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This article takes a reflective approach to an overlooked area of ethical discussion in archival and cultural heritage studies: the ethical practice of how to relate to children's and young people's own donations of archival material when used in research. This is an ethics that must often balance between a children's rights rhetoric and formal research ethics. The empirical material consists of one drawing donated to the Swedish Archive of Children's Art and two photographs donated to a museum collection in the aftermath of the 2017 terrorist attack in Stockholm. These pictures have all, in one way or another, required ethical pauses and halts for the authors due to doubts, dilemmas, and emotional turmoil. Methodologically, the idea is to hold space for the ethical dilemmas that arise, in order to analyze how ethics is enacted in practice. Aspects such as access, copyright, anonymization, naming, and the relationship between archival metadata and research data are analyzed from and with a youth perspective. The analyzes show the intricate interplay of different norms, values, and ethics that are enacted when pictures are donated by young people to heritage institutions and then used in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a generative artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted Think-Aloud Pair Problem-Solving (TAPPS) learning strategy was introduced to support ethical dilemma-related problem-solving learning activities. Then, an interactive virtual learning companion system was developed and tested in a business ethics course to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method. A total of 135 students from a technological university in central Taiwan participated in this experiment. The experimental group employed the generative AI chatbot virtual learning companion that assisted with the TAPPS approach for ethical dilemma learning. Two control groups used, respectively, the conventional TAPPS approach involving paired learners and the conventional individual thinking-aloud problem-solving method. The proposed method not only enhanced the students' problem-solving ability but also fostered their learning motivation and ethical reasoning ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the roads opens moral and ethical issues related to their ‘behaviour’ in daily traffic situations. A debated question is how individuals perceive the choices taken by AVs in life-threatening scenarios, and whether the same or different moral standards are applied to humans’ and AVs’ decisions. In an online experiment, a questionnaire was submitted to an international sample (N = 353). The aim was to test whether the actions made by an AV or a human driver in realistic road-accident scenarios were judged according to a different perspective. We manipulated the decision maker, the decision, the number of pedestrians crossing the road and the number of occupants inside the vehicle, to assess the importance of utilitarian principles and the role of self-sacrifice in moral evaluations.The results highlight a preference for humans’ decisions over AVs’ ones and suggest a difference in the importance of utilitarian principles in the assessment of humans and AVs. The human self-sacrifice attitude is appreciated to a different degree, according to the type of individuals saved (pedestrians or occupants). Further investigations are needed to disentangle a human-bias from the effect of self-sacrifice on the moral evaluations of humans’ and AVs’ actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed an ethical decision-making tool to assist in training clinical psychologists that had four goals: (a) to mirror the way psychologists naturally think about ethical dilemmas; (b) to facilitate thorough analysis by using a simple, guided checklist format; (c) to provide quick access to intuitively organized explanations and examples of each major domain of ethical challenges and principles; and (d) to facilitate good documentation and record-keeping of the decision-making process. Study 1 surveyed clinical psychologists and asked them to list the top 10–15 ethical considerations they encounter in practice, and then used those categories to help develop the tool. In Study 2, having access to two different versions of the tool significantly improved the quality of analysis of a standardized clinical vignette, particularly for individuals still in training. In Study 3, a streamlined version of the tool significantly improved the quality of graduate trainees' analysis of the standardized clinical vignette and was faster to use. In Study 4, we demonstrated the efficacy of the tool in helping trainees analyze ethical dilemmas they had actually experienced. In Study 5, faculty at doctoral programs who teach graduate ethics courses provided dilemmas and then graded the responses of trainees who analyzed them either with or without the tool. Analyses completed with the tool received far better grades on average than those completed without the tool. This work is the first that we know of to develop an evidence-based, empirically supported tool for training future psychologists in ethical practice. Public Significance Statement: This study describes the development of a novel ethical decision-making tool for use in training clinical psychology graduate students. The study shows that the tool helps trainees improve their analysis of complex ethical dilemmas that arise in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If in the first half of the 20th century, for business organizations, obtaining profit was the only purpose, the postmodern model of doing business related, at least as an aspiration, the two benchmarks - profit and moral values. Business ethics examines how economic concepts comply with ethical prescriptions, involves the empirical approach to business practices, looking at aspects of civil liberty, the well-being of individuals in industrial societies, the compatibility between economic activities and environmental policies. Starting from a meta-ethical approach, which aims at the moral status of corporations, business ethics pursues the ethical aspects of corporate management, the definition of corporate codes of conduct and equally, the social responsibility of companies and the consequences of their activity. The analysis of morality in the business environment has a different approach in schools and currents of thought regarding business ethics. From a critical perspective on the relationship between ethics and business, both the German, French and American schools, argue that in the post-industrial society business must be done only respecting moral values. In business, there are often unclear, dilemmatic situations, conflicts that are difficult to resolve, especially due to the desire to balance economic and social performances. When achieving this balance is particularly difficult (good or bad cannot be clearly specified and identified), a dilemma arises for decision-makers, considered one of the most demanding ethical problems. Regardless of the environment in which they appear (marketing, production, human resources) the solution of moral dilemmas must consider as the main criterion social responsibility and the social consequences and less the current economic results of the corporation.

Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion Implications for nursing policy After natural disasters, the urgent need for survival and rescue operations for those trapped in the rubble results in a heightened demand for healthcare services. Nurses are pivotal in addressing the consequences of such calamities. Nurses operating in critical conditions encounter numerous challenges, including safety issues and ethical quandaries. The ethical considerations primarily revolve around the limitations, duties, and modified norms of care administered by nurses during disasters, presenting both significant and complex challenges.The study was designed to elucidate the nature and essence of nurses' care experiences and to offer an in‐depth depiction of the ethical dilemmas while attending to individuals injured in the earthquake.A descriptive phenomenological design was used in this research. A total of 16 nurses who worked for at least 7 days in field hospitals in any of the earthquake regions after the 2023 earthquake in Turkey participated in the research. The research was conducted between March 13 and March 20, 2023. Data were collected by face‐to‐face interview method with a semistructured form. The steps of Colaizzi's phenomenological method were used to analyze the qualitative data.The study involved a group of 16 Turkish nurses, aged between 20 and 36 years. Through data analysis, four primary themes, 14 subthemes, and 25 codes were identified. The principal themes derived from the interviews included “humanitarian duties,” “non‐adherence to ethical principles,” “respect for the injured,” and “medical errors.”In this intricate process, it becomes paramount to enhance support for nurses in the domains of management, education, and psychosocial assistance, thereby nurturing their individual and professional acumen, commitment, and ethical sensitivity. Refining the guidelines and professional standards that encapsulate the principles to be adhered to by nurses in disaster scenarios, coupled with providing comprehensive training in both medical and ethical competencies, represents a significant avenue for advancement. Focused training on crisis management will enable nurses to render ethically informed decisions and bolster their professional proficiency.Natural disasters, including earthquakes, pose significant ethical challenges for healthcare professionals, especially nurses who play a pivotal role in delivering care during these emergencies. Issues such as resource allocation and triage, the duty of care and ensuring continuity of care, informed consent and communication, cultural sensitivity, and providing psychosocial support are critical ethical considerations for nursing policies in earthquake situations. Addressing these ethical issues in nursing policies related to earthquakes is crucial for maintaining the integrity of healthcare delivery, preserving public trust, and ensuring the well‐being of both the injured and healthcare providers during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the ethical dilemmas faced by nurses who provide care to patients with hematologic cancer and determine their coping mechanisms using a phenomenological approach. This qualitative study was conducted with 35 nurses employed in clinics specializing in hematologic cancer patient care, living in diverse regions of Turkey, using semistructured, in-depth interviews through the WhatsApp mobile application. The snowball sampling technique was utilized to identify participants, and interviews continued until data saturation was achieved. All interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed. Data analysis was conducted using Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis method, with the study adhering to the COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research) checklist for reporting. In the analysis of the data, 2 categories (ethical dilemma situations and coping experiences) and 6 subthemes (treatment, care, professional values and beliefs, emotions, struggling with emotional burdens, and psychosocial approach) emerged. According to the results, nurses responsible for hematologic cancer patients struggle with ethical dilemmas in healthcare delivery and face challenges in effectively addressing them, which could potentially impact the quality of healthcare provided by nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feelings of guilt are human emotions that may arise if a person committed an action that contradicts basic moral mores or failed to commit an action that is considered moral according to their ethical standards and values. Psychological scholarship distinguishes between altruistic guilt (AG) and deontological guilt (DG). AG results from having caused harm to an innocent victim, either by acting or failing to act, whereas DG is caused by violating a moral principle. Although physicians may be expected to experience frequent feelings of guilt in their demanding and intensive work, it is surprising to find that this issue has not been explored in the professional literature on medical ethics. To that end, we conducted a qualitative study that included personal in-depth interviews with Sunni Muslim gynaecologists. These doctors provide underground infertility care and perform religiously forbidden treatments involving sex selection and gamete donation. They opened their hearts and spoke about the emotionally taxing pangs of conscience they suffer. Analysing their narratives led us to characterize their feelings of guilt as DG. We discuss the causes for their plight and the way they cope with it, compare DG to the concept of moral distress, and call for future research on clinicians' feelings of guilt and pangs of conscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the ethical dilemmas in contemporary Igbo Christian marriages as couples navigate the interaction between modernity and cultural identities. Marriage in traditional Igbo society is entrenched in strong cultural and religious values. However, Christianity and modernity have brought new dynamics to this institution in contemporary times. This paper, therefore, examines the influence of Christianity and modernity on Igbo traditional marriage, discussing ethical dilemmas arising from these influences. It specifically addresses areas where the traditional Igbo practices often clash with Christian doctrine and modern ideals, such as Igbo communalism, gender roles, family obligations, and marital expectations. The study also highlights strategies for resolving these dilemmas, including effective communication, cultural adaptability, and external support systems. Utilising a qualitative case study and descriptive–analytical methods, the research provides invaluable insights into the emerging dilemmas in Igbo marriage, offering a nuanced understanding of how individuals and communities can navigate these ethical complexities in a fast-shifting world. This work contributes to the broader discussions on cultural identities, religious practices, and ethical challenges in modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical issues specific to payment in academic research via crowd work (a.k.a. crowd work-based research) have not been extensively examined or discussed in the prior literature, while similar topics have been debated in biomedical research for years. In particular, IRBs' perspectives are lacking in the current scholarship about research ethics and crowd work in the U.S. where crowd work-based research has become a popular arena for human subjects research. To fill these gaps, we interviewed 32 scholars and IRB directors and analysts in the U.S. to probe their perspectives on ethical issues in crowd work-based research. In this paper, we revealed an ethical dilemma between undue influence, fair payment, and whether the monetary incentive can be regarded as a research benefit to crowd workers. Based on these findings, we reflected on the origin of this ethical dilemma, compared and critiqued the scholars' and IRBs' ethical positions in this respect. Afterward, we discussed our research implications for scholars, IRBs, and crowd work platforms in the U.S. and reported our research limitations and plans for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interdisciplinary Studies of Literature is the property of Interdisciplinary Studies of Literature Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it is aimed to make a detailed analysis of ethical dilemmas encountered in pharmacies. Our study is a descriptive study. Its universe consists of all 226 pharmacies located in the center of Malatya. The questionnaire, consisting of 14 questions, we prepared originally, was conducted for pharmacists who volunteered to participate face-to-face and online for two months in 2022. The analysis of the survey data was made with the 'SPSS' program and the level of significance was taken as p<0.05 for comparison tests. When the answers were examined, it was stated that almost all participants knew the definition of ethics, but when it came to ethical dilemma, 30.30% (n: 50) of undergraduate graduates and 15% (n: 3) of master's graduates stated that they did not know the concept of ethical dilemma. Considering the answers of the pharmacists participating in the survey, although there are not big differences from time to time, as the level of education increases, the increase in sensitivity to ethical issues and the level of discipline in professional practices is remarkable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown that the rapid transition to emergency remote teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic was challenging for healthcare teachers in many ways. This sudden change made them face ethical dilemmas that challenged their values and ethical competence. Research aim: This study aimed to explore and gain a deeper understanding of the ethical dilemmas healthcare teachers faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research design: This was an inductive qualitative study using a hermeneutic approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed thematically. Participants and research context: Healthcare teachers (n = 20) from eight universities and universities of applied sciences in the Nordic and Baltic countries participated. Ethical considerations: This study was based on the research ethics of the Norwegian National Research Ethics Committee for Medicine and Health Sciences and approved by the Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research. Findings: Healthcare teachers faced several ethical dilemmas due to restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis revealed three main themes: How should I deal with students' ill-being, and what can I as a teacher do?; What can I demand from myself and my students, what is good teaching?; How do I manage the heavy workload and everyone's needs, and who gets my time? Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of healthcare teachers' continuous need for pedagogic and didactic education, especially considering new technology and ethical issues. During the pandemic, the ethical consequences of remote teaching became evident. Ethical values and ethical dilemmas should be addressed in healthcare education programmes at different levels, especially in teacher education programmes. In the coming years, remote teaching will grow. Therefore, we need more research on this issue from an ethical perspective on its possible consequences for students and healthcare teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion surrounding the ethics of mandatory HPV vaccination for young adolescents aged 12–13 is complex. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with certain strains linked to cervical and other types of cancers. While screening and behavioural interventions play important roles in prevention, vaccination has been shown to provide superior protection, thus reducing the incidence of HPV-related diseases by up to 90%.The effectiveness of the HPV vaccine, particularly Gardasil9, has led to discussions about making vaccination mandatory to improve public health outcomes. However, this raises ethical concerns about parental rights, individual autonomy and the implications of mandating vaccination in the context of sexual behaviour. This paper explores the ethical implications of a mandatory HPV vaccination programme, focusing on the ethical concerns of parental rights, gender equity and socioeconomic disparities. Additionally, the paper considers barriers to vaccination uptake and emphasises the importance of education and informed consent. It will be further discussed that while mandatory vaccination could lead to substantial public health benefits, it must be balanced by respecting individual freedoms and be accompanied by education campaigns. Ultimately, the ethical justification for mandatory HPV vaccination lies in its potential to prevent significant harm and promote health equity across populations.

Teenage pregnancy remains a significant public health and social concern in India. This article examines the prevalence, contributing factors, and consequences of teenage pregnancy in India and explores the important ethical dilemma associated in context of pregnancy care in public health program and teenage pregnancy. Key factors for the teenage pregnancy include early marriage, lack of education, poverty, limited contraceptive use, and cultural norms. Teenage pregnancies are associated with higher maternal and infant mortality, pregnancy complications, and poor socioeconomic outcomes. While national programs address maternal health broadly, there is a lack of targeted interventions for teenage pregnancies, creating an ethical dilemma where this vulnerable group is left exposed to adverse events and outcomes. Additionally, teenagers under 18 are often excluded from key support programs, like conditional cash transfers, leaving them without essential resources. This article highlights the need for comprehensive strategies, including improved adolescent sexual education, behavior change communication, and specific support programs for pregnant teenagers. Addressing teenage pregnancy requires a multifaceted approach targeting social determinants, healthcare access, and cultural attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical model for managers responding to a morally challenging situation is developed in the article. This model explores and examines how managers deal with paradoxes created by ethical dilemmas. To explain their strategy, the authors’ model combines a moral philosophy approach – existentialism ‒ with paradox theories. Starting with an emblematic situation such as a dilemma, the lens of Smith and Tushman’s Paradoxical Cognition is used to develop the theoretical construct. Then, with the help of Sartre’s ethics of freedom, two stages that managers pass through to find a solution are explained. Drawing on those theories, a model of ethical cognition to solve the paradoxical tension issues from ethical dilemmas is submitted. A reflexive process that includes awareness, freedom, and personal projects is combined and described. Every stage with examples of issues from the previous research of human resource managers is illustrated. This model allows people to escape those paradoxical tensions and suggests how a person articulates and creates ethical principles to handle a paradoxical conflict. Based on the in-depth interviews reanalyzed, concrete illustrations about paradoxical cognition are shown. These semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted to determine how French-Canadian HR managers make ethical decisions (respondents: 37 HR managers working in Montreal and its suburbs (Quebec, Canada); period: 2013‒2017; number of questions: 16, divided into 4 sections; discourse analysis of data: using AtlasTi software). In doing so, the gap between theory and empirical with Sartre’s concepts such as Awareness, Freedom, and Project is overcome. This conceptual model can be used in the individual to solve of a moral dilemma and can be most valuable for manager when they are facing some moral paradoxical situations.

Abstract Background The hospitalization of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is an ethically challenging situation. A limited number of studies have extended the concept of moral distress to parents of infants hospitalized in the NICU. This topic requires further investigation. Methods The present prospective qualitative study was conducted from February 2023 to May 2023. Data were collected through semistructured in-depth interviews, which were conducted in-person with fifteen parents of infants who were hospitalized in the NICU at the time of the interviews. Purposive sampling was used. The data were classified and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Three themes emerged from the data analysis performed for this empirical study. One intrapersonal dimension featuring two aspects (one dynamic and one static) and another interpersonal dimension focusing on parental moral distress emerged from the data analysis. Furthermore, seven subthemes emerged across these themes: (1) self-directed negative feelings were experienced by parents due to their inability to fulfill their caregiving/parental roles; (2) intense internal conflict was experienced by parents in response to a moral dilemma that was difficult, which was perceived as irresolvable; (3) objectively unjustified, self-directed negative feelings of guilt or failure were experienced by parents; (4) parents experienced moral distress due to the poor image of the ill infants; (5) inadequate information may predispose parents to experience moral distress (6) neonatologists’ caring behaviors were unduly perceived by parents as paternalistic behaviors; (7) reasonable or justified institutional rules were unduly perceived by parents as constraint. Conclusions In general, the results of this study support the integrated definition of parental moral distress proposed by Mooney-Doyle and Ulrich. Furthermore, the present study introduces new information. The study distinguishes between the dynamic and static aspects of the intrapersonal dimension of the phenomenon of parental moral distress. Moreover, participants experienced moral distress because they unduly perceived certain situations as causing moral distress. In addition, inadequate information may predispose parents to experience moral distress. The findings of this study may contribute promote family-centered care in the NICU context.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the potential of Information Ethics (IE) to serve as a coherent ethical foundation for the library and information science profession (LIS profession). Design/methodology/approach: This study consists of two parts: the first part present IE's central theses and the main critiques it has received; the second part offers the authors' own evaluation of the theory from the LIS perspective in two steps: (1) assessing its internal consistency by testing its major theses against each other; (2) assessing its utility for resolving frequently debated LIS ethical dilemmas by comparing its solutions with solutions from other ethical theories. Findings: This study finds that IE, consisting of an informational ontology, a fundamental ethical assertion and a series of moral laws, forms a coherent ethical framework and holds promising potential to serve as a theoretical foundation for LIS ethical issues; its inclusion of nonhuman objects as moral patients and its levels of abstraction mechanism proved to be particularly relevant for the LIS profession. This study also shows that, to become more solid an ethical theory, IE needs to resolve some of its internal contradictions and ambiguities, particularly its conceptual conflations between internal correctness, rightness and goodness; between destruction, entropy and evil; and the discrepancy between its deontological ethical assertion and its utilitarian moral laws. Practical implications: This study alerts LIS professionals to the possibility of having a coherent ethical foundation and the potential of IE in this regard. Originality/value: This study provides a systemic explication, evaluation and field test of IE from the LIS perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In palliative and hospice practice, health care professionals frequently faced ethical challenges related to end-of-life care. The complexities of patient care in the hospice and palliative care setting mandated a shift from healthcare professionals operating in “silo” to embracing an interprofessional team-based approach. However, ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts within the interprofessional team and between the professional and patient family may arise, due to different perspectives about the patient's best interest. This paper utilized the Walker and Avant's (2011) concept analysis process in which the concept of interprofessional ethical reflective practice was developed. Adopting the analysis methodology from Walker and Avant (2011), this paper defined the concept and related concepts, attributes, antecedents, consequences, model case, borderline case and opposite case to describe the concept of interprofessional ethical reflective practice. The concept proposed a cyclical approach for interprofessional ethical reflective practice which includes three phases, pre-ethical situation reflection, intra-ethical situation reflection and post-ethical situation reflection. This concept allowed for the significance of interprofessional ethical reflective practice to become apparent, guiding healthcare professionals to navigate through ethical dilemmas with awareness, sensitivity, collaboration, and an attitude of commitment to upholding the ethical care principles in palliative and hospice care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking care of persons with intellectual and multiple disabilities (IMD), especially when vulnerability and medical intervention increase, can lead to the question: to what extent is there still quality of life? In the search for answers, caretakers and families are confronted with unsolvable dilemmas such as how can we identify the meaning of this life or recognise when there is suffering? How does one understand and give meaning to quality of life where fragility is present? Society, on the other hand, which rates successful living as the standard, avoids the discussion on limits to quality of life by labelling it as a medical ethical issue. It has recently been argued that the medical perspective is leading in this discussion and is the deciding factor in giving meaning to quality of life. Such statements worry IMD healthcare professionals and caregivers. This article therefore aims to offer an insight into the professional, practical and personal care experience of both authors, to explore the issue in more depth and start a nuanced dialogue without losing sight of the immense complexity of the subject. To do this, we first outline the social context in which the healthcare practice has to take place, explaining the reality of it and the difficulties faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is titled "A Study of Ian McEwen's Novels and Their Ethical Values: A Chinese Perspective" and was published in the Forum for World Literature Studies. The author, Zheng Jie, examines the ethical values portrayed in Ian McEwen's novels. The specific novels discussed include "The Cement Garden," "Atonement," "My Purple Scented Novel," "Saturday," "Solar," and "The Children Act." The study analyzes the ethical themes within these works and provides a Chinese perspective on their significance. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, public authorities and rescue services have been discussing how Medical First Responders (MFRs) should behave in an Active Violent Incident (AVI) where it is necessary to weigh up self-protection and the rescuing of others. The aim of this exploratory study is to generate a preliminary picture of how European MFRs position themselves on this and related questions. With the help of a network of experts, an AVI scenario and accompanying questionnaire were developed and pretested. A refined version was then distributed among MFRs in eight European countries and Israel. We performed descriptive statistics and tested for significant differences among the participating countries. 1164 MFRs completed the survey. In the absence of police protection, a majority of respondents opted against providing immediate casualty care (56.6 %). Under certain circumstances, however, the rest decided in favour. More than 65.5 % did not fear disciplinary or legal consequences for not providing assistance immediately. Even with police protection, one in ten respondents would still not enter a “yellow zone”, one in four would leave this to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) units specifically trained for such operations. While there are very few strong contrasts between MFRs with different work experience, roles (supervisor/instructor) or additional qualifications (e.g., firefighting, military service), there are significant differences between MFRs from participating countries. Most notably, (1) only Norwegian participants identified, on average, a clear paradigm shift from “safety first” to “controlled risk taking”; (2) while 69.8 % of the Austrian cohort were unwilling to enter without being escorted by the police, among Norwegians MFRs the figure was 42.7 %; (3) the question whether “weapons” are “useful” equipment in such a scenario is particularly divisive (ranging from 14.3 % of German to 58.9 % of Israeli respondents). Although most of the questions were answered in the same way by a large majority, significant differences can be observed, especially between countries. We offer various explanations for these and discuss whether MFRs can actually remain passive given the situational normative forces inherent to an AVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The hospitalization of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is an ethically challenging situation. A limited number of studies have extended the concept of moral distress to parents of infants hospitalized in the NICU. This topic requires further investigation. Methods: The present prospective qualitative study was conducted from February 2023 to May 2023. Data were collected through semistructured in-depth interviews, which were conducted in-person with fifteen parents of infants who were hospitalized in the NICU at the time of the interviews. Purposive sampling was used. The data were classified and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Three themes emerged from the data analysis performed for this empirical study. One intrapersonal dimension featuring two aspects (one dynamic and one static) and another interpersonal dimension focusing on parental moral distress emerged from the data analysis. Furthermore, seven subthemes emerged across these themes: (1) self-directed negative feelings were experienced by parents due to their inability to fulfill their caregiving/parental roles; (2) intense internal conflict was experienced by parents in response to a moral dilemma that was difficult, which was perceived as irresolvable; (3) objectively unjustified, self-directed negative feelings of guilt or failure were experienced by parents; (4) parents experienced moral distress due to the poor image of the ill infants; (5) inadequate information may predispose parents to experience moral distress (6) neonatologists' caring behaviors were unduly perceived by parents as paternalistic behaviors; (7) reasonable or justified institutional rules were unduly perceived by parents as constraint. Conclusions: In general, the results of this study support the integrated definition of parental moral distress proposed by Mooney-Doyle and Ulrich. Furthermore, the present study introduces new information. The study distinguishes between the dynamic and static aspects of the intrapersonal dimension of the phenomenon of parental moral distress. Moreover, participants experienced moral distress because they unduly perceived certain situations as causing moral distress. In addition, inadequate information may predispose parents to experience moral distress. The findings of this study may contribute promote family-centered care in the NICU context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law & History / Türkiye klinikleri tıp Etiği, Hukuku ve Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of General Health Sciences (JGEHES) is the property of Journal of General Health Sciences (JGEHES) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it is aimed to make a detailed analysis of ethical dilemmas encountered in pharmacies. Our study is a descriptive study. Its universe consists of all 226 pharmacies located in the center of Malatya. The questionnaire, consisting of 14 questions, we prepared originally, was conducted for pharmacists who volunteered to participate face-to-face and online for two months in 2022. The analysis of the survey data was made with the 'SPSS' program and the level of significance was taken as p [Med-Science 2024; 13(3.000): 713-8]

OBJECTIVE: Moral distress emanating from value conflicts comprising ethical dimensions pose a threat to nurses’ health and retention, as well as to the quality of care. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between the frequency of ethical value conflicts (EVC), and the perceived distress when they occur, respectively, and nurses’ work-related stress, burnout symptoms, turnover intent, team effectiveness, and patient safety. METHODS: A two-wave longitudinal cohort questionnaire study was performed among registered nurses at six hospitals in two Swedish regions. Cross-sectional analyses (T1) were based on 1817 nurses in 228 care units (CU), and longitudinal analyses (T1 – T2) on 965 nurses in 190 CU. Hypothesis testing was performed using multilevel controlled regression modeling. RESULTS: The results indicated that nurses who were often exposed to EVC also to a higher extent tended to report these conflicts as stressful. Frequent exposure to EVC induced by insufficient resources, inapt organizational structures or interpersonal staff relations were cross-sectionally associated with work-related stress, burnout symptoms, turnover intent, and team effectiveness. The longitudinal analyses indicated that EVC induced by a lack of resources primarily had negative effects on nurses’ health and well-being. At the CU level, such conflicts also impaired team effectiveness. At the individual level, EVC induced by organizational constraints or interpersonal relations negatively affected care effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: EVC are related to negative consequences in healthcare, and such processes take place both on the individual and organizational levels.

Abstract At present, a few scholars studied influencing factors, rules and mechanisms of decision-making in ethical dilemmas. Many factors have been identified, and a few rules and mechanisms have been proposed. However, due to the inability to evaluate the weight and role of each factor in decision-making, it is difficult to establish a computational decision-making model to solve ethical dilemmas. Therefore, entropy weighted method (EWM) and Attribute Value Weighted EWM (AVWEWM) are used to process 84 dilemmas respectively to evaluate the weight and role of each factor in decision-making, then decision-making models based on EWM and AVWEWM are constructed to make decisions during autonomous vehicle (AV) crashes respectively. Lastly, 40 dilemmas are designed to test both decision-making models. The test results indicate that both can make clear decision-making in 40 dilemmas. However, the decision-making by AVWEWM is more consistent with public opinion than EWM. In addition, according to the weight and role of each factor in decision-making, it can also provide a few references for traffic management and legal departments to formulate traffic laws and regulations for AV in the future.

Yahya Fayaz,1 Shahab Uddin Ahmadi,1 Said Ahmad Sorosh Miri2 1Department of Stomatology, Khatam AL Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan; 2Department of Prosthodontics, Khatam AL Nabieen University, Kabul, AfghanistanCorrespondence: Yahya Fayaz, Department of Stomatology, Khatam AL Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan, Tel +93 (0) 706281798, Email dr.yahyafayaz@gmail.com

Current school students, citizens of the future, will inherit urgent, complex, ethically challenging real world problems affecting social and environmental sustainability, such as anthropogenic climate change. Therefore, they must be prepared at school to understand the diverse issues underpinning anthropogenic climate change so they can make informed decisions at voting age. School teachers charged with this task, require professional ethical sensitivity contiguous to politically laden, complex topics such as climate change. This article documents the ethical dilemmas perceived by 98 final year prospective teachers in teaching about climate change, after the completion of a course on ethical professional practice. Results show three quarters of the prospective teachers in this study perceived ethical dilemmas in the context of teaching about anthropogenic climate change. They rationalised their views based on a range of professional ethical considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the steps followed by teachers working in special education field to solve ethical dilemmas, their dilemma solving styles, as well as their viewpoints regarding the dilemma situations. A total of 15 teachers, who worked in different institutions for children with special needs, participated in the study. The study employed a qualitative case study research design. The data were collected through ethical dilemma mock scenarios and structured interview questions related to them. The data were thematized using descriptive analysis under 10 headings in Ethical Codes Guidebook for Special Education Teachers. Furthermore, the results were visualized to describe participant behaviors across themes. As a result, teachers in special education field could find solutions for potential ethical dilemmas, offer suggestions for colleagues, and evaluate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical model for managers responding to a morally challenging situation is developed in the article. This model explores and examines how managers deal with paradoxes created by ethical dilemmas. To explain their strategy, the authors' model combines a moral philosophy approach -- existentialism -- with paradox theories. Starting with an emblematic situation such as a dilemma, the lens of Smith and Tushman's Paradoxical Cognition is used to develop the theoretical construct. Then, with the help of Sartre's ethics of freedom, two stages that managers pass through to find a solution are explained. Drawing on those theories, a model of ethical cognition to solve the paradoxical tension issues from ethical dilemmas is submitted. A reflexive process that includes awareness, freedom, and personal projects is combined and described. Every stage with examples of issues from the previous research of human resource managers is illustrated. This model allows people to escape those paradoxical tensions and suggests how a person articulates and creates ethical principles to handle a paradoxical conflict. Based on the in-depth interviews reanalyzed, concrete illustrations about paradoxical cognition are shown. These semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted to determine how French-Canadian HR managers make ethical decisions (respondents: 37 HR managers working in Montreal and its suburbs (Quebec, Canada); period: 2013-2017; number of questions: 16, divided into 4 sections; discourse analysis of data: using AtlasTi software). In doing so, the gap between theory and empirical with Sartre's concepts such as Awareness, Freedom, and Project is overcome. This conceptual model can be used in the individual to solve of a moral dilemma and can be most valuable for manager when they are facing some moral paradoxical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic process on ethical dilemmas experienced in prehospital resuscitation practices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 695 emergency medical services employees. A "questionnaire form" consisting of 20 questions developed by the researchers in line with the literature was used as a data collection tool. RESULTS: In the pandemic period, ethical dilemmas in deciding to perform CPR on suspected or identified COVID-19 patients have increased in 52.5% of the participants, whereas ethical dilemmas in deciding to terminate CPR have increased in 41.3%. Moreover, a statistically significant difference was found between the increasing status of the ethical dilemmas of the participants in making the decision to start CPR in EMS and terminate CPR in the COVID-19 pandemic process and the status of having a diagnosis of COVID-19, the state of having complete personal protective equipment during CPR, and the state of applying advanced airway techniques on suspected or identified COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although the COVID-19 pandemic process has increased the ethical dilemmas of emergency medical services employees in relation to CPR application, such dilemmas do not affect their decision to start or end CPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe literature extensively examines the clinical constructs of countertransference and premature termination through several theoretical orientations. It explores how countertransference is one of the most significant variables in successful therapy outcomes, and how premature termination is often an outcome of a poor therapeutic alliance stemming from the client’s insecure attachment to primary caregivers (Berg & Lundh, 2022; Westerling et al., 2019). However, few studies explore the interconnection of these two constructs and how clinicians process their countertransference when it interferes with their ability to provide effective treatment. Despite the gap in the literature, clinicians are bound to experience countertransference in their work with clients; thus, the literature must provide language to describe these experiences to lessen the feelings of guilt, shame, and uncertainty that tend to emerge through these processes. This clinical note aims to provide a review of these constructs through a case study to emphasize the clinical, ethical, and legal dilemmas clinicians encounter when they experience countertransference throughout the course of therapy. While experiences of countertransference are intimate and painful for the clinician, they are bound to happen; and it is the responsibility of the clinician to address them in the best interest of the client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I revisit my experiences during my doctoral fieldwork from the lens of a novice qualitative researcher. Initially embracing the role of narrative inquirer, I was in the midst of navigating my inquisitive journey by reexamining my personal practical knowledge as a means to confront my puzzle of practice. Six months of fieldwork allowed me to re-experience my classroom teaching practice through a pair of new eyes. As my research was ending, events took an unexpected turn, leading to the delicate issue of female teacher/lecturerstudent relationships during research fieldwork and the dilemma of deciding whether to include or ignore this so-called "uncomfortable episode" in my thesis. This article employs an autoethnographic approach to further explore the sequence of events I experienced during and after an interview session with a male research participant, as they happened. By sharing this story from an autoethnographic lens, I hope to shed some light on the implications of such an episode. The lesson learnt suggests that rigour, honesty, integrity, respect, responsibility, and reflexivity are among the principles that an ethical researcher upholds and are frequently embedded in one's own personal belief system. As such, a novice qualitative researcher should constantly embrace these values when faced with an unforeseen occurrence during research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay discusses the representations of Holocaust perpetrators in Bernhard Schlink's The Reader and Rachel Seiffert's The Dark Room. The narrator/protagonists in the two stories are thrown into ethical chaos upon realization of the multiple identities of their loved ones and they strive to gain ethical judgment by exercising reason and through different ways of education before finally taking ethical action to accept the past of their perpetrator (grand)fathers. Their experiences reveal that the second and third-generation German war descendants find diversified ways of recognizing the contradicting identities of their ancestors. The essay further argues that the writers of the two stories use similar writing strategies to sustain the basic ethical position in treating materials in relation to mass killing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undergraduate social work students are exposed to ethical and legal dilemmas during their fieldwork training. This article presents a study that examined these ethical dilemmas in an Israeli sample of undergraduate social work students. 117 students who participated in a course in ethics submitted 31 written presentations of ethical-dilemma analysis. Their oral presentations were recorded and transcribed. Using a qualitative analysis, three major themes emerged: 1. The tension between the duty to maintain client's confidentiality and its violation under certain conditions; 2. The students' conflict of loyalty toward the client vs. the organization; 3. The question of the clients' right to self-determination when, in the student's view, this is against their best interests. Our findings point to the vital role of an ethics course in the social work undergraduate curriculum that can enhance students' knowledge of specific laws relevant to the limits of confidentiality in social work and their ability to analyze ethical dilemmas as future professionals. Furthermore, it is essential to raise awareness in educators and supervisors concerning moral distress that may afflict students coping with ethical dilemmas at this early professional developmental phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults who are abused by their offspring often find it difficult to cooperate with professionals to end the abuse. In these situations, social workers face an ethical dilemma between respecting the older adult's right to autonomy and intervening in a paternalistic way to prevent harm. This qualitative study aimed to examine the effect of interpersonal factors on the decision-making ability of older adults who do not experience significant cognitive and mental decline and choose to remain in abusive relationships. Twenty-one social workers specialising in the field of aging participated in a semi-structured interview based on a vignette. The analysis was encoded inductively, informed by the principles of content analysis. Two themes emerged: (i) Older adults' feelings towards their abusive adult children, including love and concern, shame and guilt and relationships with symbiotic characteristics; (ii) Older adults' motivation to stay in the abusive relationships, based either on utilitarian motivation or on their fear of the abuser. The study's findings can serve as a foundation for the development of a tool for evaluating the influence of abusive relationships on older adults' decision-making ability, which considers not only their personal characteristics but also their interactions and relationships with their surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of moral distress, arising from value conflicts, on the health, retention, and quality of care provided by registered nurses, highlighting its association with deteriorated mental health, burnout, and psychological distress, and emphasizing the prevalence of ethical value conflicts in healthcare organizations, particularly among nurses.