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Methodologies for synthesizing drug-loaded alginate nanocapsules were optimized and indomethacin and phloroglucinol loading capacities were studied. Their biological effects were studied for ameliorating fine dust (FD) induced detrimental effects in keratinocytes. The 1 % alginate to oil phase ratio of 1:20 was the optimal parameter for water in oil emulsification. The oil phase was optimized to contain sunflower oil: span 80 ratios of 17:3. Nanocapsule drug encapsulation efficiencies were 36.91 ± 5.56 and 32.41 ± 4.05 % respectively for phloroglucinol (EG2P) and indomethacin (EG2I) while the loading capacities were 25.28 ± 3.36 and 23.15 ± 2.84 %. Dried nanocapsules indicated a 40-140 nm diameter range while their hydrodynamic diameter was 989.69 nm at pH 7.0. Nanocapsules swelling was pH-dependent and in releasing media of pH values 4.5, 7.4, and 8.5, the drug release indicated a complex mechanism of swelling, diffusion, and erosion while at pH 2.0 the drug release followed the non-Fickian release. EG2P and EG2I treatment dose-dependently lowered FD-induced intracellular ROS production, apoptosis and inflammatory responses mediated through the NF-κB pathway in FD stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes and reduced epidermal barrier degradation. Further research could investigate the use of this technique in formulating cosmeceuticals containing drug-loaded alginate nanocapsules for achieving controlled release.

The hepatoprotective effect of liposoluble portion of Pyropia yezoensis (PYLP) was investigated against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Fatty acids were predominant in PYLP obtained from hexane fraction of 70% EtOH extract after ultrasonication. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and linoleic acid accounted for 56.91% of the total lipids. PYLP significantly reduced liver damage induced by the alcohol treatment in mice. PYLP treatment increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathion peroxidase by reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Histological observations showed that PYLP minimizes damage to living tissue induced by alcohol treatment by modulating the expression level of proteins involved in the anti-apoptotic signaling pathway. Our results suggest that PYLP, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids extracted from the red alga P. yezoensis, will be useful as a potential liver protectant in the hangover industry.

Oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell loss is considered to be the major mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, which could be induced by a high concentration of glutamate. In this study, sargachromenol (SC) was isolated from a marine brown seaweed

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by skin barrier dysfunction. Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is a brown alga that has been widely used in traditional medicine of eastern Asian countries. Recent studies proved that a brown alga S. horneri has anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of S. horneri ethanol extract (SHE) against AD in 2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) induced AD in NC/Nga mice. We observed that SHE treatment decreased the epidermal thickness and epidermal hyperplasia that had been worsened through DNCB application. Moreover, SHE significantly inhibited the proliferation of mast cells and decreased the expression of IL-13 on CD4⁺ cells prompted by elevated thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression in DNCB-induced AD in mice. We also demonstrated that SHE directly inhibited the expression of keratinocyte-produced TSLP known to exacerbate skin barrier impairment. Especially, the decrease of filaggrin, an integral component of proper skin barrier function through a function in aggregating keratin filaments, observed in DNCB-induced AD mice was significantly improved when treated with SHE. More importantly, we proved that SHE was able to decrease the serum levels of IgG₁ and IgG₂ₐ, two crucial factors of AD, indicating the protective effect of SHE. Taken together, our findings suggest that SHE may protect NC/Nga mice against DNCB-induced AD via promoting skin barrier function.

Damage from ultraviolet (UV)B exposure is cumulative and proceeds via augmenting cellular oxidative stress. The present study investigates UVB-protective effects of Sargassum confusum derived fucoidans in human keratinocytes. Algae was extracted using Celluclast, and fucoidan fractions were recovered by step gradient ethanol precipitation. Refined fucoidan fractions were treated to human HaCaT keratinocytes and exposed to UVB (50 mJ cm−2). Among fucoidan fractions, SCFC4, the lowest molecular weight (MW) fraction indicated better UVB-protective effects with dose-dependent reduction of intracellular ROS levels, while recovering the cell viability. SCFC4 suppressed UVB-induced apoptotic body formation, sub-G1 cell content, and DNA damage by hindering the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. Also, SCFC4 repressed upstream mediators of UVB-induced inflammatory responses, which would impair stratum corneum hydration. The above therapeutic effects of SCFC4 could be attributed to suppression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways while activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mediated production of antioxidant enzymes. SCFC4 was identified as a fucoidan (MW ≈ 20 kDa) with a 64.64% fucose and 23.62% sulfate contents. Further analysis of shelf life, safety, and efficacy could promote SCFC4's use as a cosmetic ingredient.

In this study, we investigated the anti-allergic effects of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHB) isolated from the marine red alga

Recent studies have revealed that marine brown seaweeds contain numerous bioactive compounds which exhibit various bioactivities. The present study investigated the effect of low molecular weight fucoidan (SCF) isolated from

Alginate is a biopolymer used in numerous biomedical applications. The current work describes the purification of alginate from Sargassum horneri and method optimization for formulating drug-loaded microparticles by water-in-oil emulsification/internal gelation. Molecular weights of S. horneri alginate were ranging 50-70 kDa. Among 16 method optimizations, the F4 method was selected for further studies based on shape descriptor parameters which indicated, 0.24 ± 0.01 circularity, 0.80 ± 0.11 roundness, 1.27 ± 0.20 aspect ratio between long and short axis, and less aggregation in PBS. Processing parameters of the F4 method were; CaCO

In this study, we isolated sargachromenol (SC) from Sargassum horneri and evaluated its anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. SC did not show cytotoxicity at all concentrations and effectively increased the cell viability by reducing the nitric oxide (NO) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, SC decreased the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inflammatory mediators (iNOS and COX-2). Moreover, SC suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, whereas activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory effect of SC was abolished by the inhibition of HO-1 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. According to the results, this study suggests that the antioxidant capacity of SC leads to its anti-inflammatory effect and it potentially may be utilized in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors.

Ultraviolet (UV) B exposure is a prominent cause of skin aging and a contemporary subject of interest. The effects are progressing through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that alter cell signaling pathways related to inflammatory responses. The present study evaluates the protective effects of (7aR)-6-hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-1-benzofuran-2-one (HTT) isolated from the edible brown algae Sargassum horneri against UVB protective effects in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). HTT treatment dose-dependently suppressed intracellular ROS generation in HDFs with an IC50 of 62.43 ± 3.22 µM. HTT abated UVB-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and apoptotic body formation. Furthermore, UVB-induced activation of key nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling proteins were suppressed in HTT treated cells while downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, 6, 8, 33 and tumor necrosis factor-α). Moreover, HTT treatment downregulated matrix metalloproteinase1, 2, 3, 8, 9 and 13 that was further confirmed by the inhibition of collagenase and elastase activity. The evidence implies that HTT delivers protective effects against premature skin aging caused by UVB exposure via suppressing inflammatory responses and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Extensive research in this regard will raise perspectives for using HTT as an ingredient in UV protective ointments.

Among the mechanisms associated with hypertension, angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. The purpose of this study is purification and characterization of an ACE inhibitory peptide derived from enzymatic hydrolysates of sand eel (Hypoptychus dybowskii) protein. Among six hydrolysates, the trypsin hydrolysate had the highest ACE inhibitory activity. A peptide with the strongest ACE inhibitory activity was isolated from the trypsin hydrolysate using consecutive chromatography. The IC50 value of the purified ACE inhibitory peptide was 89.3 μM. Amino acid sequence of the purified peptide was identified to be Pro-Asp-His-Gly-Leu-Tyr-Val, with molecular weight of 907 Da and the Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest that it acts as a competitive inhibitor against ACE. Taken together, these results suggest that sand eel protein hydrolysate are a satisfactory source to inhibit ACE with the potential applications in physiologically functional foods with antihypertensive activity.

The health benefit of brown seaweeds has been proclaimed for centuries, particularly in Asian countries. A brown seaweed Sargassum horneri has been suggested to have immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory/immune-regulatory effects, but their mechanism is still elusive. This study researches the immunological effect of 70% ethanol extract of S. horneri (SHE) on unstimulated and Con A-stimulated murine splenocytes. When treated alone, SHE had an immune stimulatory effect on CD3e+ CD4+ T-helper cells, CD3e+ CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD45+ CD11b+ macrophages, Ly-6C+ Ly-6 G+ granulocytes, and Ly6 G− Ly6Clow eosinophils. Furthermore, SHE enhanced wide spectrum of Th cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ (Th1), IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (Th2), and IL-6 (Th17), which also stimulated the macrophage polarizing cytokines and enhanced macrophage derived cytokine secretion. SHE in Con A (5 μg/mL) stimulated cells decreased T-helper, cytotoxic T cells, granulocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes. These results signify the potential immuno-modulatory effect of SHE which can be developed as a therapeutic agent in immuno-compromised individuals.

The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of a methanol extract of Sargassum horneri (SHM), which contains 6-hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydrobenzofuran-2(4H)-one (HTT) and apo-9′-fucoxanthinone, against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cellular damage in human keratinocytes and its underlying mechanism. SHM significantly improved cell viability of UVB-exposed human keratinocytes by reducing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, SHM inhibited UVB exposure-induced apoptosis by reducing the formation of apoptotic bodies and the populations of the sub-G1 hypodiploid cells and the early apoptotic cells by modulating the expression of the anti- and pro-apoptotic molecules, Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively. Furthermore, SHM inhibited NF-κB p65 activation by inducing the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. The cytoprotective and antiapoptotic activities of SHM are abolished by the inhibition of HO-1 signaling. In further study, SHM restored the skin dryness and skin barrier disruption in UVB-exposed human keratinocytes. Based to these results, our study suggests that SHM protects the cells against UVB-induced cellular damages through the Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway and may be potentially useful for the prevention of UVB-induced skin damage.

The present study evaluated the effects of (–)-loliolide isolated from Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) against oxidative stress and inflammation, and its biological mechanism in interferon (IFN)-γ/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. The results showed that (–)-loliolide improved the cell viability by reducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, (–)-loliolide effectively decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 IL-6, IL-13, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL11 (Eotaxin), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)), by downregulating the expression of epidermal-derived initial cytokines (IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)). Furthermore, (–)-loliolide suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, whereas it activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling. Interestingly, the cytoprotective effects of (–)-loliolide against IFN-γ/TNF-α stimulation were significantly blocked upon inhibition of HO-1. Taken together, these results suggest that (–)-loliolide effectively suppressed the oxidative stress and inflammation by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes.

At present air pollution in parts of East Asia is at an alarming level due to elevated levels of fine dust (FD). Other than pulmonary complications, FD was found to affect the pathogenesis of ROS-dependent inflammatory responses via penetrating barrier-disrupted skin, leading to degradation of extracellular matrix components through the keratinocyte-fibroblast axis. The present study discloses the evaluation of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) responses to FD preconditioned human keratinocyte media (HPM) primed without and with (-)-loliolide (HTT). HPM-FD treatment increased the ROS level in HDFs and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase-derived nuclear factor (NF)-κB inflammatory signaling pathways with a minor reduction of viability. The above events led to cell differentiation and production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), increasing collagenase and elastase activity despite the increase of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP). Media from HTT primed keratinocytes stimulated with FD indicated ameliorated levels of MMPs, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in HDFs with suppressed collagenase and elastase activity. Present observations help to understand the factors that affect HDFs in the microenvironment of FD exposed keratinocytes and the therapeutic role of HTT as a suppressor of skin aging. Further studies using organotypic skin culture models could broaden the understanding of the effects of FD and the therapeutic role of HTT.

Fucoidans exhibit a wide range of bioactivities and receive significant attention in functional food and cosmetic research. Industrial applications of fucoidan are limited partially due to high extraction and purification costs. The present study implements an enzyme-assisted extraction and step-gradient ethanol precipitation for fractionating fucoidan from Sargassum coreanum based on its charge and molecular weight and evaluation of ultraviolet B (UVB) protective effects in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). The fucoidan fraction SCOC4 indicated higher fucose and sulfate contents with Fourier-transform infrared and 1H NMR spectral patterns resembling fucoidans. SCOC4 dose-dependently abated UVB-induced keratinocyte damage via suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species, apoptotic body formation, DNA damage via suppressing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. UVB-protective effects of SCOC4 were further attributable to the augmentation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 mediated cellular antioxidant defense enzymes. Step-gradient ethanol precipitation was a convenient approach of fractionating fucoidans based on molecular weight and charge (depend on the degree of sulfation). Further evaluation of seasonal variations, biocompatibility parameters, efficacy, and shelf life may widen the use of S. coreanum fucoidans in developing UVB-protective cosmetics and functional foods.

Fucoidans exhibit a wide range of bioactivities and receive significant attention in functional food and cosmetic research. Industrial applications of fucoidan are limited partially due to high extraction and purification costs. The present study implements an enzyme-assisted extraction and step-gradient ethanol precipitation for fractionating fucoidan from Sargassum coreanum based on its charge and molecular weight and evaluation of ultraviolet B (UVB) protective effects in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). The fucoidan fraction SCOC4 indicated higher fucose and sulfate contents with Fourier-transform infrared and 1H NMR spectral patterns resembling fucoidans. SCOC4 dose-dependently abated UVB-induced keratinocyte damage via suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species, apoptotic body formation, DNA damage via suppressing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. UVB-protective effects of SCOC4 were further attributable to the augmentation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 mediated cellular antioxidant defense enzymes. Step-gradient ethanol precipitation was a convenient approach of fractionating fucoidans based on molecular weight and charge (depend on the degree of sulfation). Further evaluation of seasonal variations, biocompatibility parameters, efficacy, and shelf life may widen the use of S. coreanum fucoidans in developing UVB-protective cosmetics and functional foods.

Sargassum horneri (S. horneri), an edible brown alga, has been proposed as a functional food with an improvement effect on abnormal skin immune responses. The present study investigates the anti-allergic effect of an ethanol extract from S. horneri (SHE) on immunoglobulin E (IgE)/bovine serum albumin (BSA)-mediated activation in bone marrow-derived cultured-mast cells (BMCMCs) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice. SHE markedly and dose-dependently suppressed the degranulation of BMCMCs by reducing the &beta, hexosaminidase and histamine release without cytotoxicity. In addition, SHE significantly decreased the Fc&epsilon, RI expression on the surface of BMCMCs and its IgE binding. Moreover, SHE reduced the mRNA expression and the production of allergic cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1&beta, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-&gamma, and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&alpha, and a chemokine, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), by suppressing the activation of Src-family kinases and nuclear factor (NF)-&kappa, B signaling. In further study, the application of SHE reduced the PCA reaction in an IgE/BSA-induced type I allergic mice model. Taken together, we suggest that SHE has an anti-allergic effect in type I allergic responses.

Recently evidence linking the effects of fine-dust (FD) on skin inflammation is exaggerating. Fucoidan derived from brown algae has great potential for ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation. Herein, a fucoidan fraction (SHC4-6) was purified from an enzymatic (Celluclast) extract of an invasive seaweed, Sargassum horneri following gradient ethanol precipitation and anion exchange chromatography. Effectiveness of SHC4-6 in ameliorating FD (from Beijing, China)-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT keratinocytes and recovery of skin barrier dysfunction was evaluated. SHC4-6 was comprising of sulfated mannofucans with their molecular weights distributed around 45 kDa. SHC4-6 dose-dependently lowered ROS levels in FD-induced HaCaT keratinocytes, ameliorating viability at 50 μg mL−1. SHC4–6 downregulated inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, -5, -6, -8, -13, interferon-γ, and chemokines, macrophage-derived chemokine, eotaxin, and thymus and activation regulated chemokine by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB pathways. SHC4–6 treatment ameliorated key tight junction proteins and skin hydration factors, depicting the effects of fucoidan in reducing FD-induced inflammation and skin barrier deterioration. With further studies in place, SHC4-6 could be used as an ingredient for developing cosmetics to relieve FD-induced skin inflammation.

The emergence of fine dust (FD) among air pollutants has taken a toll during the past few decades, and it has provided both controversy and a platform for open conversation amongst world powers for finding sustainable solutions and effective treatments for health issues. The present study emphasizes the protective effects of (&ndash, )-loliolide (HTT) isolated from Sargassum horneri against FD-induced oxidative stress in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The purification of (&ndash, )-loliolide was carried out by centrifugal partition chromatography. HTT did not show any cytotoxicity, and it further illustrated the potential to increase cell viability by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in FD-stimulated keratinocytes. Furthermore, HTT suppressed FD-stimulated DNA damage and the formation of apoptotic bodies, and it reduced the population of cells in the sub-G1 apoptosis phase. FD-induced apoptosis was advancing through the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. The cytoprotective effects of the HTT against FD-stimulated oxidative damage is mediated through squaring the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, dose-dependently increasing HO-1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 (NQO1) levels in the cytosol while concomitantly improving the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Future studies could implement the protective functionality of HTT in producing pharmaceuticals that utilize natural products and benefit the diseased.

The emergence of fine dust (FD) among air pollutants has taken a toll during the past few decades, and it has provided both controversy and a platform for open conversation amongst world powers for finding sustainable solutions and effective treatments for health issues. The present study emphasizes the protective effects of (–)-loliolide (HTT) isolated from Sargassum horneri against FD-induced oxidative stress in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The purification of (–)-loliolide was carried out by centrifugal partition chromatography. HTT did not show any cytotoxicity, and it further illustrated the potential to increase cell viability by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in FD-stimulated keratinocytes. Furthermore, HTT suppressed FD-stimulated DNA damage and the formation of apoptotic bodies, and it reduced the population of cells in the sub-G1 apoptosis phase. FD-induced apoptosis was advancing through the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. The cytoprotective effects of the HTT against FD-stimulated oxidative damage is mediated through squaring the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, dose-dependently increasing HO-1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 (NQO1) levels in the cytosol while concomitantly improving the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Future studies could implement the protective functionality of HTT in producing pharmaceuticals that utilize natural products and benefit the diseased.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced oxidative skin cell damage is a major cause of photoaging. In the present study, a low molecular weight fucoidan fraction (SHC4) was obtained from Sargassum horneri by Celluclast-assisted extraction, followed by step gradient ethanol precipitation. The protective effect of SHC4 was investigated in human keratinocytes against UVB-induced oxidative stress. The purified fucoidan was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), agarose gel-based molecular weight analysis and monosaccharide composition analysis. SHC4 had a mean molecular weight of 60 kDa, with 37.43% fucose and 28.01 &plusmn, 0.50% sulfate content. The structure was mainly composed of &alpha, L-Fucp-(1&rarr, 4) linked fucose units. SHC4 treatment dose-dependently reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased the cell viability of UVB exposed HaCaT keratinocytes. Moreover, SHC4 dose-dependently inhibited UVB-induced apoptotic body formation, sub-G1 accumulation of cells and DNA damage. Inhibition of apoptosis was mediated via the mitochondria-mediated pathway, re-establishing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The UVB protective effect of SHC4 was facilitated by enhancing intracellular antioxidant defense via nuclear factor erythroid 2&ndash, related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling. Further studies may promote the use of SHC4 as an active ingredient in cosmetics and nutricosmetics.

The present study investigates the anti-allergic activity of the marine algal bromophenol, 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (BDB), isolated from Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey in immunoglobulin (Ig)E/bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) and a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mice ear model. BDB effectively inhibited β-hexosaminidase release (IC50 = 80.12 µM), in IgE/BSA-stimulated BMCMCs without a cytotoxic response. Also, BDB down-regulated the expression or secretion of cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the chemokine (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC). The above effects could be attributed to the dose-dependent decrease of FceRI expression on the surface of BMCMCs and its stable IgE binding. Moreover, BDB suppressed the nuclear factor (NF)-κB and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-linker for T-cell activation (LAT)-GRB2 associated binding protein 2 (Gab2) signaling axis activated by IgE/BSA stimulation. Furthermore, oral administration of BDB to IgE-sensitized mice effectively attenuated IgE-triggered PCA reaction. Collectively, the anti-allergic effects of BDB suggest its potential applicability as a candidate for in-depth test trials.