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This study investigated lifestyle factors among Hungarian and international students, utilizing lifestyle medicine principles to enhance overall well-being. Conducted at the University of Debrecen through a cross-sectional survey, we examined selected lifestyle factors, more specifically sleep patterns, weight management, nutrition, physical activity, mental well-being, and alcohol use. Hungarian (N = 122) and international (N = 139) students were compared, revealing significant differences. Hungarian students slept less (p = 0.041), desired weight loss (p = 0.040), ate more fruits and vegetables (p = 0.014), exercised longer (p = 0.002), and reported higher purpose and social support (p = 0.009), with higher alcohol use (p < 0.001). These findings highlight distinct experiences and challenges faced by these student groups including variations in sleep, weight management, diet, exercise, and social support. Targeted interventions and tailored support are essential to address their specific needs. To promote the well-being of both Hungarian and international students, educational programs addressing various facets of a healthy lifestyle are crucial. This study offers valuable insights into lifestyle factors and health outcomes among Hungarian and international students and underscores the importance of addressing the unique needs of each group through tailored interventions.

Az oszmán hódítás, különösen a magyarországi hadiesemények élénken foglalkoztatták a cseh közvéleményt. Ez nem meglepő, hiszen a harcokban cseh katonák is részt vettek, a háború költségeit nekik is viselniük kellett, valamint a frontvonal is egyre közelebb került Csehországhoz. A 16. század végétől a tudósítások mellett folyamatosan jelentek meg olyan irodalmi alkotások, amelyek a fennálló helyzetet elemezték, megkísérelték feltárni okait és megjósolni a következményeket. A cseh értelmiség mindenekelőtt arra igyekezett választ találni, hogy mi a törökök hadi sikereinek titka. Az erre adott válaszokat a magyar irodalmi hagyományokhoz hasonló módon három nagy csoportba lehet sorolni: 1. Az Oszmán Birodalom egy erős és agresszívan terjeszkedő nagyhatalom, amely annak köszönheti sikereit, hogy katonailag erősebb, mint az európai népek. 2. A török „Isten ostora”, vagyis jogos büntetés a keresztények bűneiért. 3. Az Oszmán Birodalom megerősödése a végidők jele, a törökök Góg és Magóg, illetve az Antikrisztus népe.

Breast radiologists and nuclear medicine specialists updated their previous recommendation/guidance at the 4th Hungarian Breast Cancer Consensus Conference in Kecskemét. A recommendation is hereby made that breast tumours should be screened, diagnosed and treated according to these guidelines. These professional guidelines include the latest technical developments and research findings, including the role of imaging methods in therapy and follow-up. It includes details on domestic development proposals and also addresses related areas (forensic medicine, media, regulations, reimbursement). The entire material has been agreed with the related medical disciplines.

Masterpieces of the classical Latin poetry were continuously among the products of the printing presses. Although Ovid was among the popular antique authors, researches in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century history of Hungarian book-printing show a surprising picture: only a few editions of Ovid’s works are known. In spite of this, Ovid was an often cited author in Hungary even before the publication of the first home edition of his works. There are two explanations for this: (1) foreign editions were used instead, or (2) citations, adaptations, and translations circulated beside the official whole-text editions.

The most commonly used models for quantifying trade agreements in the international literature can be divided into two groups. Microeconomic models illustrate pre- and post-negotiation situations with micro-level profit analyses. Macroeconomic models deal with the study of macro-level economic effects. Our aim, using the Cournot model, is to add another category, namely the extension of the microeconomics-based game theory oligopoly tool to the level of countries and regions, to examine the impact of trade agreements. In this article we present the economic dilemmas surrounding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the European Union and the United States. If the two actors choose an export output level at the same time, a linear Cournot model can be set up. The version of this extended to trade relations identifies the market equilibrium that emerges in a duopoly situation. On the other hand, it establishes the point at which it is worthwhile for the parties to remove tariff barriers. Egyelőre a nemzetközi szakirodalomban a kereskedelmi egyezmények számszerűsítésre leginkább alkalmazott modellek két csoportba sorolhatók. A mikroökonómiai modellek tárgyalások előtti és utáni helyzeteket illusztrálnak mikroszintű profitelemzésekkel. A makrogazdasági modellek makroszintű gazdasági hatások vizsgálatával foglalkoznak. Célunk a Cournot modell alkalmazásával, hogy felvessünk egy újabb kategóriát, azaz a mikroökonómia alapú játékelméleti oligopólium eszköztár országok, régiók szintjére való kiterjesztését a kereskedelmi egyezmények hatásának vizsgálatához. Ebben a cikkben bemutatjuk az Európai Unió és az Egyesült Államok közötti Transzatlanti Kereskedelmi és Beruházási Partnerséggel (TTIP) kapcsolatos gazdasági dilemmákat. Ha a két szereplő egyszerre választ exportkibocsátási szintet, akkor felállítható egy lineáris Cournot modell. Ennek kereskedelmi kapcsolatokra kiterjesztett változata azonosítja a duopólium helyzetben létrejövő piaci egyensúlyt. Másrészt bemutatja azt a pontot, ameddig megéri a feleknek elmenni a vámjellegű akadályok lebontása tekintetében.

Economic actors, in their interactions with each other, certainly make decisions which are able to improve their original situation. In the case of free trade agreements, tariffs have the effect to manipulate countries’ trade and welfare. In this paper, we try to estimate the impacts of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) on the profit level of participating countries in the context of the Cournot duopoly model. More specifically, we elaborate the most traded product (MTP) and determine the profit levels in the equilibrium regarding two scenarios (pre and post situations of the TTIP). The findings suggest that the Cournot model seems suitable since it illustrates the possible options and provides a guideline for the decision-making process. Based on the model, it can be shown at which point the highest benefit can be achieved for the participating economies (EU, US) i.e. how long it is worth for the parties to apply additional automotive tariffs.

Declining soil fertility continues to hinder agricultural production especially among resource-constrained smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, prompting for evaluation of the strategies used by these farming communities. In this study, we assess soil fertility management among smallholder farmers in Mount Kenya East region. The aim is to examine underlying factors conditioning the uptake of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) practices in this region; determine the adoption relationship between the practices; and to cluster these techniques. Data for this study was collected between January–March 2019 through a household survey based on a farm household questionnaire and complemented with semi-structured interview with farmers and extension officers. Statistical analyses were generated using SPSS. We use hierarchical clustering analysis to visualize ISFM combination patterns, and correlation matrix in factor analysis to determine the inter-relationship between different ISFM practices. Fisher's exact test and Welch's t-test were used to examine the association between explanatory variables and adoption of ISFM practices. Results show that the decision to invest in fertility practices was correlated with a number of farmers' socio-economic, farm-related factors and institutional characteristics. Fertilizer application correlated significantly with manure use, agroforestry and minimum tillage. ISFM techniques were separated into 3 sets following Ward's hierarchical clustering, namely, manure, fertilizer use and agroforestry (cluster 1 or C1), slash-no-burn, residue burn and fallowing (C2); and residue application and minimum tillage (C3). The study recommends creation of an enabling environment including innovative financing opportunities to facilitate farmers' investment capacities in ISFM and cushion them from potential income loss resulting from implementation of some technologies.

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius are the two most common coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS). S. aureus is more prevalent among humans, whereas S. pseudintermedius is more commonly isolated from dogs, however, both can cause various community and hospital acquired diseases in humans.MethodsIn the current study we screened 102 dogs and 84 owners in Hungary. We tested the antibiotic susceptibility of the strains and in order to get a better picture of the clonal relationship of the strains, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In addition, three pairs of isolates with identical PFGE patterns were whole genome sequenced, MLST and spa types were established.ResultsCarriage rate of S. aureus was 23.8% in humans and 4.9% in dogs and two cases of co-carriage were found among dogs and owners. S. pseudintermedius carriage rate was 2.4% and 34.3%, respectively, with only one co-carriage. The isolates were generally rather susceptible to the tested antibiotics, but high tetracycline resistance of S. pseudintermedius strains was noted. The co-carried isolates shared almost the same resistance genes (including tet(K), bla(Z), norA, mepR, lmrS, fosB) and virulence gene pattern. Apart from the common staphylococcal enzymes and cytotoxins, we found enterotoxins and exfoliative toxins as well. The two S. aureus pairs belonged to ST45-t630, ST45-t671 and ST15-t084, ST15-t084, respectively. The co-carried S. pseudintermedius isolates shared the same housekeeping gene alleles determining a novel sequence type ST1685.ConclusionsBased on the genomic data, dog-owner co-carried strains displayed only insignificant differences therefore provided evidence for potential human-to-dog and dog-to-human transmission.

BACKGROUND:The nasopharynx can from time to time accommodate otherwise pathogenic bacteria. This phenomenon is called asymptomatic carriage. However, in case of decreased immunity, viral infection or any other enhancing factors, severe disease can develop. Our aim in this study was to survey the nasal carriage rates of four important respiratory pathogens in three different age groups of children attending nurseries, day-care centres and primary schools. This is the first study from Hungary about the asymptomatic carriage of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. METHODS:Altogether 580 asymptomatic children were screened in three Hungarian cities. Samples were collected from both nostrils with cotton swabs. The identification was based on both colony morphology and species-specific PCRs. Serotyping was performed for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined with agar dilution, according to the EUCAST guidelines. Clonality was examined by PFGE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:Whereas the carriage rates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis clearly decreased with age, that of S. aureus showed an opposite tendency. Multiple carriage was least prevalent if S. aureus was one of the participants. The negative association between this bacterium and the others was statistically significant. For pneumococcus, the overall carriage rate was lower compared to earlier years, and PCV13 serotypes were present in only 6.2% of the children. The majority of H. influenzae isolates was non-typeable and no type b was detected; serotype A was dominant among M. catarrhalis. All four bacteria were more sensitive to antibiotics compared to clinical isolates. No MRSAs were detected, but we found three mupirocin resistant strains. The positive effect of Hib- and PCV-vaccination is undoubted. Continued surveillance of these pathogens is required.

Evolving of free trade agreements creates not just a free, mutually beneficial trade between actors, but may results in elimination of non-tariff barriers. The European Union is by far and away the leader in liberalizing economic and monetary policies, while Canada disposes one of the most open and competitive markets in the world economy, and the United States is the biggest economy in nominal dollars and landing trading country in goods and services. This paper provides four scenarios through a game theoretic model in order to analyze whether players support or except each other in international trade by including the EU, Canada and the USA into the game. Specifically, the article examines that the US withdrawal from TTIP could be explained with the trade integrations impacts on each other. A szabadkereskedelmi egyezmények megkötésével a létrejövő szabad, kölcsönösen előnyös cserén túl a nem vámjellegű akadályok is megszűnhetnek. Az Európai Unió fiskális és monetáris politikája közel sem olyan liberalizáló, mint például a kanadai, ami egyike a legnyitottabb és versenyen alapuló piacnak, vagy az Egyesült Államok, ami dollárban mérve a legnagyobb gazdaság és kereskedelmi ország áruk és szolgáltatások terén is. Tanulmányomban játékelméleti modellen keresztül négy forgatókönyvet vázolok fel azt vizsgálva, hogy a játékosok ((EU, Kanada és az USA) együttműködnek-e egymással nemzetközi kereskedelemben. Pontosabban, a cikk azt vizsgálja, hogy az Egyesült Államok távozása a TTIP-ből magyarázható-e a kereskedelem integrációjának egymásra gyakorolt hatásaival.

Abstract Background The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel provides for guidance in health workforce management and cooperation in the international context. This article aims to examine whether the principles of the voluntary WHO Global Code of Practice can be applied to trigger health policy decisions within the EU zone of free movement of persons. Methods In the framework of the Joint Action on European Health Workforce Planning and Forecasting project (Grant Agreement: JA EUHWF 20122201 (see healthworkforce.eu)), focus group discussions were organised with over 30 experts representing ministries, universities and professional and international organisations. Ideas were collected about the applicability of the principles and with the aim to find EU law compatible, relevant solutions using a qualitative approach based on a standardised, semi-structured interview guide and pre-defined statements. Results Based on implementation practices summarised, focus group experts concluded that positive effects of adhering to the Code can be identified and useful ideas—compatible with EU law—exist to manage intra-EU mobility. The most relevant areas for intervention include bilateral cooperations, better use of EU financial resources, improved retention and integration policies and better data flow and monitoring. Improving retention is of key importance; however, ethical considerations should also apply within the EU. Compensation of source countries can be a solution to further elaborate on when developing EU financial mechanisms. Intra-EU circular mobility might be feasible and made more transparent if directed by tailor-made, institutional-level bilateral cooperations adjusted to different groups and profiles of health professionals. Integration policies should be improved as discrimination still exists when offering jobs despite the legal environment facilitating the recognition of professional qualifications. A system of feedback on registration/licencing data should be promoted providing for more evidence on intra-EU mobility and support its management. Conclusions Workforce planning in EU Member States can be supported, and more equitable distribution of the workforce can be provided by building policy decisions on the principles of the WHO Code. Political commitment has to be strengthened in EU countries to adopt implementation solutions for intra-EU problems. Long-term benefits of respecting global principles of the Code should be better demonstrated in order to incentivise all parties to follow such long-term objectives.

Abstract Background Hungary has been serious facing human resources crisis in health care, as a result of a massive emigration of health workers. The resulting shortage is unevenly distributed among medical specialisations. The findings of research studies are consistent in that the most important motivating factor of the choice of the medical career and of medical specialisations is professional interest. Beyond this, it is important to examine other reasons of why students do or do not choose certain specialisations. The lifestyle determined by the chosen speciality is one such factor described in the literature. Methods Using convenient sampling, first year resident medical doctors from each of the four Hungarian universities with a medical faculty were asked to participate in the study in 2008. In total 391 first year resident medical doctors completed the self-administered questionnaire indicating a 57.3% response rate. On the basis of the work of Schwartz et al. (Acad Med 65(3):207–210, 1990), the specialisation fields were divided into the two main categories of non-controllable (NCL) or controllable lifestyles (CL). We carried out a factor analysis on motivating factors and set up an explanatory model regarding the choice of CL and NCL specialisations. Results Two maximum likelihood factors were extracted from the motivational questions: “lifestyle and income” and “professional interest and consciousness”. The explanatory model on specialisation choice shows that the “professional interest and consciousness” factor increases the likelihood of choosing NCL specialisations. In contrast the “lifestyle and income” factor has no significant impact on the choice of CL/NCL specialisations in the model. Conclusions Our results confirm the important role of professional interest in the choice of medical specializations in Hungary. On the other hand, it seems surprising that we found no significant difference in the “lifestyle and income” related motivation among those medical residents, who opted for CL as opposed to those, who opted for NCL specialisations. This does not necessarily mean that lifestyle is not an important motivating factor, but that it is equally important for both groups of medical residents.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe monogenic disorder resulting in low cholesterol and high 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) levels. 7-DHC-derived oxysterols likely contribute to disease pathophysiology, and thus antioxidant treatment might be beneficial because of high oxidative stress. In a three-year prospective study, we investigated the effects of vitamin E supplementation in six SLOS patients already receiving dietary cholesterol treatment. Plasma vitamin A and E concentrations were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. At baseline, plasma 7-DHC, 8-dehydrocholesterol (8-DHC) and cholesterol levels were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The clinical effect of the supplementation was assessed by performing structured parental interviews. At baseline, patients were characterized by low or low–normal plasma vitamin E concentrations (7.19–15.68 μmol/L), while vitamin A concentrations were found to be normal or high (1.26–2.68 μmol/L). Vitamin E supplementation resulted in correction or significant elevation of plasma vitamin E concentration in all patients. We observed reduced aggression, self-injury, irritability, hyperactivity, attention deficit, repetitive behavior, sleep disturbance, skin photosensitivity and/or eczema in 3/6 patients, with notable individual variability. Clinical response to therapy was associated with a low baseline 7-DHC + 8-DHC/cholesterol ratio (0.2–0.4). We suggest that determination of vitamin E status is important in SLOS patients. Supplementation of vitamin E should be considered and might be beneficial.

Research on the explanatory style model of optimistic mindset has burgeoned in the last decades. The present study presents the first examination of a new measure of the optimistic mindset, the MQ Test. The MQ Test uses 36 personal and work situations for prompting responses; however, it applies a situational judgment test approach. In the present study, crosssectional data with 437 Hungarian employees showed low to acceptable level of internal consistency and good test-retest reliability for the subscales. Exploratory and confirmative factor analyses provided evidence for separate sub-dimensions of negative (N) and positive (P) events. Accordingly, a 14 item Short MQ Test version was developed with P and N subscales. Structural equation models showed that P and N were differently and positively related to dispositional optimism, hope, self-esteem, self-efficacy and satisfaction with life. The limitations and potential merits of the MQ Test are discussed, along with its potential further development.

The issues of poor academic outcomes, dismissal, high attrition, and dropout rates among college students have long concerned for many educators and college communities. Several scholars have posited that these problems can be addressed through the development of emotional intelligence and increased student engagement. Considering these problems, the present study aimed to assess the efficacy of emotional intelligence and student engagement in improving academic performance. The sample of the study consisted of 119 undergraduate students selected using the convenience sampling technique. Self-report Emotional Intelligence Test and Student Engagement Scale were adopted to measure emotional intelligence and student engagement respectively. Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) served as a measurement of academic achievement in the present study. Results from regression analyses revealed that certain components of emotional intelligence and academic engagement demonstrated a significant prediction effect on academic performance. From demographics, students' programs of study showed a significant relationship with academic achievement. The present findings may provide directions for the college communities in fostering student engagement and emotional intelligence, thereby improving academic achievement of their students. The study also discusses limitations and future research directions.

The paper outlines the functioning of Hungarian weekend schools in the United Kingdom, which are key institutions in emerging diaspora communities. The paper interprets Hungarian weekend schools in two paradigms: it approaches them as diaspora institutions, and also as Anglo-Saxon supplementary schools. One of the paper's main conclusions is that, in addition to the manifest functions of Hungarian weekend schools (e.g., preservation of national identity, mother-tongue education, community engagement), latent functions are also essential, such as the psychological need of belonging to a community, the support of children's educational attitudes, the consciousness of bilingualism, the enhancement of social capital, and integration into the host community. Thus, weekend schools are not only sites for knowledge transfer, but they also provide space for the institutionalization of diaspora as cultural community-building institutions.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from a clinically characterised 75-year old woman with late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The PMBCs were reprogrammed with the human OSKM transcription factors using the Sendai-virus delivery system. The transgene-free iPSC showed pluripotency verified by immunocytochemistry for pluripotency markers and differentiated spontaneously towards the 3 germ layers in vitro. Furthermore, the iPSC line showed normal karyotype. Our model might offer a good platform to further study the pathomechanism of sporadic AD, to identify early biomarkers and also for drug testing and gene therapy studies.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from a clinically characterised 84-year old male with late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The PMBCs were reprogrammed with the human OSKM transcription factors using the Sendai-virus delivery system. The transgene-free iPSC showed pluripotency verified by immunocytochemistry for pluripotency markers and differentiated spontaneously towards the 3 germ layers in vitro. Furthermore, the iPSC line showed normal karyotype. Our model might offer a good platform to further study the pathomechanism of sporadic AD, to identify early biomarkers and also for drug testing and gene therapy studies.

Amniotic membrane proved to be very effective tool in the treatment of a number of ocular surface diseases. The amniotic membrane, however, has to be stored before its transplantation onto the ocular surface followed by mandatory serologic control in order to exclude the transmission of certain viruses. Therefore it is most important to study if cryopreservation of the membrane affects cell surface expression of the molecules. We measured cell surface expression of CD59, a membrane-bound complement inhibitor on the cells of freshly prepared and cryopreserved amniotic membrane. Cells of amniotic membrane were separated mechanically. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells were identified by the intracellular expression of nanog and the cell surface ICAM1 positivity, respectively. Multicolor flow cytometric immunophenotyping was used for determination of the CD59 expression. CellQuest-Pro software program (Becton Dickinson) was used both for measurements and analysis. CD59-positive cells could be detected in all investigated samples and in all investigated cell types, although the expression level of CD59 differed. CD59 was expressed both on freshly prepared and frozen-stored samples. Higher level of CD59 was detected on ICAM1+ mesenchymal cells than on nanog+ epithelial cells. Our findings indicate that amniotic membranes maintain their complement inhibiting capacity after cryopreservation.

The present article examines Gyõzõ Concha’s (1846-1933) concept of political liberty and its contribution to the definition of the political in Hungarian political thought around 1895. The article focuses on a long essay by Concha published in the periodical Budapesti Szemle in 1894, entitled Az emberi eszme mint szabadság (The Idea of the Human as Liberty). Concha reused this text in 1895 in the first volume of his twovolume work entitled Politika as the chapter on political liberty. According to Concha, individual freedom and collective freedom (or freedom of the community) have been in opposition or even in conflict throughout history. It should not have been the case, however. Some philosophers advocated individual freedom at the expense of the interest of the political community. Other thinkers, in contrast, advocated the interest of the community or that of the state at the expense of individual freedom. For Concha, since the human and the political, the individual and the public coexist and interfere, freedom for the individual and freedom for the community should be balanced. Montesquieu is one of the authors he appreciates the most on this question because Montesquieu recognised that liberty of the members of society must be limited for the sake of the others’ liberty. Concha completes, however, Montesquieu’s definition of freedom with a positive element, that of self-realization on and individual and collective level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Our paper aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on Hungarian migrants, their perception of the pandemic management in the home and host countries, and their vaccination willingness. We found that integration in the host country and the migrant person's trust in the home and host country institutions are crucial factors in how migrants evaluate the impact of the pandemic and how they perceive pandemic managment. The pandemic management of the home country was rated the least successful by migrants who are more integrated in their respective host countries and who have greater trust in the institutions of their new countries, while those who have greater trust in the home country's institutions saw their host countries' pandemic management negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper aims to describe some characteristics of integration and transnationalism on the example of Hungarian emigrants. The complexity of the relationship between integration and transnationalism has been discussed in several studies before. In our analysis, we created a transnationalism-integration matrix following Carling and Pettersen (2014), and interpreted return migration plans within this matrix. We found that integration and transnationalism „neutralise" each other: strong integration and strong transnationalism, just like weak integration and weak transnationalism, show similar rates of return migration planning. At the same time, strong integration and weak transnationalism show the lowest, while weak integration and strong transnationalism show the highest probability of return migration plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]