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This is a critical-hermeneutical and historical-comparative study on Political Economy, Economic History and Social Thought, applied to the American utopias in the 19th century and its role in the colonisation of the United States (US) west. This review is based on a heterodox economic approach, used in the disciplines of Religion and Economics. It gives a general view of religious and ideological utopias, as cooperative enterprises of intentional life in farms and workshop, making a comparative analysis of efficiency and sustainability. This study attempts to explain the colonial paradox of American utopias because the last established, with more inversion, they were the first to fall. This study shapes the development of the western territories, from the Quaker’s Holy Experiment framework and its support for the utopias experiments in the expansion to Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Contribution: This review offers a descriptive and explanatory study on the colonisation of the US west, under the hermeneutical turn from heterodox economic approaches, to deal with some current contradictions and anachronism in the mainstream view. Also, there is a systematisation of the American utopias, divided into religious and ideological experiments, with a comparison.

In this paper, we present some Bentham’s theory features that make him precursor of marginalist economics. The author described the ideas of decreasing marginal utility and equimarginality, he made a commodity classification that distinguished between an upper and a lower class of goods depending on the proximity to use and his defi-nition of property as an expectation of possession lead him to develop an economic theory based on individual information search. At the same time, he attached special importance to the figure of the innovative entrepreneur and described the market as a discovery process in which the central agent is the entrepreneur. Key words: Bentham, marginalist economics, entrepreneur. Clasificación JEL: B12. Resumen: En este artículo, se demuestra que la teoría de Jeremy Bentham es precursora de la economía marginalista. El autor intro-dujo las ideas de utilidad marginal decreciente, la equimarginalidad en el intercambio, realizó una clasificación entre bienes superiores e inferiores y su definición de la propiedad como una expectativa de pose-sión le llevó a desarrollar una teoría económica basada en la búsqueda individual de información. Así mismo, dio especial importancia a la figura del empresario innovador y describió el mercado como un pro-ceso de descubrimiento en que el agente central es el empresario. Palabras clave: Bentham, economía marginalista, empresario.

This paper is an analytical-empirical review of the evolution of Spanish Business Schools and how they have been affected by the accreditation system. This system has made it possible for the Spanish Business Schools to rank among the best (10 of them are in the World top-25 and 4 have been accredited with the triple crown, which is the highest distinction). However, it has also led to the denaturalization of the Business Schools (B-Schools), which have been “devoured” by the Schools of Economics and Business at universities. In addition, the accreditation system has entailed an increase in costs (opportunity, marginal, sunk costs and so on). An explanation of the Spanish B-Schools paradox is offered in the article: the more accreditations achieved,the more difficult it is to maintain them, due to contradictions in the compliance regulation and to the difficulty in updating academic programmes since their success and assimilation into the welfare state economy is a risk for B-Schools and their adaptation to digital economy. Finally, the paper gives some keys to correct the problem detected and thus to adapt B-Schools to the emerging wellbeing economics, a new stage of the digital economy.

John Stuart Mill inicialmente basaba su concepción del suicidio en la teoría de Hume y en la aritmética moral de Bentham; sin embargo, tuvo una experiencia transformadora en su juventud, momento en que deseó quitarse la vida que superó leyendo a los románticos ingleses. Este artículo muestra la visión de Mill sobre el suicidio, que silenció durante años, a través de la concepción de los románticos, de la de Hume y también de la de Adam Smith. Efectivamente, en la Teoría de los Sentimientos Morales Smith tuvo el valor de criticar la famosa defensa de Hume del suicidio; sin embargo, y a pesar de que la influencia de La Riqueza de las Naciones en Mill ha sido ampliamente estudiada, se ha pasado por alto la posible influencia de la teoría moral de Smith en la superación de su crisis mental.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/t.20.1.2518Silencios que hacen ruido: De cómo se sobrepuso John Stuart Mill de los estados melancólicos del utilitarismo

ResumenEn la teoría de Adam Smith, las jerarquías económicas nunca pueden reducir los costes de transacción del mercado. Para demostrarlo, el artículo estudia la definición de libertad Smithiana, que lleva a que cualquier imposición sobre la actividad independiente y creativa sea «costosa». También explica el tratamiento del tema de la provisión de bienes privados y públicos en la Riqueza de las Naciones. Por tanto, por un lado se describe la naturaleza de la empresa, que provee bienes privados, y por otro la provisión de bienes públicos, es decir, en el caso de la teoría de Smith, las instituciones que facilitan el comercio en general y las que facilitan la instrucción del pueblo.

This paper analyses “luxemburgian” political and economic thought and tries to associate its importance with Luxemburg’s role as a socialist and as an activist in the women’s liberation movement. Luxemburg’s “feminism,” Marxism, anti-authoritarianism and independent thinking make her a figure of continuing importance within both Marxism and feminism. At the same time, she was part of a changing political and social reality and not only passed on an important legacy to economics, but also through her political activism alerted us to the dangers of anti-democratic behaviour. Similarly, her defence of internationalism and denunciation of economically motivated imperialist wars was equally original. Summing up, it is Luxemburg who originated new ways of thinking, which go beyond simple representational thought.

Este trabajo examina, en dos documentos separados, los rasgos fundamentales de la evolución de las ideas económicas referentes a la gestión forestal en el ámbito ibérico, destacando las similitudes y contrastes entre el caso español y el portugués en lo que respecta a aspectos tales como las influencias recibidas, la temática y los debates, o el grado de institucionalización de la enseñanza y la administración forestal.

Este trabajo examina, en dos documentos separados, los rasgos fundamentales de la evolución de las ideas económicas referentes a la gestión forestal en el ámbito ibérico, destacando las similitudes y contrastes entre el caso español y el portugués en lo que respecta a aspectos tales como las influencias recibidas, la temática y los debates, o el grado de institucionalización de la enseñanza y la administración forestal.

Se estudia el pensamiento luxemburguiano dando especial importancia al tema económico y al de la mujer, y se comprueba como éste divergía sistemáticamente del pensamiento del ideólogo que llegaría al poder, Lenin.

En este trabajo se realiza una comparación institucional entre dos organizaciones distintas de la empresa. Por un lado se considera una empresa capitalista con relación jerárquica de autoridad; por otro una cooperativa con propiedad colectiva de los trabajadores. Se pretende responder así a distintas críticas al capitalismo que consideran la jerarquía como fruto del poder y la división del trabajo como una forma de dividir a la clase trabajadora y, de este modo, asegurar el papel del capitalista considerado "artificial" e "improductivo". A continuación se analiza el caso concreto de una institución típicamente autogestionada, la Universidad, y se examina la posible racionalidad económica de la consolidación en la realidad de un modo de organización participativo. Comprobaremos también las consecuencias de que la universidad se rija por autogestión.

International audience; The crisis of the 1930s led to the establishment of public interventionist policies, in the United States and Great Britain in particular. These measures significantly changed the economic environment of the companies: thus, in 1931 the American president Hoover pleaded, among other measures, for a more vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws to end destructive industrial competition, as well as for work-sharing programs that would supposedly reduce unemployment. With the New Deal, Roosevelt's administration made significant investments and allowed access to financial resources through various government agencies. What were the effects of these policies on businesses? What were the economic analyzes of this public intervention in the sphere of the private economy? During the interwar period, international relations were marked by debates on interallied debts and German reparations. Keynes' thought was deeply nourished by his participation in international negotiations, in particular as adviser at the British Treasury. If he could perceive war as a laboratory of experimentation to test the validity of his theory of the effect of public stimulus spending, he can in no way be considered as a supporter of "military Keynesianism", i.e. the use of military spending as a privileged instrument of economic policy (justified notably by the expected technological spin-offs from military investments). Keynes was openly hostile to militarism and war, convinced that they were contrary to human nature. After the Second World War, Keynes wrote an open letter to President Roosevelt, but despite the seemingly Keynesian character of New Deal economic measures, there was deep dissension between the two men. If Roosevelt favoured social measures, he remained hostile to the organization of a state interventionism financed by borrowing, a solution nevertheless advocated by Keynes, to revive purchasing power. Our article aims to understand the birth of policies to support business investment

International audience; The crisis of the 1930s led to the establishment of public interventionist policies, in the United States and Great Britain in particular. These measures significantly changed the economic environment of the companies: thus, in 1931 the American president Hoover pleaded, among other measures, for a more vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws to end destructive industrial competition, as well as for work-sharing programs that would supposedly reduce unemployment. With the New Deal, Roosevelt's administration made significant investments and allowed access to financial resources through various government agencies. What were the effects of these policies on businesses? What were the economic analyzes of this public intervention in the sphere of the private economy? During the interwar period, international relations were marked by debates on interallied debts and German reparations. Keynes' thought was deeply nourished by his participation in international negotiations, in particular as adviser at the British Treasury. If he could perceive war as a laboratory of experimentation to test the validity of his theory of the effect of public stimulus spending, he can in no way be considered as a supporter of "military Keynesianism", i.e. the use of military spending as a privileged instrument of economic policy (justified notably by the expected technological spin-offs from military investments). Keynes was openly hostile to militarism and war, convinced that they were contrary to human nature. After the Second World War, Keynes wrote an open letter to President Roosevelt, but despite the seemingly Keynesian character of New Deal economic measures, there was deep dissension between the two men. If Roosevelt favoured social measures, he remained hostile to the organization of a state interventionism financed by borrowing, a solution nevertheless advocated by Keynes, to revive purchasing power. Our article aims to understand the birth of policies to support business investment