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Eucalyptus camaldulensis is a multifunctional tree and is globally used for the reclamation of problematic lands. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is prone to attack by a number of pathogens, but the most important threat is the Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). Keeping in view the importance of E. camaldulensis and to manage this disease, five plant activators, i.e., salicylic acid (C7H6O3), benzoic acid (C7H6O2), citric acid (C6H8O7), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and nutritional mixture namely Compound (NPK) and nutriotop (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn) were evaluated in the Fusarium infested field under RCBD in the Research Area, Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF). Among plant activators, salicylic acid and a combination of compound + nutriotop exhibited the lowest disease incidence and enhanced fresh and dry weight of leaves compared to other treatments and control. Results of the environmental study indicated maximum disease incidence between 35-40 °C (max. T), 6-25 °C (mini. T), 70-80% relative humidity and 1.5-2.5 km/h wind speed while pan evaporation expressed weak correlation with disease development. It was concluded that Fusarium wilt of Eucalyptus camaldulensis could be managed through activation of the basal defense system of the host plant with provision of salicylic acid and balanced nutrition by considering environmental factors. Recent exploration is expected to be helpful for future research efforts on epidemiology and ecologically sound intervention of Fusarium wilt of Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

Leaf area varies within and between species, and previous work has linked this variation to environment and evolutionary history. However, many previous studies fail to examine both these factors and often are data‐limited.To address this, our study developed a new workflow using machine learning to automate the extraction of leaf area from herbarium collections of Australian eucalypts (Eucalyptus, Angophora and Corymbia). This dataset included 136,599 measurements, expanding existing data on this taxon's leaf area by roughly 50‐fold. Our methods were validated using field standard metrics of accuracy, and comparisons to manual measurements both from the present study and existing datasets.With this dataset for the eucalypt clade, we observed positive relationships between leaf area and mean annual temperature and precipitation similar to those reported for the global flora. However, these relationships were not consistently observed within species, potentially due to gene flow suppressing local adaptation. When we examined these relationships at different phylogenetic levels, the slope of trait–climate associations within lineages converged towards the overall eucalypt slope at shallow phylogenetic scales (5–12 MY), suggesting that effects of gene flow relax just above the species level.The strengthening of trait–climate correlations at evolutionary scales just beyond the intraspecific level may represent a widespread phenomenon across various traits and taxa. Future studies can unveil these relationships with the larger sample sizes of new trait datasets generated through machine learning.Synthesis. Using machine learning, researchers are able to confirm current positive global relationships between leaf area and mean annual temperature and precipitation. Additionally, they were able to take this a step further and examine how it changes across time. Here they saw that at roughly 5–12 million years ago in the phylogenetic tree, the trait–climate slope begins to show significantly less variation. Overall, the study shows the potential of machine learning in ecology, with exciting new potential findings with its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variability in Eucalyptus wood density and chemical properties is crucial to understanding important factors for the forest-based industry, such as sampling methods and wood suitability as raw material. This study aimed to evaluate the basic density and chemical composition of the radial positions of young wood from the Eucalyptus urophylla clone grown under different precipitation levels. Trees from E. urophylla clonal plantations were collected in Inhambupe, Jandaíra and Itanagra, Bahia State, Brazil. Trees' basic density and chemical composition (total extractive, lignin, hemicelluloses and α-cellulose) were determined based on the basal log of each tree, at four radial positions (1, 2, 3 and 4). It was found that the basic density and α-cellulose of wood are influenced by the cambial age and the site rainfall. There was greater increase in sections close to the bark (positions 1 and 4) and in more humid environments (sites Itanagra and Jandaríra). This finding highlights the association between wood basic density and chemical composition, mainly in the holocellulose content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Xylan is one of the major hemicelluloses in plant cell walls and its xylosyl backbone is often decorated at O‐2 with glucuronic acid (GlcA) and/or methylglucuronic acid (MeGlcA) residues. The GlcA/MeGlcA side chains may be further substituted with 2‐O‐arabinopyranose (Arap) or 2‐O‐galactopyranose (Gal) residues in some plant species, but the enzymes responsible for these substitutions remain unknown. During our endeavor to investigate the enzymatic activities of Arabidopsis MUR3‐clade members of the GT47 glycosyltransferase family, we found that one of them was able to transfer Arap from UDP‐Arap onto O‐2 of GlcA side chains of xylan, and thus it was named xylan 2‐O‐arabinopyranosyltransferase 1 (AtXAPT1). The function of AtXAPT1 was verified in planta by its T‐DNA knockout mutation showing a loss of the Arap substitution on xylan GlcA side chains. Further biochemical characterization of XAPT close homologs from other plant species demonstrated that while the poplar ones had the same catalytic activity as AtXAPT1, those from Eucalyptus, lemon‐scented gum, sea apple, 'Ohi'a lehua, duckweed and purple yam were capable of catalyzing both 2‐O‐Arap and 2‐O‐Gal substitutions of xylan GlcA side chains albeit with differential activities. Sequential reactions with XAPTs and glucuronoxylan methyltransferase 3 (GXM3) showed that XAPTs acted poorly on MeGlcA side chains, whereas GXM3 could efficiently methylate arabinosylated or galactosylated GlcA side chains of xylan. Furthermore, molecular docking and site‐directed mutagenesis analyses of Eucalyptus XAPT1 revealed critical roles of several amino acid residues at the putative active site in its activity. Together, these findings establish that XAPTs residing in the MUR3 clade of family GT47 are responsible for 2‐O‐arabinopyranosylation and 2‐O‐galactosylation of GlcA side chains of xylan. Significance Statement: Xylan is one of the major hemicelluloses in plant cell walls and its GlcA side chains may be further substituted with 2‐O‐Arap or 2‐O‐Gal residues. We have uncovered the functions of a subgroup of MUR3‐clade GT47 members in catalyzing the transfer of 2‐O‐Arap and/or 2‐O‐Gal onto GlcA side chains of xylan, which expands our understanding of glycosyltransferases involved in xylan substitutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus spp. in plantations are negatively affected by canker and wilt diseases caused by several species of Ceratocystis , particularly those in the Latin American Clade (LAC). Ceratocystis eucalypticola and Ceratocystis manginecans are of particular concern where disease epidemics are reported globally, with recent outbreaks emerging in South African and Indonesian Eucalyptus plantations. Consequently, a rapid screening protocol is required for these pathogens. In this study, a high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRMA) was developed to detect C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans that bypasses time-consuming isolation and post-PCR procedures. Primers targeting a 172 bp region of the cerato-platanin (CP) gene were designed. Using these primers, the accuracy of HRMA to detect and distinguish between these two LAC species was assessed using pure fungal DNA, and DNA extracted directly from Eucalyptus samples naturally infected with C. eucalypticola. The assay accurately detected the presence of C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans and quantifies their DNA, both from cultures, and directly from wood samples. HRMA further differentiated these two species from all other tested LAC individuals. This assay was also able to detect the presence of all the tested LAC species and distinguish seven of these, including C. fimbriata, to species level. Ceratocystis polyconidia was the only non-LAC off-target species detected. Based on these results, the developed assay can be used to rapidly identify C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans directly from infected plant material or fungal cultures, with the potential to also screen for several other LAC species. • Rapid diagnostic assay to detect and differentiate C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans in the form of a qPCR-HRMA assay. • The assay can identify C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans from fungal cultures or directly from infected plant material. • The assay shows the potential to be used for other species in the LAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calonectria leaf blight (CLB) is one of the best-known diseases of Eucalyptus spp., particularly in Asia and South America. Recently, typical symptoms of leaf and shoot blight caused by Calonectria spp. Were observed in a Eucalyptus plantation in the YunNan Province of southwestern China. Isolations were made from diseased leaves and top soil collected below the diseased trees to determine the causal agent of the disease and to consider the distribution characteristics of the Calonectria species. This resulted in 417 isolates, of which 228 were from leaves and 189 were from soil. Based on comparisons of DNA sequences for the act (actin), cmdA (calmodulin), his3 (histone H3), rpb2 (the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase), tef1 (translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and tub2 (β-tubulin) gene regions, as well as morphological characteristics, 11 Calonectria species were identified. These included Calonectria aciculata (0.7 %), Ca. colhounii (1.2 %), Ca. eucalypti (10.6 %) and Ca. honghensis (43.2 %) in the Ca. colhounii species complex, and Ca. aconidialis (15.3 %), Ca. asiatica (9.8 %), Ca. hongkongensis (1.0 %), Ca. ilicicola (6.0 %), Ca. kyotensis (0.5 %), and Ca. yunnanensis (11.3 %) in the Ca. kyotensis species complex. In addition, a novel species, accounting for 0.5 % of the isolates, was discovered and is described here as Ca. dianii sp. nov. in the Ca colhounii species complex. Most (99.1 %) of the isolates collected from the leaves resided in the Ca. colhounii species complex and a majority (95.8 %) of those from the soils were in Ca. kyotensis species complex. These results suggest that Calonectria spp. in the Ca. colhounii species complex infecting leaves might be adapted to that niche and that those in the Ca. kyotensis species complex are better adapted to a soil habitat. Calonectria leaf blight (CLB) is one of the best-known diseases of Eucalyptus spp., particularly in Asia and South America. A large number of Calonectria isolates were obtained from diseased leaves and soil samples collected from below the infected Eucalyptus trees in one plantation in China. A rich Calonectria diversity in the sampled Eucalyptus plantation were revealed. There were clear differences in species diversity and distribution relating to either the leaf or soil environments where they were found. It is becoming increasingly apparent that some species are predominantly soil inhabitants and different to those that cause plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallholder farmers are increasingly planting eucalyptus trees as an important farm product in many rural areas of Ethiopia including the study area - Gurage Zone. This study analyzed the contribution of eucalyptus trees to rural households' livelihood and factors that influence the share of land allocated to eucalyptus by smallholder farmers in the study area. The study mainly used household survey, key informant interviews as well as Focus Group Discussions to generate the required data for the study. The descriptive analysis indicated that eucalyptus tree is an important farm product as a source of households' energy in addition to other economic and social benefits. In addition to being the most reliable source of finance during times of emergency, it was found to contribute almost 31% of total annual household income. Furthermore, the fraction logit estimation indicated factors such as total household income, household heads' perception towards eucalyptus trees, livestock holdings as well as distance from main roads to be important factors in determining the share of land allocated to eucalyptus trees. We recommend government officials and experts to assist smallholder farmers to use rural land in the most sustainable way by developing and implementing appropriate land use policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes have gained much of the textile dyeing market by offering various colors. Synthetic dyes have been a worry for the environment owing to their hazardous nature running in parallel. In recent decades, there has been a movement to substitute natural compounds due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological advantages. This study investigated using Millettia Laurentii sawdust as a natural colorant source. Ecofriendly metal salts (aluminium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and copper sulfate) under ecologically permitted concentration levels and biomordants (tannic acid, pine bark, oak fruit hull, and eucalyptus leaves) were used to broaden the color range (CIEL*a*b*C*ho and K/S) with significant improvements in the fastness attributes (washing, rubbing, and light) and UV protection properties. Fastness results were found in the commercially acceptable range. All the metal salts provided enhanced color yields with a maximum performance by iron and the corresponding ironbiomordant combinations (iron/pine bark and iron/oak fruit hull). Among the biomordants, pine bark extract provided better performance and higher color depth (9.16) than other biomordants. The findings of this research work showed a significant influence of metal salts and biomordants in combination with Millettia Laurentii sawdust (supposed to be a waste) for enhancing the color characteristics and functional attributes of wool yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nightjars of the Caprimulgus macrurus complex are distributed from Pakistan to Australia and comprise six morphologically similar but vocally distinct species. Fieldwork on Timor and Wetar, Lesser Sunda Islands, has resulted in the discovery of a seventh species in the complex, which we describe as a new species. This species has previously been confused with Caprimulgus macrurus, Caprimulgus celebensis and Caprimulgus manillensis but it differs from these and all other species in the complex by at least 13 vocal characters. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified all recordings in the complex to species. Caprimulgus ritae is known from five adult museum specimens, which are the smallest in the complex and which differ from other species in the complex in several morphological characters. A molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. ritae is sister to C. meesi from Flores and Sumba, and that these species together are sister to C. macrurus. C. ritae is a tropical forest specialist occurring from sea level to at least 1500 m (probably mostly below 1000 m). Lowland and montane forests on Timor are threatened. Wetar is one of the least developed islands in Indonesia, and retains >95% natural vegetation, dominated by Eucalyptus woodlands, with tropical forests in river gorges and slopes in upland areas. Pressure for development is accelerating throughout the range of C. ritae, and a detailed assessment of its conservation status is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive introductions of Eucalyptus germplasm to Brazil in the last 50 years, relatively little is known about the genetic diversity within current breeding programs, particularly for non-mainstream species. A prime example is Eucalyptus benthamii, a subtropical species with a restricted natural range, endangered due to anthropogenic population fragmentation. We used microsatellite markers to reconstruct the pedigrees and estimate diversity within the two most representative pools of E. benthamii germplasm managed in separate, commercial Brazilian breeding populations. The analysis, together with evidence from Australian Tree Seed Centre (ATSC), historical germplasm export data confirmed that the genetic diversity within the two populations is modest. In the two breeding populations, the estimated status number was in the range of 8.5–22.0 per population considering marker-based co-ancestry. Extensive close relatedness and family structure were identified within and across the two populations, confirming that they share a high proportion of founder ancestors. This is likely a result of the narrow genetic base of the initial introductions and subsequent directional selection and breeding. With the increasing importance of E. benthamii in Brazilian plantation forestry, and as further breeding will likely reduce the status number, our study highlights the need for infusions to augment the existing genetic diversity. Complementary to sourcing infusions, implementing breeding strategies that take advantage of the marker-based information reported in this study to carefully manage the pedigree should help to minimise inbreeding. Exchanging unrelated individuals between the two Brazilian breeding populations would also be advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aotearoa New Zealand's swamp forests have experienced significant habitat loss in fewer than two hundred years. Many of the country's tree species are endemic with sparse to no genetic information available to underpin conservation strategies. Syzygium maire, Aotearoa's only endemic Syzygium species, is a culturally and ecologically important component of swamp forest habitats. Unfortunately, populations of S. maire have been greatly reduced, heavily fragmented and are susceptible to the emergent pathogen Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust), posing eminent danger of a further decline of the species. We sought to develop genomic resources to inform conservation management of S. maire. To this end, we used long read, high accuracy sequencing technology to produce a highly complete reference quality genome for S. maire. The genome sequence was named 'Ngā Hua o te Ia Whenua' by the local Māori tribe where the tree used for genome sequencing grows. We assess whether genome-level divergence with other Myrtaceae may have followed geographic isolation of the species. We detect conservation of large scale synteny between three Syzygium species and Eucalyptus grandis, providing support for the stability of Syzygium genomes across evolutionary time. We annotate genes implicated in fungal pathogen defence, identifying several hundred putative NLR genes, including putative homologs of previously identified Austropuccinia psidii resistance genes. Finally, we evaluate the genetic relationships of individuals of a small, isolated population of trees. We find evidence of high levels of kinship and inbreeding within small and isolated S. maire populations, informing local-scale conservation strategies for the species. Our findings enable practical conservation actions and provide resources for larger scale studies of S. maire and other Syzygium species in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fossil pinnate palm leaves (Arecaceae, subfam. Arecoideae) are described from the Eocene or Miocene Island Lagoon fossil site near Woomera in the arid zone of South Australia. These leaves are described as a new species, Phoenicites insula-lacuna and shown to share morphological similarities to the extant genus Archontophoenix (subtr. Archontophoenicinae), endemic to eastern Australia. This fossil record constitutes a significant temporal and geographic range extension for Archontophoenicinae and likely Archontophoenix. The presence in Australia of Archontophoenicinae as early as the Eocene or more likely Miocene, is in accordance with molecular analyses that propose dispersal of this clade into Australia from New Guinea, with subsequent dispersal from Australia to New Caledonia and divergence of the Archontophoenix and Chambeyronia lineages during this interval of time. Previously reported co-occurring myrtaceous woody fruits from Island Lagoon and proximal-coeval silcrete floras previously referred to Angophora, Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Melaleuca and fossils of other sclerophyllous taxa such as Banksia are consistent with this palm being part of a landscape mosaic with riparian rainforest that included mesic plants growing within wider sclerophyllous forest or woodland vegetation comparable to the eastern coastal zone of modern-day Australia and the modern range of Archontophoenix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylene blue (MB) is a prevalent pollutant in organic wastewater. For this research, eucalyptus wood was used as a template, into which quartz powder dissolved in NaOH was grown, resulting in a low-cost and efficient porous silica adsorbent material (PSAM). This PSAM successfully replaces expensive materials for MB removal from water. Through the application of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, it became evident that PSAM displays a porous slit pore structure characterized by numerous active sites, leading to an impressive maximum specific surface area of 88.05 m²/g. The central objective of this research was to investigate the impact of experimental temperature, initial dye concentration, and pH on the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, as well as the Langmuir model. Remarkably, PSAM exhibited a substantial maximum adsorption capacity of 90.01 mg/g at 293 K, achieving an adsorption rate of over 85% within a mere 10-minute timeframe. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption of MB onto PSAM was characterized by spontaneity and accompanied by heat absorption. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and SEM comparisons of PSAM before and after adsorption indicated that MB adsorption primarily occurred through electrostatic gravitational binding. In comparison to other adsorbents, PSAM exhibited exceptional efficacy in removing MB from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tensile perpendicular to grain is an important mechanical property in the design of joints in timber structures. However, according to the standards, this strength can be determined using at least two different methods: uniaxial tensile and three-point static bending. In this context, the present paper aims to investigate the influence of these test methods on the determination of tensile strength perpendicular to grain of wood used in civil construction timber. Three wood species from Brazilian planted forests (Pinus spp., Eucalyptus saligna, and Corymbia citriodora) were used in this investigation. Twelve specimens of each species were used for each test method investigated. Moreover, a statistical analysis was performed to propose an adjustment to the equation of the Code of International Organization for Standardization 13910:2014 for the three-point bending test. Tensile strength values perpendicular to grain obtained from the uniaxial tensile test were significantly higher than those determined by the three-point bending test. It is proposed that the tensile strength perpendicular to grain can be determined more precisely with adoption of coefficient 5.233 in the term [(3.75·Fult)/b·Lh] of the equation specified by the Code of International Organization for Standardization 13910:2014 for the three-point bending test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need for sustainable and eco-friendly materials to drive innovation in the ever-evolving paper industry in producing high-quality paper. Conventional approaches use woody fibers for their better paper-forming properties and strength. However, with an increase in population and a ban on single-use plastics, a need exists to produce more paper at economical prices. This research aims to minimize the use of woody fibers in papermaking by blending miscanthus (non-woody) pulp in eucalyptus (woody) pulp, thereby achieving similar paper properties as virgin pulp. Cationic starch and sodium alginate were electrostatically deposited on fibers to enhance the strength of the paper produced. The addition of cationic starch and sodium alginate increased the water retention value while the freeness in terms of °SR remained constant. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of cationic starch and alginate which reduced the carboxyl peaks on bonding with hydroxyl groups of cellulose fibers. The developed paper sheets made from pulp blend after adding cationic starch and alginate were more remarkable than those made from virgin eucalyptus pulp in terms of mechanical properties, justifying their application in the packaging sector. Moreover, the handsheets were completely recyclable without any micro-stickies or flocs. The developed paper can be a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for reducing the utilization of wood fibers in papermaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a significant focus on enhancing the overall quality of gluten-free breads by incorporating natural and healthy compounds to meet consumer expectations regarding texture, flavor, and nutritional value. Considering the high glycemic index associated with gluten-free products, the use of honey, renowned for its numerous health benefits, may serve as an optimal alternative to sucrose. This study investigates the impact of substituting sucrose, either partially (50%) or entirely (100%), with five Sardinian honeys (commercial multifloral honey, cardoon, eucalyptus, and strawberry tree unifloral honeys, and eucalyptus honeydew honey), on the rheological properties of the doughs and the physico-chemical and technological properties of the resulting gluten-free breads. The results demonstrated that an optimal balance was achieved between the leavening and viscoelastic properties of the doughs and the physical and textural attributes of the resulting breads in gluten-free samples prepared with a partial substitution of cardoon and multifloral honeys. Conversely, the least favorable outcomes were observed in samples prepared with strawberry tree honey and eucalyptus honeydew honey at both substitution levels. Therefore, the different behavior observed among all honey-enriched gluten-free breads was likely attributable to the distinct botanical origins of honey rather than to the substitution percentages employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using aqueous extracts of five plants viz., Ocimum americanum, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus hybrida, Zingiber officinale were evaluated for their antifungal property against Penicillium digitatum, a green mould pathogen of citrus fruits. The five plant species were selected from a screening of aqueous extracts from 16 plant species. The efficacy of aqueous extracts, at 50 % concentration, ranged from 14.44–68.52 % inhibition in mycelia growth of P. digitatum. Among SNPs, O. americanum was found most efficacious, at 1000 ppm concentration, with 80.7 % mycelial inhibition followed by A. indica with 77.4 % mycelial growth inhibition of fungal pathogen. Further, physical and structural characterization of SNPs of O. americanum and A. indica was carried out. The characterization analysis executed via transmission and scanning electron microscope revealed size distribution and nanoparticles were spherical to irregularly shaped ranging from 22.8–250 nm in O. americanum and 26.5–500 nm in A. indica. In UV‐visible spectrophotometer, the absolute absorption peak was recorded at 448 nm and 442 nm for O. americanum and A. indica, respectively. FTIR analysis of SNPs of A. indica and O. americanum confirmed the presence of carboxyl, amide group and secondary amines which were the main constituent of proteins. The novelty of the present study is in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with potential in the management of postharvest pathogens of fruit crops. The synthesis of SNPs used in this study is simple, environmentally benign and cost‐effective using aqueous extract of native plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SQUAMOSA promoter‐binding protein‐like (SPL) gene family, a group of plant‐specific transcription factors, played crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, signal transduction, and stress response. This study focuses on the SPL gene family in the fast‐growing Eucalyptus grandis, employing bioinformatics approaches to identify and analyze the gene physiochemical characteristics, conserved domains, structural composition, chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, cis‐acting elements, and their expression patterns in various tissues and stress treatments. Twenty‐three SPL genes were identified in E. grandis, which uneven distributed across seven chromosomes and classified into five groups. Prediction of cis‐acting elements revealed that these genes might be related to light, hormone, and stress responses. Furthermore, EgSPL9 and EgSPL23, mainly expressed in the stem apex and lateral branches, seem to be involved in hormone stress resistance. Our study provides insights into the potential functions of the EgSPL genes in plant growth, stress response, and hormone transduction, offering valuable perspectives for subsequent research into their biological roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Monolignol serves as the building blocks to constitute lignin, the second abundant polymer on Earth. Despite two decades of diligent efforts, complete identification of all metabolites in the currently proposed monolignol biosynthesis pathway has proven elusive. This limitation also hampers their potential application. One of the primary obstacles is the challenge of assembling a collection of all molecules, because many are commercially unavailable or prohibitively costly. In this study, we established systematic pipelines to synthesize all 24 molecules through the conversions between functional groups on a core structure followed by the application to other core structures. We successfully identified all of them in Populus trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis, two representative species respectively from malpighiales and myrtales in angiosperms. Knowledge about monolignol metabolite chemosynthesis and identification will form the foundation for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: China is one of the countries in the world most seriously affected by typhoons, which pose a great threat to the eucalyptus plantation industry. However, few studies have comprehensively accounted for the impact of key traits on the wind damage/resistance of eucalyptus. Methods: To identify the key factors affecting the wind resistance of eucalyptus, 20 eucalyptus genotypes were selected; a total of 18 traits, including the wind damage index, growth traits, and wood traits, were measured, and the wind resistance was determined via the tree-pulling test. Results: Correlation, principal component, canonical correlation, and path analyses were performed to evaluate these traits. Correlation analysis revealed that the wind resistance of eucalyptus plants was related to the tree height, volume, and duration of stress wave propagation. Principal components and tree-pulling variables were further used for correlation and path analyses. Canonical correlation analysis and the PA-OV model showed that holocellulose and lignin contents and fiber width, as well as growth traits, were important factors affecting the stability of standing trees under typhoon conditions. The key traits influencing the wind resistance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, which may provide a reference for evaluating the wind resistance of Eucalyptus varieties for forest management, were identified. Conclusion: This study provides a knowledge base for forest management and planning in typhoon-prone coastal areas, and provides a theoretical basis for the breeding and genetically improving eucalyptus stocks based on wind resistance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative biomass for energy can reduce fossil fuel use and environmental impacts, providing energy security in semi-arid areas with shallow soils that are not ideal for agro-forestry. The densification of sorghum biomass (SB) brings its energetic characteristics closer those of wood. Higher heating value (HHV) represents the heat produced by a given quantity of fuel. This Brazilian research tested different mixtures of SB, eucalyptus wood (W), and eucalyptus bio-oil (Bo) as briquettes for HHV and least ash. Compressed mixtures of SB+B were compared to W+Bo and SB+W+Bo. The concentrations of bio-oil added to SB/W were 1%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. SB+W+Bo composites' W content was 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, with Bo as 3% of the weight. Sorghum biomass' HHV is equivalent to W at 3%Bo. Bo doses of 4% and 5% had the same HHV as 3%. Eucalyptus wood did not have a significantly greater HHV with any amount of Bo. SB+W+3%Bo had the same HHV as W when W was at least 50% of the mixture. At greater than 36%W, the ash content was lower than 3%, meeting the EN-B international standard. The optimal composite mixture was 64%SB+36%W+3%Bo for HHV and ash content. SB briquettes can be more widely adopted given sorghum's prevalence in semi-arid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasion by invasive alien plants is a global challenge and South Africa has invested billions of Rands to manage invaders through the Working for Water programme. However, regular monitoring after alien plant clearing is hardly done, yet it forms the basis for assessing clearing programme effectiveness, particularly ecosystem recovery trajectories. I monitored both vegetation and soil recovery 6 years after Eucalyptus grandis clearing by Working for Water at Zvakanaka Farm in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Vegetation diversity and soil physical properties were surveyed in 2019 and re‐surveyed in 2022 on fell‐and‐removal and fell‐and‐stackburn cleared treatments and compared to the nearby uninvaded treatment. Results show a significant increase in species richness in 2022 compared to 2019 in the fell‐and‐removal treatment. Cover of both native trees and shrubs as well as forbs was significantly higher in 2022 compared to 2019 in the fell‐and‐removal treatment compared to the fell‐and‐stackburn treatment. Most secondary invaders such as Acacia mearnsii, E. cloeziana, Lantana camara and Rubus rigidus that frequently occurred in 2019 showed decreased occurrence in 2022 on both cleared treatments. Between the two sampling years, soil compaction improved on the fell‐and‐removal treatment only, whereas hydraulic conductivity increased significantly in 2022 compared to 2019 in both the fell‐and‐removal and fell‐and‐stackburn treatments. Soils that were strongly and severely repellent in 2019 in the fell‐and‐stackburn treatment were becoming slightly repellent in 2022. These results show varied vegetation and soil improvements between 2019 and 2022 in both the fell‐and‐removal and fell‐and‐stackburn cleared treatments an indication that recovery is moving towards a positive vegetation and soil recovery trajectory in the direction of the uninvaded treatment. Recommendations for successful passive restoration such as secondary invasion follow‐up clearing are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yield data represent a valuable layer for supporting decision-making as they reflect crop management results. Forestry decision-makers often rely on coarse spatial resolution data (e.g., forest inventory plots) despite the availability of modern harvesters that can provide high-resolution forestry yield data. The objectives of this study were to present a method for generating high-resolution Eucalyptus grandis yield data (individual tree-level) and explore their applications, such as correlation analysis with soil attributes to aid nutrient recommendations. Two evaluations were conducted at two sites in Brazil: (a) assessing the positioning accuracy of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver positioning, and (b) analyzing the yield data and their correlation with the soil attributes. The results indicated that positioning the GNSS receiver at the harvesting head provided higher accuracy than placement at the top of the harvester cabin for individual tree-level data. Reliable yield data were generated despite the GNSS receiver's increased susceptibility to damage when mounted on a harvest head. The linear correlation analysis between the Eucalyptus grandis yield data and soil attributes showed both negative (Clay, B, S, coarse sand, and potential acidity − H + Al) and positive correlations (K, Mg, pH-SMP, Ca, sum of bases, pH, base saturation, fine sand, total sand, and silt content). This study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution yield data at the individual tree-level and their correlation with soil attributes, providing valuable insights for improving forestry decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest microclimate shapes many aspects of forest functioning, including plant regeneration and wildfire occurrence. In complex landscapes with varying terrain, the forest microclimate varies at fine spatial scales (10–100 m2). However, accurately mapping this variation remains challenging. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is an important microclimatic variable for plant growth and fire activity, yet few studies have specifically focused on downscaling VPD. The aim of this study was to examine the drivers of in-forest VPD in temperate eucalypt forests and develop a model to predict in-forest VPD. We use microclimate data from 37 in-forest weather stations, installed across an aridity gradient in southeastern Australia. We used linear mixed models within an information theoretic approach to develop a predictive model for daily maximum in-forest VPD using open VPD and topographic variables. The highest-ranked model included fundamental topographic drivers of vegetation structure and microclimate in forested landscapes: aspect, elevation, and slope, in addition to open VPD. The model had high accuracy when tested against independent data. We used this model to map fine-scale (30 m2, daily) maximum in-forest VPD across a topographically complex case study landscape. Predicted in-forest VPD showed considerable spatial and temporal variations not captured by coarse-scale open VPD. This represents a significant advancement in our ability to model microclimatic conditions in temperate eucalypt forests and has the potential to advance our understanding of how ecosystem processes vary at fine spatial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is an abiotic factor limiting plant fitness and therefore forest crop productivity, and salt-affected areas have been expanding throughout the world. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can improve the salt tolerance of woody plants, including Eucalyptus species To screen for salt-resistant Pisolithus albus (PA) isolates, 16 PA isolates were cultivated on modified Melin-Norkrans agar containing NaCl at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30 dS m−1. The P. albus isolate PA33 had the greatest salt resistance under 10 and 20 dS m−1 NaCl, which are soil salinity levels in salt-affected areas of Thailand. We studied the effect of PA33 on Eucalyptus camaldulensis × E. pellita cuttings under salt stress (0 and 16 dS m−1) for 1 month. PA enhanced the growth of the Eucalyptus seedlings, as indicated by higher relative growth rates in height and root collar diameter of inoculated seedlings compared with non-inoculated seedlings. Moreover, the inoculated seedlings had less cell damage from NaCl, as indicated by significantly lesser leaf thickness and electrolyte leakage than the controls. These findings could lead to practices conferring socioeconomic and environmental benefits, as abandoned salt-affected areas could be reclaimed using such Eucalyptus seedlings inoculated with salt-tolerant ECM fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study investigated the volatile and sensory profiles and antioxidant activity of 1,8‐cineole type Niaouli essential oil from Madagascar for which limited information is reported in literature. The volatile compounds were identified by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and semi‐quantitative results were obtained by Gas chromatography with a flame‐ionisation detector; the odour descriptors were determined by a trained panel using a Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined, too. Several volatiles, most of these here firstly, have been identified; 1,8‐cineole (eucalyptus‐like) prevailed, followed by viridiflorol and (E)‐nerolidol. 'Eucalyptus‐like, fresh‐mint, woody, sweet‐floral and spicy' odour descriptors have been defined. Volatiles resulted in agreement with the odour descriptors. The data allowed to characterise the Niaouli essential oil; considering its volatile composition, pleasant sensory notes and antioxidant activity the 1,8‐cineole type Niaouli essential oil from Madagascar could be considered a promising flavouring agent and natural preservative in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus branches and bark represent highly abundant and available feedstocks with great potential for obtaining bio-based products. Distinct and integrated pretreatment fractionation strategies for eucalyptus branches and bark were performed for the efficient production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS). By combining pretreatments, a high yield of XOS was obtained from eucalyptus branches and bark. The branches and bark were presoaked in 8% (w/w) sodium hydroxide at 60 °C for 30 min to provide a deacetylation effect. The residues were then hydrothermally treated. The findings revealed that 4.64% of XOS originated from the bark and 6.19% from eucalyptus branches. It has been demonstrated that xylan may be selectively depolymerized during pretreatment by preventing excessive hydrolysis through the use of deacetylation in the first phase of the process. More XOS was produced using hydrothermal treatment, yielding 8.00% (w/w) in the branches and 5.12% in the bark. A significant amount of XOS with DP 2–5 might be obtained in certain experiments, up to 60%, but the most abundant XOS are usually those with DP > 5 (approximately 80% of all XOS). This work provides new insights into the effective generation of XOS under relatively mild conditions by overcoming the recalcitrant structure of eucalyptus branches and bark, representing a noteworthy advancement towards forestry leftover valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile diet can profoundly affect subsequent adult development, morphology and reproductive investment. Yet, little is known about how juvenile diet affects adult investment into chemical‐based sexual signalling, perhaps due to the historical assumption that pheromone production is not costly. We explored how juvenile diet influenced the reproductive investment of adults in the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, Uraba lugens. Juveniles were reared on different host plant species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus moorei) and on E. moorei host plants with different fertilizer treatments (fertilized and non‐fertilized). These juvenile diets differ in foliage carbon and nitrogen content. Several adult life history traits were influenced by juvenile diet, including body size in females, and longevity in males. However, we found no evidence from Y‐maze olfactometer assays that diet affected the attractiveness of female pheromones to males. Finally, host plant species affected male pre‐copulatory investment: males reared on E. moorei had longer antennae, but less dense sensilla. Combined, our experiments suggest that the effects of juvenile diet on investment in reproductive traits, including those associated with signalling, differ between males and females. Females allocate nutrients to adult body size, which determines fecundity. In contrast, males allocate nutrients to adult longevity and antennae size, both of which improve mate search and mating success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residue decomposition is fundamental for ecosystems, influencing carbon cycling, organic matter accumulation, and promoting plant development through nutrient release. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain the rate of decomposition of four commonly cultivated crops (alfalfa, maize, avocado, and eucalyptus) along the northern coast of Lima (Huaral) and in the Ancash Mountain range (Jangas) areas. Decomposition rates were assessed using mass loss from decomposition bags measuring 15 × 10 cm, filled with 10–15 g of material tailored to each species, and buried at a depth of approximately 5 cm. Sampling occurred every three months over a year, totaling four sampling events with three replicates each, resulting in ninety-six experimental units. The findings demonstrate that the decomposition rates and the release of nutrients were markedly greater in Huaral for maize and avocado. In contrast, these rates were notably elevated in Jangas for alfalfa and eucalyptus. The leaf litter of avocado and eucalyptus (tree) had periods of accumulation and release of heavy metals such as Cd. The initial C/N ratio was one of the main factors related to the nutrient decomposition rate; in contrast, there were no significant relationships with soil properties at the study sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat disturbance driven by human activities poses a major threat to biodiversity and can disrupt ecological interactions. Butterfly–plant mutualisms represent an ideal model system to study such anthropogenic impacts, as butterflies exhibit intimate dependencies on larval host plants and adult nectar sources, rendering them highly sensitive to habitat changes affecting the availability of these floral resources. This study examined flower-visiting butterfly communities and their associations with flowering plants in a landscape altered by anthropogenic factors in central Mexico. The study area encompassed a mosaic of vegetation types, including native juniper forests, agricultural lands, and introduced eucalyptus plantations, representing different degrees of human-induced habitat modification. Monthly surveys were conducted over a single year, covering both rainy and dry seasons, to analyze butterfly and plant diversity, community composition, and interactions. Results showed the highest diversity in juniper forests, followed by eucalyptus and agricultural sites. Seasonal turnover was the primary driver of community changes, with habitat-based segregation persisting within seasons. Butterfly diversity strongly correlated with flower abundance, while plant richness played a secondary role. SIMPER and indicator species analyses identified key taxa contributing to compositional dissimilarities among habitats and associated with specific vegetation types and seasons. Our research provides insights into temporal dynamics structuring butterfly–plant interactions across this forest disturbance spectrum, highlighting how habitat changes and seasonality shape these mutualistic communities in changing landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus-based glued laminated timber (glulam) was produced to determine the feasibility of a non-destructive method (drilling resistance) to predict the properties of structural elements and add value to lower-quality hardwood species. Glulam was manufactured with formaldehyde (Resorcinol), reference condition, and bio-based (Castor oil-based) adhesives in two assembly schemes, the core composed either of two continuous lamellae each 105 cm long, or of two formed by the juxtaposition of shorter boards (35 and 55 cm). The shear strength of the glue line (fv0), modulus of elasticity (Ec90), and strength (fc90) in compression perpendicular to the grain; delamination (DL); and main and extended glue line thicknesses were evaluated. The Resistograph equipment was used to perform the perforation perpendicular to the glue line (samples extracted from the glulam elements) to correlate the properties. The results of this research demonstrate that the scheme of the boards had little effect on the physical and mechanical properties evaluated (except the main glue line and delamination), and the drilling resistance (DR) presents a significant correlation with practically all properties evaluated (variations in density values and other properties are explained by variations in DR values), making it possible to estimate Ec90 and fc90 with desired precision (R2adj ≈ 80%). This highlights the feasibility of using this methodology in the quality control of glulam elements. It is concluded that regardless of the adhesive, elements comprising a 105 cm-length core and external lamellae (T1 and control) are indicated for external use, presenting low delamination. Short-length central lamellae adhesively glued with PUR (T2) are not recommended for external applications due to their susceptibility to delamination. However, T2 is indicated for internal environments due to its low production cost. This study also proved the efficiency of using models based on drilling resistance to estimate wood density and its resistance to compression perpendicular to the fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nondestructive methods are a fast and accurate way to obtain information about the mechanical properties of plywood panels. The objective was to determine the modulus of rupture and compare the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in plywood boards made with Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus urograndis using the destructive method of three-point static bending and the nondestructive method of ultrasound in parallel and perpendicular directions, as well as in complete board and test specimens, both with the ultrasound method and the correlation between the variables studied. The plywood boards evaluated were 18, 25 and 30 mm nominal thickness. Five structures were evaluated using pine and pine–eucalyptus veneers. Three boards were collected per structure, and 28 specimens were made from each board (14 in a parallel direction and 14 in a perpendicular direction). The elastic modulus was determined by the ultrasound method in complete plywood boards and in specimens obtained from them using the IML Micro Hammer® equipment and through the conventional bending test, carried out in an Instron® universal mechanical testing machine. The Tukey test of means (p < 0.05) shows that in the nominal thickness of 18 mm, the modulus of elasticity by ultrasound was lower compared to the result obtained by static bending in four of the five structures in the perpendicular direction and lower in all the structures evaluated in the parallel direction; while in the nominal thickness of 25 and 30 mm, it was greater in all structures and in both directions. The results of static bending by ultrasound, in complete boards and specimens, show that the only significant difference (p < 0.05) occurs in the nominal thickness of 30 mm in the treatment made with pine–eucalyptus with urea formaldehyde resin being lower in the parallel direction and in complete boards The correlation between the modulus of elasticity determined on specimens using the nondestructive method and the destructive method was r = 0.75 and Pr < 0.05; while comparing the nondestructive method on test specimens and complete plywood panels, r = 0.73 and Pr < 0.05 were obtained. It is concluded that the mechanical bending property of plywood boards can be characterized by the ultrasound method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the importance of chemical ecology in forest ecosystems. It highlights the role of chemical relationships in the interactions between organisms and the impact on plant growth, reproduction, and defense strategies. The document also explores the use of allelopathy, the production of allelochemicals by plants, to enhance plant productivity and resistance to pests. Additionally, it examines the influence of chemical signaling substances on plant growth and the role of soil microbial communities in nutrient availability. The document concludes by discussing the effects of environmental factors on the production of active substances in plants and the impact of nutrient imbalances on plant health. Overall, this document provides valuable insights into the study of forest chemical ecology and its implications for sustainable forest development. [Extracted from the article]

The emergence of transparent wood as a viable alternative to traditional glass has sparked considerable interest in recent research endeavors. Despite advancements, challenges persist in the delignification methods and wood species utilized in prior studies. Therefore, this study delves into the potential of Brazilian eucalyptus wood for transparent wood production through the kraft pulping process. Delignification was carried out in a laboratory setting, replicating the kraft process with varying reaction times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min). The resulting delignified wood veneers were impregnated with a pre-polymerized PMMA solution. The study encompassed various analyses, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, colorimetry, SEM, optical microscopy, and mechanical property evaluations. The results revealed intriguing trends in terms of transparency, color changes, microstructural modifications, and mechanical properties as a function of delignification time. This work presents valuable insights into the transformative potential of eucalyptus wood, offering a deeper understanding of the interplay between wood modification and PMMA impregnation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy is an underlying and controversial mechanism for detrimental environmental effects in the management of Eucalyptus plantations. However, little attention has been paid to the dynamics of allelochemicals and phytotoxicity in soil fauna during litter decomposition. To explore the relationship between the dynamics of phytotoxicity and allelochemicals, a decomposition experiment was conducted using 4-year-old and 8-year-old Eucalyptus grandis litter (0, 10, 20, 30, and 45 days). The acute toxicity of Eisenia fetida was assessed, and a chemical analysis of the eucalyptus leaves was performed. Biochemical markers, including total protein, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and oxidative stress levels (SOD and MDA) were measured. A comet assay was used to determine DNA damage in E. fetida cells. The results showed that after 20–30 days of decomposition, E. grandis litter exhibited stronger phytotoxic effects on E. fetida in terms of growth and biochemical levels. After 20 days of decomposition, the weight and total protein content of E. fetida first decreased and then increased over time. SOD activity increased after 20 days but decreased after 30 days of decomposition before increasing again. MDA content increased after 20 days, then decreased or was stable. AChE activity was inhibited after 30 days of decomposition and then increased or stabilized with further decomposition. Soluble allelochemicals, such as betaine, chlorogenic acid, and isoquercitrin, significantly decreased or disappeared during the initial decomposition stage, but pipecolic acid significantly increased, along with newly emerging phenolic fractions that were present. More allelochemicals were released from 8-year-old litter than from 4-year-old E. grandis litter, resulting in consistently more severe phytotoxic responses and DNA damage in E. fetida. Scientific management measures, such as the appropriate removal of leaf litter in the early stages of decomposition, might help support greater biodiversity in E. grandis plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is a general understanding of how afforestation impact on streamflow, there is also requirement for additional empirical data both on a small and large basins scale, primarily due to the significant variability found in global data sets. A multi‐method approach is proposed to understand the impact of plantation forest cover changes on stream flow, aiming to address individual approach weaknesses and enable cross‐validation. Focusing on Uruguay as a case study, the data based analysis indicated a significant decrease in streamflow within four highly afforested large basins of the north region, occurring approximately when the afforestation reached 15% of the total basin area. Also three of those basins showed a significant decreasing trend in streamflow after the change‐point. A stronger link between afforestation increase and lower runoff‐rainfall ratio was found in autumn‐winter season compared to spring–summer, due to higher soil water availability. The model residual approach effectively isolated land use and land cover effects in large basins with gradual afforestation, utilizing long data series. Consistently, statistically significant trends in the residual series indicated decreased streamflow in the after‐afforestation period in the four large basins. Finally a clear difference in the magnitude of the change emerged between the large and small basins, highlighting the influence of rainfall heterogeneity, landscape control and forest management on the scaling behaviour of streamflow and runoff ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of how fire regimes influence flammability, and its role in shaping future fire regimes, exists mostly at species composition and ecosystem levels. The effect of fire regimes on fuel at the chemical level is poorly known. Aim: We aimed to empirically investigate the association between recent fire history and forest foliage chemistry; and to explore potential implications for forest fuel flammability. Methods: Using an orthogonal study design, we investigated the effects of fire frequency and time since fire on the chemical composition of Eucalyptus pilularis leaves from forest canopies and surface litter in south-eastern Australia. Key results: We found high fire frequency (fire-return interval 10–13 years) was associated with higher C:N, C:P, and C:K ratios in E. pilularis surface litter, and higher C:P in canopy leaves. Conclusions: Nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorous reduce flammability of plant tissues, and hence, the observed differences in leaf nutrients between high and low fire frequency sites could have important implications for future flammability of these forests. Implications: Our study has demonstrated a relationship between fire frequency and leaf nutrient stoichiometry, which may act as a mechanism through which repeated fires could increase fuel flammability. This warrants further investigation in other environments. Knowledge of how past fires may influence the future flammability of ecosystems remains poorly resolved. Here, we report significant effects of past fire frequency on the chemical properties of canopy leaves and leaf litter in a coastal Eucalyptus forest, which may have important implications for future forest flammability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Eucalyptus are trees sensitive to interference imposed by weeds mainly during the early growth phase. The repetitive use of herbicides with the same mechanism of action has led to the selection of resistant weeds, and Digitaria insularis stands out for its resistance to glyphosate. Due to its occurrence in eucalyptus plantations, knowledge regarding D. insularis interference in eucalyptus early growth is needed to develop management strategies. This study aimed to confirm D. insularis glyphosate-resistence; and also to evaluate the effect of densities and distances of glyphosate-resistant D. insularis, seeded and in regrowth, on the early growth of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis (Clone AEC-144). Prior to eucalyptus' experiments, D. insularis glyphosate-resistance was confirmed through a dose–response curve experiment. After that, two experiments [one for weed's first growth (seeded) and other for second growth (regrowth)] were carried out in an open area, in 700 L pots, for 105 days after planting eucalyptus seedlings. The treatments consisted of increasing densities of D. insularis (0, 1, 2 and 3 plants m−2) planted at 10, 20 or 30 cm from the eucalyptus seedlings. Eucalyptus height, stem diameter, leaf area and dry matter were evaluated. The eucalyptus variables most sensitive to interference were leaf and stem dry matter, with reductions of 45% and 88.4%, respectively for weeds seeded and regrowth. Weed second growth (regrowth) interfered more aggressively in eucalyptus growth. The coexistence with D. insularis, regardless of density and distance, negatively interfered early tree growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global adoption of policies promoting sustainable forest management faces challenges, particularly in nations with predominantly privately-owned forests. To address this, there is growing support for fast-growing forest plantations. Typologies of private forest owners emerged worldwide as a tool to understand forest management practices and the engagement with promotion policies considering socio-economic variables, behavior, and perceptions of forest activities. This study aimed to identify fast-growing forest plantation owner types based on socioeconomic factors and assess if these types matched with different forest management practices and attitudes toward forest promotion policies in South America. Using a case of study in Argentina, we carried out surveys among Eucalyptus forest owners (n = 74). We categorized them based on their production activities, forest plantation area, and years in forestry using Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis. Following, we associated these groups with forest management variables and national promotion policies using indicator species analysis. We delineated eight groups: Large, Small and Integrated Forest Owners; Longstanding and New Agricultural-cattle ranching Forest Owners; Large and Small multi productive Forest Owners; and Citrus Forest Owners. Extra-forest productive activities emerged as the most influential variable in constructing our typology. Larger groups tended to exhibit significant associations with innovative management practices, while smaller groups did not. Longstanding forest owners favored maintaining traditional practices, whereas new recommendations were adopted primarily by newer owners. Overall, there was a general trend, but some groups exhibited non-linear associations, suggesting a combined effect of producer size, experience on forestry and productive culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the processing techniques and nutritional properties of the Triodia pungens seed, a rare desert Aboriginal seed food. It includes traditional knowledge shared by Aboriginal women from various language groups. Laboratory testing reveals that the seeds are energy-dense, low in fat, and high in carbohydrates. The article discusses the lack of documentation on Triodia pungens seed cakes and explores the potential health and economic benefits of reintroducing traditional seed foods into remote communities. It also highlights the decline of Aboriginal seed foods in modern diets and emphasizes the importance of preserving knowledge about lesser-known seed foods like Tjinalpa. Additionally, the article briefly mentions the artistic works of Indigenous Australian artist Napangarti and American artist Boyd R. Wright, highlighting their unique perspectives and cultural influences. [Extracted from the article]

Eucalyptus species play an important role in the global carbon cycle, especially in reducing the greenhouse effect as well as storing atmospheric CO₂. Thus, assessing the amount of CO₂ released by the soil in forest areas can generate important information for environmental monitoring. This study aims to verify the relation between soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux (FCO₂), spectral bands, and vegetation indices (VIs) derived from a UAV-based multispectral camera over an area of eucalyptus species. Multispectral imageries (green, red-edge, and near-infrared) from the Parrot Sequoia sensor, derived vegetation indices, and the FCO₂ data from a LI-COR 8100 analyzer, combined with soil moisture and temperature data, were collected and related. The vegetation indices ATSAVI (Adjusted Transformed Soil-Adjusted VI), GSAVI (Green Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), and SAVI (Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index), which use soil correction factors, exhibited a strong negative correlation with FCO₂ for the species E. camaldulensis, E. saligna, and E. urophylla species. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed significance (p < 0.01) for the species factor, which indicates that there are differences when considering all variables simultaneously. The results achieved in this study show a specific correlation between the data of soil CO₂ emission and the eucalypt species, providing a distinction of values between the species in the statistical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oyster mushrooms are a type of lignocellulolytic fungus that is used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional value, biological efficiency, and yields of P. ostreatus M2191 and P. sajor-caju M2145 grown on spent grain from breweries that have been supplemented with various agricultural wastes. The primary substrates at varying compositions included sawdust, wheat straw, cottonseed, teff straw, bean straw, and brewer's spent grain. Two percent gypsum and eight percent wheat bran were added as supplements to the primary substrates. A daily assessment of the growth and development of the Pleurotus species was conducted during their aseptic cultivation. A combination of 25% brewer's spent grain and 75% cottonseed produced the highest biological efficiency and nutritional attributes. The lowest nutritional compositions, yields, and biological efficiency were found when eucalyptus sawdust was used alone or in combination with other agroindustrial residues. Under the weather conditions of Debre Berhan, P. ostreatus M2191 and P. sajor-caju M2145 could be grown using agricultural residues and leftover grains from the brewery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf epicuticular waxes provide important anatomical and chemical defences against fungi that infect leaves. In this study we analysed the leaf wax composition of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla hybrids with contrasting susceptibilities to Teratosphaeria leaf blight (TLB) caused by Teratosphaeria destructans, one of the most important foliar diseases of Eucalyptus. The Eucalyptus cuticular wax was extracted from non‐inoculated and inoculated genotypes with different levels of susceptibility to TLB and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that a triterpenoid, cycloartenol (CAS), was abundant in a resistant genotype and that hexanedioic acid content increased in the resistant genotypes in response to T. destructans infection. In contrast, palmitic acid was significantly more abundant in the inoculated highly susceptible genotype. In‐vitro and in‐planta T. destructans spore germination assays with pure compounds, showed that CAS and hexanedioic acid significantly inhibited spore germination. Application of these two compounds to the leaves of a susceptible host also significantly increased resistance to infection. In contrast, palmitic acid promoted spore germination and, when applied to the leaves of a resistant genotype, increased colonization by the pathogen. This is the first study providing insights into differences in the leaf wax composition of hosts with different levels of susceptibility to T. destructans. It also showed that leaf wax compounds can modulate spore germination and, ultimately, host resistance to infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE (TBL) gene encodes a class of proteins related to xylan acetylation, which has been shown to play an important role in plant response to environmental stresses. This gene family has been meticulously investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas there have been no related reports in Eucalyptus grandis. In this study, we identified 49 TBL genes in E. grandis. A conserved amino acid motif was identified, which plays an important role in the execution of the function of TBL gene family members. The expression of TBL genes was generally upregulated in jasmonic acid-treated experiments, whereas it has been found that jasmonic acid activates the expression of genes involved in the defense functions of the plant body, suggesting that TBL genes play an important function in the response of the plant to stress. The principle of the action of TBL genes is supported by the finding that the xylan acetylation process increases the rigidity of the cell wall of the plant body and thus improves the plant's resistance to stress. The results of this study provide new information about the TBL gene family in E. grandis and will help in the study of the evolution, inheritance, and function of TBL genes in E. grandis, while confirming their functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how environmental variables influence biofilm formation becomes relevant for managing Vibrio biofilm-related infections in shrimp production. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of temperature, time, and initial inoculum in the biofilm development of these two Vibrio species using a multifactorial experimental design. Planktonic growth inhibition and inhibition/eradication of Vibrio biofilms, more exactly V. parahaemolyticus (VP87 and VP275) and V. cholerae (VC112) isolated from shrimp farms were evaluated by Eucalyptus and Guava aqueous leaf extracts and compared to tetracycline and ceftriaxone. Preliminary results showed that the best growth conditions of biofilm development for V. parahaemolyticus were 24 h and 24°C (p <0.001), while V. cholerae biofilms were 72 h and 30°C (p <0.001). Multivariate linear regression ANOVA was applied using colony-forming unit (CFU) counting assays as a reference, and R-squared values were applied as goodness-of-fit measurements for biofilm analysis. Then, both plant extracts were analyzed with HPLC using double online detection by diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the evaluation of their chemical composition, where the main identified compounds for Eucalyptus extract were cypellogin A, cypellogin B, and cypellocarpin C, while guavinoside A, B, and C compounds were the main compounds for Guava extract. For planktonic growth inhibition, Eucalyptus extract showed its maximum effect at 200 μg/mL with an inhibition of 75% (p < 0.0001) against all Vibrio strains, while Guava extract exhibited its maximum inhibition at 1600 μg/mL with an inhibition of 70% (p < 0.0001). Both biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were performed by the two conditions (24 h at 24°C and 72 h at 30°C) on Vibrio strains according to desirability analysis. Regarding 24 h at 24°C, differences were observed in the CFU counting between antibiotics and plant extracts, where both plant extracts demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values (Eucalyptus extract: 1600, 3200, and 6400 μg/mL; while Guava extract: 12800, 25600, and 52000 μg/mL). Concerning 72 h at 30°C, results showed a less notorious biomass inhibition by Guava leaf extract and tetracycline. However, Eucalyptus extract significantly reduced the total number of viable cells within Vibrio biofilms from 2x to 32x MIC values (400–6400 μg/mL) when compared to the same MIC values of ceftriaxone (5–80 μg/mL), which was not able to reduce viable cells. Eucalyptus extract demonstrated similar results at both growth conditions, showing an average inhibition of approximately 80% at 400 μg/mL concentration for all Vibrio isolates (p < 0.0001). Moreover, eradication biofilm assays demonstrated significant eradication against all Vibrio strains at both growth conditions, but biofilm eradication values were substantially lower. Both extract plants demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values at both growth sets, where Eucalyptus extract at 800 μg/mL reduced 70% of biomass and 90% of viable cells for all Vibrio strains (p < 0.0001). Overall results suggested a viable alternative against vibriosis in the shrimp industry in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant herbivore interactions have long been recognized as a complex interplay influenced by various factors, including plant volatile emissions. Understanding the role of these volatiles in mediating plant predator interactions is crucial for developing sustainable pest management strategies. This study investigated the olfactory preferences of Chrysoperla externa larvae for volatiles emitted by Eucalyptus urograndis leaves, focusing on both seedlings and essential oils (EOs). We used Y-tube olfactometry to compare larval preferences between the clean air and various plant treatments, including undamaged and herbivore-damaged leaves. Chemical analysis of EOs revealed higher concentrations of oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in young and damaged leaves, particularly linalool, which has been implicated in insect attraction. Our results showed a significant preference for volatiles emitted by young damaged leaves over clean air for both seedlings (χ2 = 11.03, p = 0.001) and EOs (χ2 = 9.76, p = 0.002). Chrysoperla externa larvae are significantly attracted to specific volatiles from damaged E. urograndis leaves, suggesting these compounds could serve as cues for natural enemy foraging. Our findings enhance the understanding of plant–predator dynamics and suggest potential applications of eucalyptus plantations to sustain C. externa populations for biocontrol purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and considering it in the selection process is a sine qua non condition for the expansion of Brazilian eucalyptus silviculture. This study's objective is to select high-performance and stable eucalyptus clones based on a novel selection index that considers the Factor Analytic Selection Tools (FAST) and the clone's reliability. The investigation explores the nuances interplay of GEI and extends its insights by scrutinizing the relationship between latent factors and real environmental features. The analysis, conducted across seven trials in five Brazilian states involving 78 clones, employs FAST. The clonal selection was performed using an extended FAST index weighted by the clone's reliability. Further insights about GEI emerge from the integration of factor loadings with 25 environmental features through a principal component analysis. Ten clones, distinguished by high performance, stability, and reliability, have been selected across the target population of environments. The environmental features most closely associated with factor loadings, encompassing air temperature, radiation, and soil characteristics, emerge as pivotal drivers of GEI within this dataset. This study contributes insights to eucalyptus breeders, equipping them to enhance decision-making by harnessing a holistic understanding-from the genotypes under evaluation to the diverse environments anticipated in commercial plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study explores and assesses the potential of carbon revenue to augment the financial returns of farmers from agroforestry plantations. Government of India aims at doubling the farmers' income and this study can go a long way in achieving this aim. The income from carbon revenue will be over and above the market value of farm-grown wood and hence will be an additional incentive. Methods: Under the present study, the assessment of carbon stocks for Eucalyptus and poplar plantations was done in Yamunanagar district of Haryana using stratified random sampling and standard calculation tools explained under methodology. The results of this study and data from other existing studies, covering different parts of the country, were used for estimating the carbon credits and carbon revenue for total area under agroforestry in India i.e. 28.4 MHA. Result: The findings suggest that agroforestry, if incentivized with carbon revenue, has a potential of increasing the income of farmers by 40-50% (upto Rs. 25,000/ha/year). It could be achieved by developing agroforestry based carbon finance projects for Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCM) and by promoting agroforestry plantations for net carbon emission neutrality of corporate using their CSR funds. The additional returns could also act as a buffer and as an alternative like minimum support price (MSP) for farmers in case of "price-crash" of agroforestry produce due to various reasons. The study indicates that there is urgent need to have a policy in India for registering agroforestry plantations under carbon finance projects thereby contributing to net neutrality of corporates, ultimately benefitting the farmers through financial incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]