol adalah balita usia 24-59 bulan Z score Hasil: Balita yang mengonsumsi unhealthy food ≥32x/minggu cenderung memiliki risiko 4,26 kali lebih tinggi daripada balita yang mengonsumsi unhealthy food Kesimpulan: Balita yang mengonsumsi unhealthy food ≥32x/minggu berisiko 4,26 kali lebih tinggi daripada balita yang mengonsumsi unhealthy food unhealthy food KATA KUNCI: unhealthy food, obesitas, balita

Background: Stunting reflects a process of failure to reach linear growth potential as a result of suboptimal health or nutrition conditions. One of causal factors of stunting is inadequate of quality and quantity of complementary foods.Objectives: To identify complementary feeding practices such as introduction age of complementary foods, dietary diversity, and meal frequency as risk factors of stunting among children aged 6-23 months in Sedayu Subdistrict, Bantul, Yogyakarta.Methods: Study design was case-control with ratio (1:1). The study used both quantitative methods as well as case control design and qualitative through interview. Cases were children aged 6-23 months who had length for age z-score Results: The result of bivariate analysis showed that introduction age of complementary foods (OR=1.07), dietary diversity (OR=1.17), and meal frequency (OR=1.69) were not risk factors of stunting. However, compared with high dietary diversity score, low dietary diversity score (≤2, 3, 4 food groups) associated with increased odds of being stunted among children aged 6-23 months (OR=2.24, 95% CI:1.00-5.01, OR=1.82, 95% CI:0.96-3.45, OR=1.66, 95% CI:0.81-3.46 respectively). The result of multivariate analysis showed that mother’s height (OR=1.86) and story of low birth weight (OR=3.23) were risk factors of stunting.Conclusions: Complementary feeding practices such as age introduction of complementary foods, dietary diversity, and meal frequency were not risk factors of stunting among children aged 6-23 months. Mother’s height and story of low birth weight were risk factors of stunting among children aged 6-23 months.KEYWORDS: stunting, nutritional intake, nutritional status, complementary foods ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Stunting merefleksikan kegagalan proses mencapai potensi pertumbuhan linear sebagai akibat dari kondisi kesehatan dan gizi yang tidak optimal. Salah satu penyebab kejadian stunting adalah kuantitas dan kualitas MP-ASI yang rendah.Tujuan: Untuk mengidentifikasi risiko praktik pemberian MP-ASI seperti usia pengenalan MP-ASI, keragaman MP-ASI, dan frekuensi MP-ASI dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Kecamatan Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta.Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah kasus-kontrol dengan perbandingan 1:1 dan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif-kualitatif model concurrent embedded. Kasus adalah anak usia 6-23 bulan yang memiliki skor-z PB/U Hasil: Analisis bivariat menunjukkan usia pengenalan MP-ASI (OR=1,07), keragaman MP-ASI (OR=1,17), dan frekuensi pemberian MP-ASI (OR=1,69) bukan faktor risiko kejadian stunting (p>0,05). Skor keragaman MP-ASI yang lebih rendah (kelompok makanan ≤2, 3, 4) berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko kejadian stunting berturut-turut OR=2,24, 95% CI:1,00-5,01; OR=1,82, 95% CI:0,96-3,45; OR=1,66, 95% CI:0,81-3,46. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor risiko kejadian stunting adalah tinggi badan ibu (OR=1,86) dan riwayat berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) (OR=3,23,).Kesimpulan: Praktik pemberian MP-ASI seperti usia pengenalan, keragaman, dan frekuensi pemberian MP-ASI bukan merupakan faktor risiko kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan. Faktor risiko kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan yang bermakna adalah tinggi badan ibu dan riwayat BBLR.KATA KUNCI: stunting, asupan makan, status gizi, MP-ASI

Background: Increasing prevalence of obesity may be caused by junk food advertised while children are watching television.Preference for foods requested by the children is much infl uenced by junk food advertisement, so that it can affect calori intakeand correlates with obesity. Obesity in children can cause obesity during adulthood and may increase the risk of degenerativedisease, like diabetes and cardiovascular.Objective: To analyze the level of risk exposure to junk food advertising and junk food consumption on the incidence of obesityin primary school children in elementary school children at the area of Yogyakarta Municipality and District of Bantul.Method: This study was an observational study with case-control design. The study population was elementary school childrenin the City of Yogyakarta and Bantul Regency. Cases were elementary school children who were obese, while the controlswere children who were not obese and sat closest the cases regardless of age and sex. Number of subjects for each groupwere 244 (1:1). Obesity was defi ned as BMI / U>95th percentile curves NCHS/CDC. Sampling to fi nd obesity with probabilityproportional to size (PPS) and sampling for cases and controls using random sampling techniques. Univariate analysis ofthe data using frequency distributions, bivariate analysis using Chi-square, and multivariate analysis using multiple logisticregression. Data were analyzed using STATA 11 program with a 95% signifi cance level and nutrisurvey.Result: Bivariate analysis using Chi Square shows the variables that infl uence the incidence of obesity, such as junkfood ads exposure (OR=1.70, 95%CI: 1.17-2.48, and p=0.004), junk food energy intake (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.08-2.32and p=0.01), intake of saturated fat junk food (OR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.18-2.56 and p=0.004), sodium intake of junk food(OR=1.83, 95%CI: 1.25-2.69 and p=0.001) and sex (OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.40-0.85 and p= 0.0035). Multivariate analysiswith logistic regression showed that the variables affect obesity is junk food ads exposure (OR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.13-2.36and p Conclusion : Exposure to junk food advertising can increase the risk of obesity.KEYWORDS: obesity, ads, junk food, energy, saturated fat, natrium, sucroseABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Peningkatan prevalensi obesitas dapat disebabkan oleh iklan makanan junk food ketika anak menontontelevisi. Pemilihan makanan yang diinginkan oleh anak banyak dipengaruhi oleh iklan tersebut, sehingga mempengaruhiasupan kalori dan berkorelasi dengan obseitas. Obesitas pada anak dapat menyebabkan obesitas saat dewasa dandapat meningkatkan risiko penyakit degeneratif, seperti diabetes dan kardiovaskuler.Tujuan: Untuk mengukur tingkat risiko paparan iklan junk food dan konsumsi junk food terhadap kejadian obesitaspada anak SD di Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Bantul.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan kasus-kontrol. Populasi penelitian adalah anak SD di Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Bantul. Kelompok kasus adalah anak yang mengalami obesitas,sedangkan kelompok kontrol adalah teman sekelas yang tidak mengalami obesitas dan duduk paling dekat di sebelahkanan kasus tanpa melihat umur dan jenis kelaminnya Jumlah subjek untuk masing-masing kelompok sebesar 244(1:1). Obesitas didefi nisikan dengan IMT/U>persentil 95th kurva NCHS/CDC. Pengambilan sampel untuk menemukanobesitas dengan probability proportional to size (PPS) dan pengambilan sampel untuk kasus dan kontrol menggunakanteknik random sampling. Analisis univariat menggunakan distribusi frekuensi, analisis bivariat menggunakan Chi-square,dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik ganda. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan program STATA 11 dengantingkat kemaknaan 95% dan nutrisurvey.Hasil: Analisis bivariat dengan Chi-square menunjukkan variabel yang berpengaruh dengan kejadian obesitas, di antaranyapaparan iklan junk food (OR=1,70, 95%CI:1,17-2,48, dan p=0,004), asupan energi junk food (OR= 1,58, 95%CI:1,08-2,32dan p=0,01), asupan lemak jenuh junk food (OR=1,74 95%CI 1,18-2,56 dan p=0,004), asupan natrium junk food (OR=1,83,95%CI:1,25-2,69 dan p=0,001) serta jenis kelamin (OR= 0,58, 95%CI:0,40-0,85 dan p= 0,0035). Hasil analisis multivariatdengan regresi logistik memperlihatkan variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap obesitas adalah paparan iklan junk food (OR=1,63,95%CI:1,13-2,36 dan nilai p Kesimpulan: Paparan iklan junk food dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya obesitas.KATA KUNCI: obesitas, iklan, junk food, energi, lemak jenuh, natrium, sukrosa

Sedentary behaviors and dietary intake are independently associated with obesity risk. In the literature, only a few studies have investigated gender differences for such associations. The present study aims to assess the association of sedentary behaviors and unhealthy foods intake with obesity in men and women in a comparative manner. The analysis presented in this study was based on the data from a population-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey (Indonesian Basic Health Research 2013/RISKESDAS 2013). In total, 222,650 men and 248,590 women aged 19&ndash, 55 years were enrolled. A validated questionnaire, physical activity card, and food card were used for the assessments. The results showed that the prevalence of obesity (body mass index of &ge, 27.5 kg/m2) was higher in women (18.71%) than in men (8.67%). The mean body mass index in women tended to be higher than in men. After adjusting for age and education, the gender effect on obesity persisted in women and was more significant than in men. There was also a positive and significant effect on obesity of sedentary behaviors and unhealthy foods intake. Moreover, fatty and fried foods displayed a positive multiplicative interaction, increasing obesity risk in women more than in men and indicating a possible dietary risk in in women in relation to obesity. The study suggests that the implementation of educational programs on nutrition and physical activity is particularly important for promoting a healthy body weight among Indonesian women.

OBJECTIVES: Sedentary behaviors and unhealthy diets are reported to be risk factors of obesity. The present study aims to examine the role of high sedentary activity and low consumption of fruits and vegetables in increasing obesity in Indonesian adult people. METHODS: The analysis presented in this study was based on the data from a population-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative, Indonesian Basic Health Research 2013. In total, 222,650 men and 248,590 women aged 19–55 years were enrolled. A validated questionnaire, physical activity card, and food card were used for assessment. RESULTS: The results showed that prevalence of obesity (body mass index of ≥27.5 kg/m2) was higher in women (18.71%) than in men (8.67%). The prevalence was higher in those with high (≥ 6 hours/day) sedentary activity (17.3%) than in those with low sedentary activity (14.5%). Furthermore, the prevalence was higher in those with low consumption of fruits and vegetables (20.6%) than in those with adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables (15.0%). Overall, people with high sedentary activity were 1.2 times (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.16–1.21) more likely to be obese than those with low sedentary activity, and people with low consumption of fruits and vegetables were 1.5 times (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.22–1.87) more likely to be obese than those with adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables after adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The excess odds of being obese attributable to high sedentary activity and low consumption of fruits and vegetables was higher in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that promoting physical activity and healthy diets especially adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables could be the keys in preventing obesity in Indonesia. FUNDING SOURCES: Indonesian Ministry of Health, The University of Alma Ata, Taipei Medical University.

Background: High sugar levels in people with diabetes mellitus causes changes in the body. One of its detrimental process called oxidation reaction that causes the increased formation of harmful substances called free radicals. Antioxidant vitamin A, C, and E helpful to reduce oxidative damage in people with diabetes mellitus and prevent complications. Objectives: The know relationship intake antioxidant with blood glocuse level outpatient type 2 diabetes mellitus in RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul Yogyakarta. Methods: This study was observasional with of cross sectional. The subjects in this study were outpatients with diabetes mellitus type 2 with sampels of 89 respondents. Purposive sampling technique. Data consumption pattern of antioxidant, used semi quantitative food frequency (SQFFQ) laboratories to examination and blood glucose levels. Data analysis used Fisher’s Exact Test. Results: There is significant association between vitamin C intake with blood sugar levels in patients diabetes mellitus the value of p = 0.004. The existence of a no signifi cant association between vitamin E intake with blood sugar levels in patients diabetes mellitus the value of p = 0.073 and there is no signifi cant association between vitamin A intake with blood sugar levels in patients diabetes mellitus the value of p = 0.252. Conclusion: There is a relationship between vitamin C intake with blood sugar levels, while the intake of vitamin A and E are not related to blood sugar levels KEYWORDS: type 2 diabetes mellitus, blood glucose level, vitamin C intake, vitamin A intake, vitamin E intake. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Kadar glukosa yang tinggi pada penderita kencing manis/DM menyebabkan berbagai perubahan di dalam tubuh. Salah satu proses merugikan dinamakan reaksi oksidasi yang menyebabkan peningkatan pembentukan zat berbahaya yang disebut radikal bebas. Antioksidan vitamin A,C dan E bermanfaat dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan antioksidan dengan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien rawat jalan DM tipe 2 di RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul Yogyakarta. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah pasien rawat jalan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan jumlah sampel 89 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive sampling. Data asupan antioksidan menggunakan semi quantitative food frequency (SQFFQ) dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk kadar glukosa darah. Analisis data menggunakan Fisher’s Exact Test. Hasil : Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan vitamin C dengan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan p value 0,004, tidak ada hubungan asupan vitamin E dengan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan p value 0,073 dan tidak ada hubungan asupan vitamin A dengan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan nilai p value 0,252. Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara asupan vitamin C dengan kadar glukosa darah sedangkan vitamin A dan E tidak ada hubungan dengan kadar glukosa darah. KATA KUNCI: diabetes melitus tipe 2, kadar glukosa darah, vitamin A, vitamin E dan vitamin C