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Fouling represents a major problem for Gas Turbines (GTs) in both heavy-duty and aero-propulsion applications. Solid particles entering the engine can stick to the internal surfaces and form deposits. Components' lifetime and performance can dramatically vary as a consequence of this phenomenon. These effects impact the whole engine in terms of residual life, operating stability, and maintenance costs. In the High-Pressure Turbine (HPT), in particular, the high temperatures soft the particles and promote their adhesion, especially in the short term. Unfortunately, predicting the GT response to this detrimental issue is still an open problem for scientists. Furthermore, the stochastic variations of the components operating conditions increase the uncertainty of the forecasting results. In this work, a strategy to predict the effects of turbine fouling on the whole engine is proposed. A stationary Gas Path Analysis (GPA) has been performed for this scope to predict the GT health parameters. Their alteration as a consequence of fouling has been evaluated by scaling the turbine map. The scaling factor has been found by performing Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations of a HPT nozzle with particle injection. Being its operating conditions strongly uncertain, a stochastic analysis has been conducted. The uncertainty sources considered are the circumferential hot core location and the turbulence level at the inlet. The study enables to build of confidence intervals on the GT health parameters predictions and represents a step forward towards a robust forecasting tool.

The interaction between gas turbines and airborne particles determines detrimental effects on the performance, efficiency, and reliability of the power unit. When it is possible, the interaction is reduced by the use of inlet separators and filtration systems. In an aero engine, these barriers are difficult to implement, and only bigger particles (usually greater than 10 μm) are separated from the airflow. Small units, especially those equips helicopters, are usually affected by fouling issues, especially when the aircraft is employed in harsh environments such as firefighting and rescue activities. To recover this contamination, the unit is washed after the mission by ground operations to restore the unit performance by removing the deposits. This operation occurs during a sub-idle unit operation, and the washing process has to be effective when the engine operates in this off-design condition. In this paper, the evaluation of the washing performance during a sub-idle unit operation is carried out. The compressor unit is a multistage axial compressor that equips the Allison 250-C18 engine. The washing operation was performed by water, and a sensitivity analysis is carried out to discover the capability of water droplets to remove the contaminants. The experimental analysis involves the contamination of the unit by micro-sized soot particles and a washing operation by micro-sized water droplets. These experimental results are compared to numerical simulations to discover the effects of the washing operation on a small power unit during sub-idle operating conditions. The off-design regime imposes a specific evaluation of the proper setup of the washing strategy: flow separations involve wider regions in the compressor unit, and the removal capability is strongly related to the droplet path through the stages. The results show how in the off-design washing operation, the droplet diameter has greater importance than the water flow rate for reducing the deposits over the compressor stages.

In this paper, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is carried out to investigate the performance of a single screw expander by linking its behavior with the dynamic features of the flow field. To study this aspect and other phenomena that can affect expander operation in an actual Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, in this work an approach based on the dynamic analysis of the machine operation with the use of both the overset mesh strategy and real gas modeling is showed. The expansion process is investigated to analyze both flow characteristics and machine performance during on-design operating conditions. The model aims to investigate the SSE operation without the effects of the sealing process of the lubricant oil to highlight the effects of the fluid expansion on the SSE operation. Pressure and flow patterns which resulted from this analysis depend on the design characteristics of the machine, operating conditions, and working fluid properties. The resulting output torque and isentropic efficiency are coherent with the simulated operating conditions.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an essential tool for improving the performance of positive displacement machines, which are commonly adopted in vapour compression applications. The numerical analysis of such machines is characterized by several modelling challenges. Firstly, the relative motion of the wraps and the presence of particularly small gap sizes need to be considered during the implementation of a reliable meshing strategy. In addition to that, the operating conditions are close to the saturated-vapour line, requiring a real gas equation of state for the determination of fluid thermophysical properties. In this work, a commercial scroll compressor has been simulated at three different operating conditions. The geometrical modelling, meshing strategy and compression process have been obtained thanks to a set of libraries built in OpenFOAM-v2006. The results have been compared with experimental data of the pressure evolution in the compression chambers. Furthermore, a complete fluid flow analysis is presented to assess the capabilities of the developed tool when applied to a compressor operating with R410a.

The adoption of positive displacement machines as expanders in Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) is increasingly common, especially in the low to medium power range. At the same time, these devices often serve as compressor in Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems. In both cases, the application of Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to optimize such machines has become an integrated tool in the design process. As a consequence, several challenges associated with the numerical simulation have to be taken into account. For example, the modeling of the gap represents a challenge for the stability of the numerical analysis. The dynamic of the process, combined with deformations of the clearances and of the working chamber has to be considered with extra care. To raise the efficiency of the machine, oil is typically injected. Its numerical modeling imply an extra challenge in the simulation of the actual operation of the machine. The present work is mainly focused on the multi-phase nature of the flow, with a particular analysis of the lubricant oil injected. In this work, a two-lobe Roots blower operated as expander has been simulated with the open-source software OpenFOAM-v1812, using the SCORG-V5.2.2. This analysis highlights the areas that are affected the most by the oil presence in order to highlight the sealing effect it provides

Micro-ORC systems are usually equipped with positive displacement machines such as expanders and pumps. The pumping system has to guarantee the mass flow rate and allows a pressure rise from the condensation to the evaporation pressure values. In addition, the pumping system supplies the organic fluid, characterized by pressure and temperature very close to the saturation. In this work, a CFD approach is developed to analyze from a novel point of view the behavior of the pumping system of a regenerative lab-scale micro-ORC system. In fact, starting from the liquid receiver, the entire flow path, up to the inlet section of the evaporator, has been numerically simulated (including the Coriolis flow meter installed between the receiver and the gear pump). A fluid dynamic analysis has been carried out by means of a transient simulation with a mesh morphing strategy in order to analyze the transient phenomena and the effects of pump operation. The analysis has shown how the accuracy of the mass flow rate measurement could be affected by the pump operation being installed in the same circuit branch. In addition, the results have shown how the cavitation phenomenon affects the pump and the ORC system operation compared to control system actions.

Positive displacement (PD) machines are widely used in several applications such as in vapor and power generation systems. Nevertheless, their design is still based on standard approaches mainly driven by thermodynamic analysis and theoretical correlations. Geometrical details influence on the machine performance is often neglected. Because of this, PD machines hydraulic efficiency has not really been improved. The present work shows an innovative design strategy aimed at maximizing the machine efficiency by topology optimization. The geometry of a scroll compressor has been parametrized. The parameters were optimized with a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based procedure integrated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to achieve the maximum efficiency. In order to better understand the influence of these parameters on machine performances, a Design of Experiment (DOE) approach was also used. Afterward an Uncertainty Quantification framework is applied to the compressor to identify the reliability of the optimal design subject to geometrical variations. Among all the investigated parameters, the most important seem to be the high-pressure port shape and size. Performance are highly affected also by the number of coils which defines the built-it compression ratio.

The spread of the organic rankine cycle applications has driven researchers and companies to focus on the improvement of their performance. In small to medium-sized plants, the expander is the component that has typically attracted the most attention. One of the most used types of machine in this scenario is the scroll. Among the other methods, numerical analyses have been increasingly exploited for the investigation of the machine’s behaviour. Nonetheless, there are major challenges for the successful application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to scrolls. Specifically, the dynamic mesh treatment required to capture the movement of working chambers and the nature of the expanding fluids require special care. In this work, a mesh generator for scroll machines is presented. Given few inputs, the software described provides the mesh and the nodal positions required for the evolution of the motion in a predefined mesh motion approach. The mesh generator is developed ad hoc for the coupling with the open-source CFD suite OpenFOAM. A full analysis is then carried out on a reverse-engineered commercial machine, including the refrigerant properties calculations via CoolProp. It is demonstrated that the proposed methodology allows for a fast simulation and achieves a good agreement with respect to former analyses.

Over the last decade, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been increasingly applied for the design and analysis of positive displacement machines employed in vapor compression and power generation applications. Particularly, single-screw and twin-screw machines have received attention from the researchers, leading to the development and application of increasingly efficient techniques for their numerical simulation. Modeling the operation of such machines including the dynamics of the compression (or expansion) process and the deforming working chambers is particularly challenging. The relative motion of the rotors and the variation of the gaps during machine operation are a few of the major numerical challenges towards the implementation of reliable CFD models. Moreover, evaluating the thermophysical properties of real gases represents an additional challenge to be addressed. Special care must be given to defining equation of states or generating tables and computing the thermodynamic properties. Among several CFD suite available, the open-source OpenFOAM tool OpenFOAM, is regarded as a reliable and accurate software for carrying out CFD analyses. In this paper, the dynamic meshing techniques available within the software as well as new libraries implemented for expanding the functionalities of the software are presented. The simulation of both a single-screw and a twin-screw machine is described and results are discussed. Specifically, for the single-screw expander case, the geometry will be released as open-access for the entire community. Besides, the real gas modeling possibilities implemented in the software will be described and the CoolProp thermophysical library integration will be presented.

The effects of reversible cooling of the dorsal column nuclei on the peripheral responsiveness of 55 specific somatosensory neurons (24 of which were identified as relay cells) belonging to the forepaw focus of the ventralis posterolateralis nucleus of the cat thalamus were studied. The effectiveness of cooling was checked for each unit by observing the disappearance of its responsiveness to dorsal column stimulation. The neurons were isolated from locally anesthetized preparations (17 units), as well as from animals anesthetized with chloralose (21 units) or Nembutal (17 units). Fifteen cells (six from locally anesthetized and nine from chloralose-treated cats) were seen to retain their peripheral responsiveness in spite of the dorsal column nucleus transmission blockade. The area and location of receptive fields showed no changes in 10 such units and exhibited small enlargements and/or displacements in the remaining 5 (3 from locally anesthetized and 2 from chloralose-treated cats). In locally anesthetized preparations, intravenous injections of chloralose administered after removal of the cold block produced the same effects as those seen during cooling on the three units that exhibited enlargements of their receptive fields. The evidence points to a similar mechanism explaining the “unmasking” effects of chloralose and of dorsal column nuclei transmission blockade. Disinhibition of a redundant specific pathway converging on a fraction of thalamocortical relay cells might be suggested. Such a redundant pathway is tentatively identified with the spinocervicothalamic tract.

Using isolated frog spinal cords, treated with pentobarbital to silence internuncial discharge, intracellular recordings from motor neurons reveal differences in dendritically initiated EPSP evoked by dorsal root stimulation and somatically initiated EPSP evoked by lateral column stimulation. Under these conditions, dorsal root EPSP never reached motor neuron threshold whereas threshold was easily reached by lateral column EPSP. EPSP's initiated by dorsal root volleys were slower in their time course and smaller in their amplitude than those initiated by lateral column volleys. EPSP's initiated by lateral column volleys reduced the amplitude of antidromic spikes, while those produced by dorsal root stimulation did not. Lateral column induced EPSP was also capable of reducing the amplitude of orthodromic spikes. Some observations on duration of transmitter action are reported. It is concluded that dendritic excitation following a dorsal root volley influences the level of polarization of the cell body by electrotonic propagation of the resulting EPSP.