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Introduction: The prescription of biological examinations is the first step in guaranteeing the quality of the results of the biological analyzes given by the laboratory. Indeed, the irregularity of requests for biological examinations makes it difficult to carry out and interpret the results and also compromises the optimal and rational use of the diagnostic aid tool that is the clinical biology laboratory. The purpose of this study was to assess the compliance and quality of Biological Examinations Requests (BERs) at the Douala General Hospital (DGH) Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2022 in the clinical biology laboratory department of the DGH. The information provided on each request for examinations was evaluated using a technical sheet containing the evaluation grids of the ISO 15189 standard. Results: A total of 1765 BERs from 10 known clinical departments and 5.20% (n = 91) with no details on the department were analyzed. Prescriber qualification was absent in 13.31% (n=235), clinical information was notified in 23.79% (n=420), prescriber contact in 2.89% (n=51). The compliance assessment revealed that 49% (n=867) requests were non-compliant. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between non-compliant BERs and the internal medicine department (OR = 0.52 and P-value = 0.038) and medical specialists (OR = 0.576 and P-value = 0.048) with a significant association. Conclusion: It was observed that the non-compliant BERs lacked information identifying the patient, the prescriber, as well as the examination/sample. The ISO standard recommends the accuracy of this information. Because their absence would make it impossible to carry out the examinations, waste of time searching for the service/prescriber for additional information or for the return of the results. These results suggest an improvement in practices in the prescription of medical biology analyzes at the DGH in particular and in Cameroon in general.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro anti-plasmodial and cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extracts from leaves, stem bark and roots of Annickia affinis. Study Design: This is an experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The work was conducted at the Pharmacochemistry and Natural Substances Laboratories of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala for the extraction and at the Biomedical Chemistry Research Center of Rhodes University in South Africa for the antimalarial and cytotoxic essay. All the experiments were carried out from the 15th October 2019 to the 31th July 2020. Methodology: The anti-plasmodial test was performed on Plasmodium falciparum sensitive strains 3D7 while cytotoxicity was evaluated on the HeLa cell line. Results: The anti-plasmodial tests revealed that the roots and the stem bark exhibited a moderate anti-plasmodial effect with IC50 of 19.7 ± 0.8 and 12.1 ± 0.8 µg/ml respectively. The anti-plasmodial effects of the leaves were classified as low (33.7 ± 1.9 µg/ml). At up to 50 µg/ml, all the extracts showed a high rate of survival among the HeLa cells. No effect was observed with the leaf extracts (100% of survival). Conclusion: This is the first report on the cytotoxic study and comparative anti-plasmodial effect of Annikia affinis. It highlights the potential of Annickia affinis as an important source of anti-plasmodial drugs with less cytotoxic in vitro. In agreement with the use in traditional medicine, the stem bark was more active than wood, while leaves showed low activity.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the estrogenic effects of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Cylicodiscus gabunensis in the female rat. The evaluation focused on the effect of the extract on the oestrous cycle, the evolution of the fresh weight of the uterus and ovaries, the total cholesterol level, and the total protein and oestradiol levels. The doses of extract administered to the female rats were 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days. Administration of C. gabunensis extract at 400 mg/kg induced an increase in total protein levels. The administration of the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg gives the same results as the negative control which is distilled water. No significant variation of the C. gabunensis extract on the other parameters studied was observed compared to the negative control. This study shows that C. gabunensis would have anti-estrogenic effects, additional work should be carried out in order to validate the use of this extract in the treatment of female infertility.

Some infectious oral diseases are treated by medicinal plants in tropical areas, because they are abundant and cheap. The present work aimed to evaluate the antiseptic activity of the aqueous extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaves against three oral bacteria recognised as opportunistic pathogens, namely Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus luteus. Fresh leaves of A. cordifolia were harvested, dried and pulverised. The extraction was performed by decocting in distilled water. The phytochemical screening was performed on the extract based on principles of colour change, and precipitation. Biological studies consisted in the in vitro antiseptic evaluation of the aqueous extract using the agar disc diffusion method, in comparison with a reference antiseptic mouthwash containing chlorhexidine. The extract had a 11.96% yield. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, tannins, glycosides, coumarins and saponins. The evaluation of the antiseptic activity revealed that the extract is active against S. mitis and S. epidermidis, and inactive against M. luteus. The diameters of inhibition zones were 16.9±1.1mm and 11.2±0.7mm at the concentration of 40mg/ml, and 7.7±0.3mm and 8.5±0.5mm at the concentration of 20mg/ml against S. mitis and S. epidermidis, respectively. Chlorhexidine did not inhibit S. mitis and showed diameters of inhibition of 13.0±1.0mm and 15.1±1.0mm against S. epidermidis and M. luteus, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the extract against the 2 sensitive bacteria was 20mg/ml.

The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic bacteria extracts isolated from Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae), a plant traditionally used in the treatment of many pathologies such as diarrheal diseases. Isolation of endophytic bacteria was done on supplemented and non-supplemented nutrient media. The extracts of these endophytes were obtained after fermentation in Muller Hinton Broth (MHB). An antibacterial screening of the extracts was carried out on 04 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The strains having demonstrated activity were retained for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The cytotoxicity tests of the extracts were carried out on healthy macrophage cells (Raw 264.7) and healthy kidney cells (Vero). A total of 41 isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from S. torvum. The antibacterial screening made it possible to retain 08 extracts which demonstrated antibacterial activity on the S. aureus and S. flexneri strains with MICs ranging from 100 to 200 μg/ml. All extracts exhibited weak cytotoxic activity except for one extract. Extracts of endophytic bacteria isolated from S. torvum showed antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity on the pathogenic strains tested. This study shows that the endophytic bacteria of S. torvum are a source of antibacterial compounds to be explored to enrich the therapeutic arsenal against bacterial infections.

The study aimed at evaluating the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential of extracts of endophytic bacteria isolated from Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Onagraceae). Isolation of endophytic bacteria was done on supplemented and non-supplemented nutrient agar. The extracts of these endophytes were obtained after fermentation in Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB). The inhibitory effect on the alpha-glucosidase enzyme of the extracts of endophytic bacteria was determined in the presence of starch and sucrose at 6 mg/mL at 37°C and by measuring the absorbance at 517 nm. Nineteen endophytic bacteria were isolated from the leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits and twigs of L. octovalvis. The extracts obtained from these endophytic bacteria all showed an alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect. The S4155 extract showed less than 50% enzyme inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 163.98 μg/mL. Endophyte bacteria associated with L. octovalvis provided a source of bioactive compounds that can prevent or reduce the prevalence of diabetes.

Objectif : L’étude menée a été de contribuer à l’évaluation de la toxicité aiguë et subaiguë de l’extrait au vin depalme des graines de Cucurma longa Linn. (cucurma)Méthodologie et Résultats : L’extrait a subi un screening phytochimique et sa qualité microbiologique approuvéesuivant la Pharmacopée Européenne. L’essai de toxicité aiguë a été mené sur des souris femelles de Musmusculus à la dose 2000 mg/kg. L’essai de toxicité subaiguë a été réalisé sur une période de 28 jours, avec 4lots de 6 rats (3 mâles et 3 femelles albinos de la souche Wistar). Le lot I a reçu 1 ml/100 g d’eau distillée et les lots II, III et IV l’extrait aux doses 200, 400 et 800 mg/kg respectivement. Le screening phytochimique a révélé la présence d’alcaloïdes, de tanins, phénols et sucres réducteurs. Les tests de qualité microbiologique n’ont révélé aucun germe. L’administration à dose unique de l’extrait n’a entrainé aucun décès. La DL50 de l’extrait est donc supérieure à 2000 mg/kg. A doses répétées pendant 28 jours, l’extrait a contribué à une croissance pondérale non significative chez les rats à toutes les la doses chez les rats mâles et femelles. En outre, il a engendré également chez une augmentation de l’aspartate aminotransférase (ASAT) et de l’alanine aminotransférase (ALAT) aux trois doses de l’extrait chez les deux.Conclusion et Application : L’étude a permis de montrer que l’extrait au vin de palme des rhizomes de Curcuma longa Linn. a une DL50 supérieure à 2000 mg/kg et est favorable à la production d’un médicament traditionnel amélioré, après les tests précliniques et cliniques.Mots clés : Curcuma longa, rhizomes, vin de palme, toxicité, souris, rats Study of acute and subacute toxicity of extract from the palm wine of rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn.Objective: The study was to contribute to the evaluation of the acute and subacute toxicity of the palm wine extract of seeds of Carica papaya Linn.Methodology and Results: The extract underwent a phytochemical screening and its microbiological qualityapproved according to the European Pharmacopoeia. The acute toxicity test was conducted in female Mus musculus mice at a dose of 2000 mg/Kg. The subacute toxicity test was conducted over a 28-day period, with 4 batches of 6 rats (3 males and 3 albinos of the Wistar strain). Lot I received 1 mL/100 g of distilled water and lots II, III and IV extracted at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/Kg respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols and reducing sugars. Microbiological quality tests revealed no contamination. The single-dose administration of the extract resulted in no deaths. The LD50 of the extract was therefore greater than 2000 mg/Kg. At repeated doses for 28 days, the extract contributed to insignificant weight growth in rats at all dose levels in male and female rats. In addition, it also resulted in an increase of ASAT andALAT at all three doses of the extract in both.Conclusion and Application: The study showed that the palm wine extract of Curcuma longa Linn rhizomes has an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/Kg and is favorable to the production of an improved traditional medicine, after the preclinical and clinical tests.Keywords: Curcuma longa, rhizomes, palm wine, toxicity, mice, rats

L’objectif de l’étude a été d’évaluer les activités anti-inflammatoire et antioxydante des tiges de Phragmanthera capitata très utilisée en médecine traditionnelle. La toxicité aigüe a été réalisée selon la ligne directrice 423 de l’OCDE. L’évaluation de l’activité anti-inflammatoire suivant le modèle de l’oedème plantaire induit chez le rat par la carraghénine. La DL 50 de l’extrait au vin de palme est supérieure à 5000 mg/kg de poids corporel. L’extrait au vin de palme possède une activité anti-inflammatoire dose dépendante plus précisément à la première heure avec des pourcentages d’inhibition respectifs aux doses 200 mg/kg et 300 mg/kg de 21,47% et 41,24% de poids corporel d’extrait. Le dosage des phénols par la méthode de Folin- Ciocalteu a montré que l’extrait au vin de palme avait une teneur élevée en phénols (2570 mg EAA/g ES). Le pouvoir antioxydant a été évalué par le test au diphényl-picryl (DPPH) qui a démontré l’existence d’une activité antioxydante avec une EC 50 de 0,049 mg/ml, alors que celle l’acide ascorbique standard de référence est de 0,033 mg/ml. Le présent travail a permis de démontrer que les extraits au vin de palme des tiges de Phragmanthera capitata est non toxique et possède des activités anti-inflammatoire et antioxydante, qui justifierait leur utilisation traditionnelle.Mots clés : Phragmanthera capitata, vin de palme, anti-inflammatoire, antioxydant.

Objectif: L’étude menée a été de contribuer à l’évaluation de la toxicité aiguë et subaiguë de l’extrait au vin des graines de Carica papaya Linn.Méthodes et Résultats: L’extrait a subi un screening phytochimique et sa qualité microbiologique approuvée suivant la Pharmacopée Européenne. L’essai de toxicité aiguë a été mené sur des souris femelles de Mus musculus à la dose 2000 mg/kg. L’essai de toxicité subaiguë a été réalisé sur une période de 28 jours, avec 4 lots de 6 rats (3 mâles et 3 femelles albinos de la souche Wistar). Le lot 1 a reçu 1 ml/100 g d’eau distillée et les lots 2, 3 et 4 l’extrait aux doses 200, 400 et 800 mg/kg respectivement. Le screening phytochimique a révélé la présence d’alcaloïdes, de tanins, phénols et sucres réducteurs. Les tests de qualité microbiologique n’ont révélé aucun germe. L’administration à dose unique de l’extrait n’a entrainé aucun décès. La DL50 serait comprise entre 2000 et 5000 mg/kg. A doses répétées pendant 28 jours, l’extrait a contribué à une importante croissance pondérale chez les rats à la dose 200 mg/kg et chez les rattes à la dose 400 mg/kg. En outre, il a engendré chez les deux sexes une augmentation de l’ASAT aux trois doses et une diminution de l’ALAT chez les mâles à la dose 800 mg/kg et chez les femelles à la dose 200 mg/kg.Conclusion et Application: L’étude a permis de montrer l'effet thérapeutique potentiel de l'extrait de vin de palme de Carica papaya sur la fonction hépatique et est favorable à la production d’un médicament traditionnel amélioré, après les tests précliniques et cliniques.Mots clés: Carica papaya, graines, vin de palme, toxicité, ratsEnglish Title: Study of acute and subacute toxicity of Carica papaya Linn. Seeds palm wine extractEnglish AbstractObjective: The study was to contribute to the evaluation of the acute and subacute toxicity of the of Carica papaya Linn. seeds palm wine extract.Methods and Results: This extract underwent a phytochemical screening and its microbiological quality approved following European Pharmacopeia. Acute toxicity trials were done on female mice Mus musculus with extract dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. During 28 days, a subacute toxicity essay was made on 4 groups of 6 Wistar rats (3 individuals per sex). Group I received distilled water and second, third and fourth group received 200, 400, 800 mg/kg body weight respectively of extract. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols and reducer sugars. Microbiological quality tests revealed no germ. The administration with single dose of the extract caused no death. The DL50 dose would be between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. At repeated doses, extract caused an important weight growth of rats at 200 mg/kg body weight in males and 400mg/kg body in females. All extract doses generated an SGOT increase in both sex and SGPT decrease at 800 mg/kg for males and 200 mg/kg for females.Conclusion and Application of results: These showed the potential therapeutic effect of Carica papaya palm wine extract on hepatic function is favorable to the production of an improved traditional drug, after preclinical and clinical tests.Keywords: Carica papaya, seeds, palm wine, toxicity, rats

Objectif: La maladie hémorroïdaire désigne tous les états pathologiques résultant de la dilatation progressive ou de la rupture des plexus veineux hémorroïdaires. De nombreuses plantes sont citées dans la médecine traditionnelle contre les affections hémorroïdaires à l’instar de Mangifera indica et Alchornea cordifolia.Méthodologie et Résultats: Le matériel végétal a été collecté et préparé par décoction aqueuse. L’étude phytochimique des extraits s’est traduite premièrement par la caractérisation métabolites secondaires révélées par les tests de screening phytochimique et deuxièmement par le dosage des flavonoïdes par la méthode au trichlorure d’aluminium. Le matériel animal (rats et souris femelles) a été préparé pour l’étude pharmacologique. L’activité réductrice du radical libre 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine des extraits, les essais limites de toxicité aigüe réalisés sur des souris femelles et la détermination du pouvoir anti-inflammatoire des extraits in vivo réalisée suivant la méthode d’induction de l’oedème par la carraghénine sur des rats femelles. Les tanins et les flavonoïdes ont été révélés dans les extraits aqueux. Les teneurs des flavonoïdes d’Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica sont de 241 et 194 mg équivalent de catéchine respectivement. Les CE 50 des extraits ont montré un pouvoir antioxydant (0,02 mg/ml et 0,03 mg/ml) relativement faible par rapport à l’acide ascorbique avec une CE 50 de 0,003 mg/ml. L’innocuité des extraits aqueux d’Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica est démontrée pour une DL 50 › 5000 mg/ml. Le test anti-inflammatoire aux doses de 500 mg/kg et 1000 mg/kg d’extraits a confirmé le pouvoir inhibiteur des extraits sur les médiateurs de l’inflammation : l'histamine, la 5-hydroxytryptamine, les kinines et les prostaglandines.Conclusion et applications des résultats: La richesse des extraits aqueux d’Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica en constituants polyphénoliques capables de piéger les radicaux libres et augmentant le tonus veineux, empêcheraient aussi la formation des médiateurs qui provoquent l’inflammation.Mots clés: Alchornea cordifolia, Mangifera indica, phytochimie, pharmacologieEnglish Title: Phytochemical and pharmacological study of Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg. and Mangifera indica in the traditional treatment of hemorrhoidal diseaseEnglish AbstractObjective: hemorrhoidal disease means all conditions resulting from the gradual expansion or rupture of hemorrhoidal venous plexus. Many plants are mentioned in traditional medicine against hemorrhoidal ailments like Mangifera indica and Alchornea cordifolia.Methodology and Results: The plant material was collected and prepared by aqueous decoction. The phytochemical study of extracts resulted firstly by characterizing secondary metabolites revealed by the tests of phytochemical screening and secondly by the assay by the method flavonoids aluminum trichloride. Animal material (rats and female mice) was prepared for the pharmacological study. The reducing activity of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine extracts, the acute toxicity limits tests on female mice and determination of anti-inflammatory activity in vivo extracts taken along the induction method edema by carrageenin in female rats. The tannins and flavonoids were revealed in the aqueous extracts. The contents of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica Flavonoids are 241 and 194 mg equivalent of catechin respectively. The CE 50 extracts showed an antioxidant (0.02 mg/ml and 0.03 mg/ml) relatively low compared to the ascorbic acid with an CE 50 of 0.003 50 mg/ml. The safety of aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica is demonstrated for DL 50> 5000 mg/ ml. The anti-inflammatory test with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of extracts confirmed the inhibitory power of the extracts on inflammatory mediators : histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kinins and prostaglandins.Conclusion and application of the Results: The rich aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica polyphenolic constituents capable of trapping free radicals and increasing venous tone, also prevent the formation of mediators that cause inflammation.Keywords: Alchornea cordifolia, Mangifera indica, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology