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Purpose Previous research has shown that children’s ability to understand mental states is related to their consumer development, yet it is unknown how parents can aid in this process. One possible way that parents may help is using mental state communication (i.e. communication that focuses on beliefs/intention to explain behavior by others). This study aims to examine whether this kind of communication is linked to children’s purchase requests through two potential mediators – active mediation and child socio-cognitive skills (i.e. Theory of Mind). Design/methodology/approach This study used a survey of 420 American mothers with children between the ages of 3 and 7. Respondents were given 12 scenarios describing typical parent–child interactions focused on discussing mental states and were asked how they would respond. Then, respondents were asked about demographic information, parenting style, mediation style, child socio-cognitive skills and child purchase requests. Findings Results showed both a direct and indirect negative association between parents’ mental state communication and children’s purchase requests via active advertising mediation. Contrary to expectations, active mediation was negatively associated with mental state communication and positively linked to child purchase requests. Children’s socio-cognitive skills were not associated with either parents’ mental state communication or children’s purchase requests. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first known study that has examined mental state communication of parents as a potential predictor in shaping children’s purchase requests and found that it was negatively associated with it.

Purpose This study aims to examine what parents from across the USA know about online advertising/marketing tactics directed at children, their familiarity with these tactics and what they believe about the appropriateness of using these promotional methods to target children. Design/methodology/approach The online survey company Qualtrics was used to collect data from 500 parents in the USA. Parents had to have at least one child between the ages of 5 and 14 to participate. To ensure socio-economic diversity, half of the participants had an associate degree or more of schooling while the other half of participants had some college or less. Participants were given vignettes describing 11 different online advertising/marketing tactics and were asked how familiar they were with each tactic, whether they could identify the tactic by name, at what age they believed their child could understand the promotional intent of the tactic and the age that they thought it was ethical to use this tactic with children. Findings The results revealed that parents were only moderately familiar with many of these advertising/marketing tactics and had difficulty identifying most of them by name. In addition, parents reported that, on average, most 11-year-old children would understand the purpose of these marketing approaches and that it was ethical to target children with them. Originality/value The results of this exploratory study offer researchers some key insights into how American parents perceive online advertising that targets children.

The Yilgarn Craton and its northern margin contain a variety of petrogenetically poorly defined small-volume alkaline ultramafic rocks of Proterozoic age. This study documents the petrography, mineral and bulk-rock geochemistry and Nd-Hf-Sr-Pb isotope compositions of a selected suite of these rocks. They comprise ~2.03–2.06 Ga ultramafic lamprophyres (UML) and carbonatites from the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane (EGS), ~0.86 Ga UML from Norseman, and orangeites from the Earaheedy Basin, including samples from Jewill (~1.3 Ga), Bulljah (~1.4 Ga) and Nabberu (~1.8–1.9 Ga). The Proterozoic UML and carbonatites from the EGS and Norseman display very consistent chondritic to superchondritic Nd-Hf isotope compositions and trace-element ratios similar to modern OIBs, which are indicative of a common mantle source across this wide alkaline province. These Nd-Hf isotope compositions overlap with the evolution trends of global kimberlites through time, thus suggesting that this mantle source could be deep and ancient as that proposed for kimberlites. Conversely, the orangeites located in the Earaheedy Basin along the northern margin of the Yilgarn Craton display trace element signatures similar to subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas. Taken together with their highly enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions, these characteristics indicate an ancient lithospheric mantle source, which was probably metasomatised by subduction-related fluids. As the ages of the Bulljah and Jewill orangeites overlap with the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent, it is proposed that orangeite magmatism was triggered by changes in plate stress conditions associated with this event. This study provides a comprehensive picture of the genesis of Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in the Yilgarn Craton, highlighting the complex tectono-magmatic evolution of this lithospheric block after its assembly in the Archean.

Parents of children (age 2–12) participated in this study examining the influence of children’s television exposure on parent-reported child-initiated purchase requests and coercive behaviors and t...

Objective. Nonsurgical spinal decompression therapy (NSDT) is a conservative treatment for the lumbosacral herniated intervertebral disc (L-HIVD). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the NSDT and change in disc volume through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in subacute L-HIVD. Methods. Sixty patients with subacute L-HIVD were randomized into either the decompression group (group D, n = 30) or the nondecompression group (group N, n = 30). In group D, NSDT was performed ten times in eight weeks. In group N, pseudodecompression therapy (no force) was performed with the same protocol. Lower back and lower leg pain intensities and functional improvements were measured by the visual analog scale and the Korean Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI). The change in the lumbosacral disc herniation index (HI) was evaluated through a follow-up MRI three months after the therapy. Results. The lower leg pain intensity in group D was lower than that in group N at two months ( p = 0.028 ). Additionally, there were significantly lower K-ODI scores in group D at two and three months ( p = 0.023 , 0.019 ) than in group N. The change in HI after the therapy was −27.6 ± 27.5 (%) in group D and −7.1 ± 24.9 (%) in group N, with a significant difference ( p = 0.017 ). Approximately 26.9% of patients in group D and no patients in group N showed over 50% reduction in HI ( p = 0.031 ). Conclusion. NSDT may be a suitable treatment option for conservative treatment of subacute L-HIVD.

Zoster-related pain (ZRP) has many negative effects on a patient's quality of life. The transforaminal steroid injection (TFESI), which reduces neural inflammation and pain, has been advocated by pain physicians. Many reports demonstrated that early administration of TFESI showed better efficacy; however, the golden period during which TFESI is most effective remains unclear.This multicentre retrospective cohort study aimed to identify the golden period by which TFESI yields the best outcome in patients with ZRP.Multicenter, retrospective cohort study.University-affiliated hospitals.After performing the TFESI in patients with ZRP, the patients were classified into two groups: the effective group (E) and the not effective group (N) based on the changes in the pain intensity 3 months after the TFESI. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the cut-off time point for predicting TFESI effectiveness. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis was performed to identify patients' factors associated with a successful treatment outcome.Of the 302 patients, 186 and 116 patients were classified into the E and N group, respectively. ROC curve analysis showed that the best cut-off time point for TFESI was 12 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI]; 10-14 weeks) after the onset of HZ. The only variable associated with a favorable outcome was a symptom duration of ? 12 weeks compared with12 weeks (Odd ratio, 0.107; 95% CI, 0.055-0.205; P0.001). Other patient variables were not significantly associated with the effectiveness of TFESI. TFESI was most effective when administered within 12 weeks of the onset of herpes zoster.This study was not a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) and the follow-up period was only 3 months after TFESI.TFESI is more effective when administered within 12 weeks of onset of herpes zoster.

Background The rapid response system has been implemented in many hospitals worldwide and, reportedly, the timing of medical emergency team (MET) attendance in relation to the duration of hospitalization is associated with the mortality of MET patients. We evaluated the relationship between duration of hospitalization before MET activation and patient mortality. We compared cases of MET activation for early, intermediate, and late deterioration to patient characteristics, activation characteristics, and patient outcomes. We also aimed to determine the relationship, after adjusting for confounders, between the duration of hospitalization before MET activation and patient mortality. Materials and methods We retrospectively evaluated patients who triggered MET activation in general wards from March 2009 to February 2015 at the Asan Medical Center in Seoul. Patients were categorized as those with early deterioration (less than 2 days after admission), intermediate deterioration (2–7 days after admission), and late deterioration (more than 7 days after admission) and compared them to patient characteristics, activation characteristics, and patient outcomes. Results Overall, 7114 patients were included. Of these, 1793 (25.2%) showed early deterioration, 2113 (29.7%) showed intermediate deterioration, and 3208 (45.1%) showed late deterioration. Etiologies of MET activation were similar among these groups. The clinical outcomes significantly differed among the groups (intensive care unit transfer: 34.1%, 35.6%, and 40.4%; p < 0.001 and mortality: 26.3%, 31.5%, and 41.2%; p < 0.001 for early, intermediate, and late deterioration, respectively). Compared with early deterioration and adjusted for confounders, the odds ratio of mortality for late deterioration was 1.68 (1.46–1.93). Conclusions Nearly 50% of the acute clinically-deteriorating patients who activated the MET had been hospitalized for more than 7 days. Furthermore, they presented with higher rates of mortality and ICU transfer than patients admitted for less than 7 days before MET activation and had mortality as an independent risk factor.

Large-scale mantle convective processes are commonly reflected in the emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). These are high-volume, short-duration magmatic events consisting mainly of extensive flood basalts and their associated plumbing systems. One of the most voluminous LIPs in the geological record is the ~ 2.06 billion-year-old Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa (BIC), one of the most mineralised magmatic complexes on Earth. Surprisingly, the known geographic envelope of magmatism related to the BIC is limited to a series of satellite intrusions in southern Africa and has not been traced further afield. This appears inconsistent with the inferred large size of the BIC event. Here, we present new radiometric ages for alkaline magmatism in the Archean Yilgarn Craton (Western Australia), which overlap the emplacement age of the BIC and indicate a much more extensive geographic footprint of the BIC magmatic event. To assess plume involvement at this distance, we present numerical simulations of mantle plume impingement at the base of the lithosphere, and constrain a relationship between the radial extent of volcanism versus time, excess temperature and plume size. These simulations suggest that the thermal influence of large plume events could extend for thousands of km within a few million years, and produce widespread alkaline magmatism, crustal extension potentially leading to continental break-up, and large ore deposits in distal sectors. Our results imply that superplumes may produce very extensive and diverse magmatic and metallogenic provinces, which may now be preserved in widely-dispersed continental blocks. © 2020, The Author(s)., Scientific Reports, 10 (1), ISSN:2045-2322

Aim The Good Outcome Following Attempted Resuscitation (GO-FAR) score is useful for identifying patients post-arrest with very poor neurologic outcomes and may thus be utilized when counseling family members on do-not-attempt-resuscitation (DNAR) order. We validated the GO-FAR score for neurologically intact survival in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in an East Asian country in which DNAR order not common. Methods Retrospective study about patients who experienced IHCA from 2013 to 2017 with a primary outcome of neurologically intact survival, defined as a CPC score 1 or 2 at discharge. GO-FAR score categorizes the patients into 4 groups: a very low ( 3%–15%), or higher than average (>15%) likelihood of neurologically intact survival. Results Of the 1011 included patients, the rates of survival discharge and neurologically intact survival at discharge were 25.4% and 16.0%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of GO-FAR score for good neurological outcome was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78–0.84). Patients with low or very low probability of survival had a likelihood of 0.9% (95% CI, 0.0–2.0), but for those under 40 years old, it was increased to 4.2% (95% CI, 0.0–12.2). Patients with average or above-average probabilities had likelihoods of of 18.5% (95% CI, 15.3–21.6) and 50.5% (95% CI, 40.6–60.5), respectively. Conclusions The GO-FAR score well-predicted the neurologically intact survival of East Asian patients with IHCA. This tool may be used as part of a shared decision regarding DNAR orders.

Aim To examine the effects of a simulated emergency airway management education program on the self-efficacy and clinical performance among nurses in intensive care units. Methods A one-group, pre- and post-test design was used. Thirty-five nurses who were working in adult intensive care units participated in this study. The simulation education program included lectures, skill demonstration, skill training, team-based practice, and debriefing. Self-efficacy and clinical performance questionnaires were completed before the program and 1 week after its completion. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and the paired t-test to compare the mean differences between the pre-test and post-test. The scores before and after education were compared. Results After education, there was a significant improvement in the nurses' self-efficacy and clinical performance in emergency airway management situations. Conclusion Simulation education effectively improved the self-efficacy and clinical performance of the nurses who were working in intensive care units. Based on the program for clinical nurses within a hospital, it will provide information that might advance clinical nursing education.

The purpose of this study is to fundamentally examine the vests of the robes “Daeraebok” and “Soraebok” of the Korean Empire from the 1876 Port Opening to the 1910 annexation of Korea to Japan. Among the collections of different robes of the Korean Empire which belong to various universities and institutions, only the vests were surveyed. The shape of the vests in the Korean Empire were single-breasted and doublebreasted. Most V-necklines and vests with a shawl collar look like a tailored collar, where the collar outline was shaped like a notched and picked collar, which is a mix of the step collar and roll collar of the 19th century. The rear center line was not flat, but inclined to a triangle. All vests of the robe Daeraebok were equipped with gold buttons, and those of the robe Soraebok had black satin buttons. The tailoring characteristic is that the front has a different material (dark black wool) from the back (black silk). This characteristic is expected to be an important basic piece of information in the restoration and reproduction of the vest, which was worn during the imperial period, especially to reveal its shape, characteristics and composition. This characteristic can also be used as data of cultural contents based on Korean modern history.

We have developed optical coherence tomography system with KTN optical probe for a diagnosis in the orthopedic surgery fields. The present system demonstrates that biological image was measured by using KTN optical scanner for having degree of freedom in sample arm as optical coherence tomography. In addition, the developed optical coherence tomography (OCT) system has shown feasibility for imaging biological tissue in orthopedics. The system was shown to have a resolution 14.2 μm for biological tissue in few mm depths. The sensitivity to be measured is 92.3 dB.