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AbstractNew technologies developed to control weeds in crops are flourishing in recent years. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the competitive ability of soybean cultivars C2531E (Enlist®), M6410 IPRO (RR2®) and BRS 257 (conventional), with distinct biotechnological background, when competing against Euphorbia heterophylla and Urochloa plantaginea. Crops and competitors were studied in distinct plant proportions: 24:0; 18:6; 12:12; 6:18 and 0:24 plants per plot. Fifty days after emergence, plant height, leaf area (AL) and aboveground dry mass (DM), photosynthetic and transpiration rates and stomatal conductance were assessed. Crop responses to competition tended to be species-specific. Soybean M6410 IPRO presents better morphophysiological performance compared to C2531E and BRS 257 when it competed against U. plantaginea. The soybean BRS 257 showed greater LA when competing against U. plantaginea. The competitiveness indices showed that M6410 IPRO responses to competition by accumulating aboveground DM while C2531E responsesby increasing LA. There was difference among cultivars in their strategy to deal with the weed competition, and M6410 IPRO had better competitive ability than the other cultivars when it competed against E. heterophylla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the factors that affect potato productivity, the interference caused by weeds stands out as they may compete with the crop, release allelopathic substances to soil and host insects and diseases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the competitive ability of white (Aghata) and pink (Asterix) potato cultivars when infested by Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea) or wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heteroplylla). The experiment was carried out into greenhouse in randomized blocks design, with four replications. A single potato plant faced competition by either Alexandergrass or wild poinsettia, ranging from 0 to 64 plants per plot. Fifty days after seedling transplanting, variables related to the morphophysiology of potato cultivars and weeds were assessed. Potatoes have low competitive ability with both weed species, with wild poinsettia being the most aggressive in reducing the accumulation rates of leaf area and aboveground dry mass. Potato photosynthetic rate is negatively influenced by the presence of both weeds. Internal CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, carboxylation efficiency and transpiration rates of potato varied depending on weed species and density. Morphological parameters are reduced when potato competed with Alexandergrass or wild poinsettia; however the physiological parameters are most sharply affected when under competition with wild poinsettia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in blood parameters are often triggered when toxic doses of plant extracts are administered to animals thereby calling for the haematological studies. Standard techniques were used for the phytochemical and haematological studies. Tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, reducing sugars and saponins were found in the aqueous crude extract obtained from Euphorbia heterophylla. Dosage increment of the aqueous extract from 10-600 mg/kgbw led to increments in all the haematological parameters (Total white blood cell, red blood cell, packed cell volume, red blood indices, platelets and differential white blood cell) checked in the blood of the experimental Wistar albino rat.The implication of this study is that the extractcan be used as therapeutic agents and the haematological parameters were dose-dependent.

Effects of dietary Euphorbia heterophylla extract (EH) on growth performance, feed utilization and haemato‐biochemical parameters in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, juveniles were evaluated in this study. Diets fortified with EH at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg were fed to the fish to apparent satiation for 84 days before challenging it with Aeromonas hydrophila. The weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed EH‐supplemented diets were significantly higher but lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) than the control group. The villi height and width at the proximal, mid and the distal of the guts rose significantly with the increasing levels of EH from 0.5 to 1.5 g than the fish fed basal diet. Dietary EH enhanced (p < 0.05) the packed cell volume and haemoglobin, whereas 1.5 g EH boosted white blood cell, in relation to their counterpart in the control group. There were significant increase in the activities of glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (p < 0.05) in the fish that were fed diets supplemented with EH than the control. Dietary EH also enhanced phagocytic activities, lysozyme activities and relative survival (RS) of C. gariepinus than the control group, with the highest RS obtained in fish that were fed diet containing EH at 1.5 g/kg level. These results revealed that the fish fed 1.5 g/kg dietary EH promoted growth performance, antioxidant and immune profiles, as well as protection against A. hydrophila infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) is known as a traditional medicinal ingredient. The potential of this plant is the latex which can be used as a protease enzyme and the leaves can be used as herbal tea or tea infusion. To provide the potential of dried wild poinsettia, the total phenols and antioxidant capacity were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH assays. Phytochemical screening of dried wild poinsettia leaves which were dried at different temperatures (50 °C & 60 °C) and drying times (2, 3, & 4 h) showed total phenols and antioxidant capacity which have potential health properties and benefits on human health, such as anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anticancer, and as antimicrobial agents. The antioxidant activity values varied from 40.07 - 56.50%, and the highest values (56.50 ± 2.35) were obtained at 50 °C for 2 h of the drying process. Total phenols in those tea leave varied from 11.47 - 13.41 mg GAE/g. The highest phenol content (13.41 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g) was found in dried tea leaves which were dried at 60 °C for 4 h of the drying process. According to the result, the significant inverse linear correlation (p<0.05) was confirmed between treatments of drying duration, while not in the temperature. Generally, these dried leaves have a high antioxidant capacity and total phenol content and may be an important food source as tea infused with antioxidant phenolic compounds to prevent oxidative stress diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thirty-three metabolites were identified by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. • A possible correlation was observed between flavonoids and allelopathy. • This is the first study for allelopathic activity in Lonchocarpus cultratus. • The phytotoxic effect may occur due to synergistic action. Lonchocarpus cultratus (Vell.) A.M.G. Azevedo & H.C. Lima (Fabaceae) is a native tree species and from which flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloid were isolated. In addition, potent antiproliferative activity of hexane fraction and chalcone, obtained from this plant, has been described in different cell lines of human tumors. However, no studies were found on the allelopathic and/or bioherbicidal action, using aerial parts of L. cultratus. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the allelopathic activity of methanol extract, fractions and compounds from aerial parts of L. cultratus. Dried aerial parts were extracted by exhausting extraction with methanol at room temperature, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure providing the crude extract. The crude extract was partitioned in a liquid-liquid extraction and to obtain hexanic (HF), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EAF), and hydromethanolic (HMF) fractions. The compounds were extracted from fractions through chromatographic methods. Crude extract and its fractions inhibited Lactuca sativa germination mean time (GMT) and germination speed índex (GSI), but not the germination percentage (GP) of Lactuca sativa. Crude extract and hexane fraction inhibited the hypocotyl growth of L. sativa seedlings and the other fractions inhibited the primary root of seedlings. Hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions inhibited primary root growth of Euphorbia heterophylla. Chalcone 2',4'-dihydroxy-5'-prenylchalcone, flavanone 8-prenylpinocembrin and alkaloid 4-hydroxy-N-methylproline were tested on lettuce early growth. Thirty-three metabolites were identified by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, with flavonoid derivatives being the most abundant constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over time, herbal plants and their various components have been major sources of therapeutic medicine for man. A comparative study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activities of the different crude extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla and Vitellaria paradoxa roots on four enteric bacteria; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. Methodology: Root samples of E. heterophylla and V. paradoxa were collected, washed, air dried and processed to fine powder in the microbiology laboratory of Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Crude extract of the root samples was done by the cold maceration technique using four solvents (chloroform, methanol, petroleum ether and water). Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was done using previously described technique, and in vitro antibacterial activities of different concentrations of the extracts (50-200 mg/ml) and a standard antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) were tested on four enteric bacteria (S. typhi, S. flexneri, E. coli, P. vulgaris) by the agar diffusion test. In vivo antibacterial activities of the two plants were also tested by daily oral administration of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight (for 7 days) of each extract on inbred mice infected through intraperitoneal inoculation of an infective dose of each of the four enteric bacteria. Data were computed as mean ± standard error and analysed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4. Associations between variables were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with p < 0.05 considered as significant value. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts of both plants revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins but V. paradoxa contain more carbohydrates and starch, and less phlobatannins, compared to E. heterophylla. In vitro assay showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity of the methanol, aqueous and chloroform (but not petroleum ether) extracts of the two plant roots. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the different extracts of V. paradoxica extracts were significantly higher (higher mean diameters of inhibition zones) than those of E. heterophylla (p<0.05), and methanol extracts gave the highest antibacterial effects. However, the root extract of E. heterophylla gave a higher antibacterial activity with the in vivo assay on inbred mice than V. paradoxa, and methanol extracts of the two plant extracts gave the highest in vivo activity, followed by aqueous extract and least activity was obtained with the chloroform extract. Conclusion: Crude extracts of E. heterophylla and V. paradoxa roots produce antibacterial activity against enteric Gram-negative bacteria pathogens involved in diarrhoea illnesses. Further researches should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compounds in the crude extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Three unprecedent megastigmanes were isolated. • Structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. • The assigned absolute configuration of 1 was based on NOESY and ECD spectra. • Some isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. Three unprecedented megastigmanes together with twelve known compounds were isolated from the aerial part of Euphorbia heterophylla. The structural elucidation was based on extensive uses of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration assignment of 1 was based on NOESY correlations and comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Selected isolates obtained in sufficient quantity were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fertilizer application has gained much attention because not only has it been increasing crop yield (improving the economy of the farmers), but also been increasing/decreasing heavy metals uptake by many plants. In this study, four non-edible African plants-Euphorbia heterophylla, Axonopus compressus, Emilia coccinea and Scoparia dulcis were used to examine the effect of fertilizer (organic manure and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium (NPK) fertilizer) application on uptake of Pb, Cd, Hg and As by the plants. The seedlings of the plants were collected, planted and inoculated with 0.1M solutions of the salts, buffer 7,Organic manure and NPK fertilizers. Plant parts were harvested after 14 weeks of inoculation, washed, air-dried, ashed, digested and analyzed for the presence of the four metal ions. The results showed increase in pH decreased the absorption of Pb, Cd, Hg, As by A. compressus and S. dulcis. Organic manure application at pH of 6.3 increased the uptake of; Pb by A. compressus and E. coccinea. At pH of 7, organic manure application increased the uptake of; Pb by E. heterophylla and A. compressus. Application of NPK fertilizer at pH of 6.3 increased the uptake of; Pb by A. compressus and S. dulcis. At pH of 7, NPK fertilizer application increased the absorption of; Pb and Cd by all the plants, Hg by A. compressus, As by E. coccinea and S. dulcis. Most of Pb uptake were found in the roots showing that the plants can be used to phytostabilize the metal ion. Though As was phytotoxic, it was the highest absorbed among the four and E. coccinea could be used as an arsenic hyperaccumulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) biotypes as to their morphological characteristics, as well as to determine their genetic similarity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to confront the light compensation point of susceptible biotypes and of biotypes with low-resistance level to glyphosate. Besides the morphology analysis, the study included the genetic characterization, by AFLP, of susceptible (GR50= 58.65 g ha-1 a.e.) biotypes and of biotypes with low resistance (GR50= 310.36 g ha-1 a.e.) to glyphosate. The competitive ability of the biotypes was inferred according to their light compensation point. The observed morphological characteristics do not allow to differentiate biotypes as to their geographical location, or their resistance level to glyphosate. The genetic analysis identified low genetic diversity among the 15 tested biotypes, with a large amount of subgroups. The biotypes with low resistance formed an isolated group. The susceptible biotypes showed the lowest values of light compensation point and, possibly, they have a greater competitive ability under low-luminosity conditions. The evaluated characteristics do not enable to differentiate genotypes with different levels of glyphosate resistance.

ABSTRACT: Seed longevity under different environmental conditions is considered as one of the most important factors in the spread and persistence of an exotic species. The Experiments were conducted to determine seed persistence in soil, effects of submergence in water, flooding of the soil, and high temperatures on germination and viability of spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) and wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) as two exotic species in different regions of Golestan province. Spotted spurge seeds buried at depth of 10 cm maintained their viability above 95% after a year, while wild poinsettia seeds were destroyed completely after exhuming the soil. Seeds of both species were unable to germinate under submergence, but 92% of the spotted spurge seeds remained viable under this condition for 14 d. No germination was observed after 9 weeks submersion. Submersion duration drastically affected seed germination of wild poinsettia, so that no germination occurred after 6 d submersion. Twelve days after flooding, spotted spurge emergence decreased by 57% compared to the control. Ten percentage of wild poinsettia seedlings emerged when flooding was kept up to 12 d after sowing, while control had 96% emergence. Germination of spotted spurge seeds subjected to 140 oC for 5 min was 5%. Viability of wild poinsettia seed was completely lost at 120 and 140 C for 5 min. These results suggest that spotted spurge is capable of forming persistent seedbank. Seeds of spotted spurge were partially tolerant to submersion in water, but wild poinsettia seed are susceptible to submergence. The burning of crop residue could also prevent augmenting the soil seed bank of both species.

Euphorbia heterophylla est une adventice dont les feuilles et les tiges peuvent constituer 70 % de l’alimentation des lapins (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). Par ailleurs, sa teneur en acide-linolénique (ALA, C18:3 n-3) (56 % des acides gras totaux) est proche de celle du lin (Linum usitatissimum). Afin de contribuer à un meilleur équilibre nutritionnel des populations, l’effet de la durée de la supplémentation d’un régime alimentaire à base de granulé (MOD0) par les feuilles et les tiges de cette adventice sur les teneurs en acide linoléique (LA, C18:2 n-6) et en ALA des muscles semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi et du tissu adipeux périrénal des lapins en croissance a été étudié. Le régime témoin (MOD0) a été supplémenté par 50 % de matière sèche d’euphorbe de la naissance a trois mois d’âge (MOD90) ou par 50 % de matière sèche d’euphorbe seulement durant un mois entre 61 et 91 jours d’âge (MOD30). Les ratios LA/ALA étaient de 9,8, 2,1 et 1,5 dans le muscle semimembranosus, de 11,8, 4,6 et 2,1 dans le longissimus dorsi, et de 8,6, 2,0 et 1,0 dans le tissu adipeux perirenal, respectivement pour MOD0, MOD30 et MOD90 (p < 0,001). La durée de la supplémentation d’au moins 30 jours par l’euphorbe a eu un impact positif sur les ratios LA/ALA qui ont été conformes à la recommandation internationale (≤ 5) pour la nutrition humaine. En conclusion, la supplémentation appropriée des régimes de lapins par l’euphorbe, dans les régions ou elle abonde, sera bénéfique pour la santé humaine.

In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Southern Brazil, glyphosate has not been capable of controlling wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) in soybean fields, thus, suggesting resistance to this herbicide. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating sensitivity of wild poinsettia biotypes to glyphosate, identifying the occurrence of resistance of wild poinsettia to the herbicide in RS state and determining the resistance factor of wild poinsettia biotypes under suspicion, besides assessing other herbicides as alternative controls. Two greenhouse experiments, which lasted two years, were conducted by a completely randomized design with four replications. Six biotypes (Factor A) and eight doses of glyphosate (Factor B) were used for getting the dose-response curve. Regarding the alternative control, post-emergence herbicides for soybean and corn crops were tested. Control and dry mass of the shoot were analyzed as variables. Resistance factors of resistant biotypes 20.2 and 21.1 were 4.83 and 5.29, respectively, by comparison with the susceptible biotype (11.4). In RS state, there has currently been high selection pressure due to the intensive use of glyphosate against wild poinsettia plants, as the result of the occurrence of biotypes 20.2 and 21.1 which have low levels of resistance to glyphosate and very little control by ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Therefore, an alternative to mitigate the problem is the use of herbicides with different mechanisms of action.

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ABSTRACT Weed resistance to herbicides is a major global problem for agriculture. In recent years, the increased use of herbicides, without proper planning, has led to a large increase in the number of cases of weed biotypes that are resistant to one or more herbicide mechanism of action. Wild poinsettia biotypes (Euphorbia heterophylla), discovered in the State of Paraná, with resistance to herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) and acetolactate synthase (ALS), are the first case to exhibit multiple resistance in Brazil. This study analyzed the genetic inheritance of PROTOX inhibiting herbicide resistance in E. heterophylla. Crosses were conducted between biotypes that were susceptible (female parent) and those carrying multiple resistance to ALS and PROTOX inhibitors (male parent) to obtain the F1 generation. Backcrosses were performed (RC1 and RC2) and the F1 generation was advanced to F2. F1, F2, RC1, RC2 generation plants and their parents were subjected to applications of the herbicide fomesafen (250 g i.a. ha-1). The observed frequencies in the F2 generation were not different from the expected frequency of 3:1. All RC2 individuals were resistant, while the RC1 population showed a 1:1 segregation, which would be expected when a single gene controls the trait. Thus, it can be inferred that E. heterophylla resistance to PROTOX-inhibiting herbicides is conditioned by a single and dominant nuclear gene.

Euphorbia heterophylla is a species of weed that was previously controlled by fomesafen, imazamox and glyphosate, but continued use of these herbicides has selected resistant populations from the Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). One resistant (R) strain and one susceptible (S) strain to fomesafen, imazamox and glyphosate were compared, the latter by recurrent selection. Dose-response tests showed multiple resistance to these herbicides. The required imazamox concentration to inhibit ALS by 50% was approximately 16 times greater in the R population than in the S population. Based on the EPSPS activity results, the R population was 10 fold less sensitive to glyphosate than the S counterpart. In addition, basal EPSPS activity from R plants was 3.3 fold higher than the level detected on S plants. The Proto IX assays showed high resistance to fomesafen in the R population that accumulated less Proto IX than the S population. Malathion assays showed the participation of CytP450 in fomesafen resistance, but a molecular mechanism could also be involved. To our knowledge, this is the first characterisation of multiple resistance to these three groups of herbicides in E. heterophylla in the world.

ABSTRACT: Phytosociological studies are groups of methods that aim at the identification, composition and distribution of plant species in a community. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the main weeds found in beans, maize and soybean cultivated in no-tillage and conventional systems. The experimental design was a randomized block one, with four replications. Experiments were conducted during three consecutive years, with summer crop (bean, maize and soybean) treatments, no-tillage system (NTS) composed by the covers, black oat, vetch and forage radish, in addition to their intercrop. In the conventional planting system (CTS), the area was left fallow in the off-season. The shoot dry matter of the covers was evaluated in each crop. The evaluated variables were: frequency, density, abundance, dry matter and the importance value index of the species in the area. Eighteen species of weeds and 12 families were identified, with Asteraceae and Poaceae families showing the highest number of individuals. The shoot dry matter production presented a difference among the covers; the cover black oat alone and intercrop with radish and vetch stood out, with the highest averages in the 3 years of the experiments. Cropping systems and different cover crops within the no-tillage system interfered in the number of encontered species. The emergence of Euphorbia heterophylla was favored, while the emergence of Lolium multiflorum was inhibited. E. heterophylla was the most encountered in the NTS areas, and its germination was negatively influenced by soil mobilization. The intercrop of black oat and vetch provided maximum weed control in soybean.

ABSTRACT: Synergism is a desired result in the interaction between herbicides because it provides many benefits, among which the reduction of doses and the increment of control efficiency, and because it positively signals for the joint application of herbicides. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the association of saflufenacil with other herbicides that promote oxidative stress on the development of Euphorbia heterophylla as well as to analyze if the resulting interactions are antagonistic, additive or synergistic. The experiment was conducted in pots, in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments consisted of saflufenacil (0, 1,2, 2,32, 4,47, 8,63, 16,65 g ha-1) alone and associated with clomazone (288 and 504 g ha-1), metribuzin (105.6 and 206.4 g ha-1) and paraquat (20 and 40 g ha-1), as well as these herbicides applied alone at the same doses described above. Twenty-one days after the application (DAA), the shoot dry matter (SDM) of plants was evaluated in each experimental unit. The Limpel-Colby method was used to calculate the expected response of the herbicide interaction. All combinations of saflufenacil with clomazone, metribuzin and paraquat were considered synergistic. Among the treatments associated with saflufenacil, those including metribuzin at the dose of 105.6 g ha-1 were the ones that provided the most promising results, which stood out for the greater reductions of wild poinsettia shoot dry matter, compared to the application of saflufenacil alone.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to determine the competitive interaction of sweet sorghum cultivars BRS 506, BRS509, and BRS 511 with biotypes of Alexandergrass and wild poinsettia. The adopted experimental design was the randomized block one, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a substitution series by proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%, corresponding to 20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15 and 0:20 plant per pot of sweet sorghum (cultivars BRS 506, BRS 509 and BRS 511) withweeds (Alexander grass/wild poinsettia). The leaf area (LA) and dry matter (DM) of sweet sorghum, Alexandergrass and wild poinsettia plants were determined 50 days after emergence. Data about competitive abilities were analysed through the graphical analysis method, constructing diagrams based on yield or relative and total variations. Indices of relative competitiveness, clustering coefficient and aggressiveness were also determined; all of them were relative indices. There was competition for the same environmental resources between sweet sorghum cultivars and weeds, with mutual injury to the species involved in the community. Wild poinsettia and Alexandergrass negatively modified the LA and DM of the crop, demonstrating a greater competitive ability for the resources that are available in the environment. Wild poinsettia was less competitive than sweet sorghum cultivars, while Alexandergrass showed higher competitive ability than them. The highest losses for the LA and DM variables were observed when species were in interspecies competition rather than intraspecies competition.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato etanólico de folhas e frutos de Banisteriopsis oxyclada sobre o crescimento de plântulas de amendoim-bravo e capim-arroz. O extrato bruto etanólico foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de material vegetal seco para 500 mL de etanol. A partir deste, os extratos foram solubilizados em solução tampão e dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO), nas concentrações 10,0; 7,5; 5,0 e 2,5 mg/mL. Foi avaliado o crescimento do sistema radicular, da parte aérea e das células do metaxilema radicular das plântulas. Os extratos etanólicos de folhas e frutos de B. oxyclada exerceram atividade inibitória no crescimento radicular de plântulas de capim-arroz e amendoim-bravo, com efeito dependente da concentração. Foi observada redução no crescimento da parte aérea apenas nas plântulas de amendoim-bravo. A redução no crescimento radicular das plântulas de amendoim-bravo pode estar relacionada à diminuição no alongamento das células do metaxilema. Banisteriopsis oxyclada apresenta propriedades itotóxicas e pode ser considerada uma alternativa no controle das plantas daninhas estudadas, com base em produtos naturais.

Digestibility of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) associated with sweet potato leaves and stems (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) (Panipo diet) or poison milk (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) (Paneuph diet) in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) and in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus L.). A comparative study of in vivo digestibility of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) associated with sweet potato leaves and stems (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) (Panipo diet) or with poison milk (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) (Paneuph diet) was conducted involving 16 rabbits and 16 weaned guinea pigs fed ad libitum. Paneuph was significantly better ingested (P0.05) for guinea pigs. Poison milk was better ingested than the leaves and stems of sweet potato (P0.05). The ADC of DM, OM and MAT of Paneuph exceeded 80% and were higher than those of Panipo in rabbits and guinea pigs (P

ABSTRACTThe raw sugarcane harvesting system has changed the dynamics of weed tillage for this crop, changing the predominant weed species and providing a barrier between the herbicide and the soil. Thus, this study has aimed to assess the influence of precipitation and sugarcane straw in the aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam herbicides control efficiency for the species Ipomoea trilobaand Euphorbia heterophylla. There were two trials, one for aminocyclopyrachlor and one for the indaziflam, both in the greenhouse at the campus of Faculdade Integrado in the Brazilian city of Campo Mourão, PR. Each experiment consisted of eight treatments with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of the presence of straw (10 t ha-1), capillary irrigation and rainfall simulation (20 mm). Assessments of control percentage of I.triloba and E.heterophylla were carried out, as well as the number of plants per pot. The aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam herbicides applied directly to the soil were efficient in controlling these species. The 20 mm rainfall simulation or daily irrigation on the straw are indispensable to promote the removal of aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam from the straw and provide satisfactory control of I.triloba and E.heterophylla.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to study and statistically analyze the inhibition of mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid media by an extract of Euphorbia heterophylla. The study was carried out in a hydrochloric acid concentration range from 0.5M to 1.5M, at an extract concentration varying from 1 g L-1 to 2 g L-1, in the temperature interval from 40°C to 70°C and immersion time ranging from 4 h to 7 h. The experimental data was analysed for consistency and significance. Quadratic model equations were generated for both the inhibition efficiency and the corrosion rate. The optimum conditions for the process were determined. The predicted inhibition efficiency was in agreement with the experimental data. The optimization results showed that the inhibition efficiency of 89.8 % was obtained at the optimum combination of the extract concentration, the acid concentration, the temperature and the immersion time. The corresponding values were 1.97 g L-1, 0.5 mol L-1, 47.4oC, and 4.5 h. It was concluded that Euphorbia heterophylla is an effective corrosion inhibitor of mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid media, while RSM is suitable for its modeling and optimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’alimentation des cailles (Coturnix coturnix japonica) dans les fermes ivoiriennes est basée principalement sur les aliments commerciaux de poules pondeuses. Cependant, cette pratique pourrait nuire à la qualité nutritionnelle des œufs. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’impact de cet aliment (régime témoin) ou de sa supplémentation avec 5 % de graines d’euphorbe (Euphorbia heterophylla) (régime R5) sur le profil en acides gras des jaunes d’œufs de 30 cailles de 172 ± 2 g durant 15 jours. Les résultats ont montré que le régime R5 ne modifiait pas les teneurs en acides gras saturés, en acides gras mono-insaturés et en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-6 (AGPI n-6) (p > 0,05). Cependant, il a induit une amélioration de la teneur en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 (AGPI n-3) (p

Effect of Panicum maximum Jacq. Associated with Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) Klotz. & Garcke on Productivity of Females (Cavia porcellus L) During the Reproductive Cycle. In Ivory Coast, Guinea pigs reared for meat (Cavia porcellus L.) are mainly fed with Panicum maximum Jacq. The association of this forage with Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) Klotz. & Garcke improves the organic matter digestibility of the mixed diet compared to P. maximum distributed alone in growing male guinea pigs. In order to determine the effect of this diet during gestation and lactation in female guinea pigs, three diets: P. maximum (PAN) basic diet; P. maximum associated to E. heterophylla (PANEUPH) and P. maximum associated to pellets for rabbit (PANGRAN), were distributed ad libitum to multiparous guinea pigs (604.9 ± 40.8 g). The daily ingestion during gestation and lactation were 59.8±11.2 and 53.2±8.5; 61.5±5.2 and 72.9±16.4; 83.1±12.9 and 111.3±13.9 g DM.d-1 respectively for PAN, PANEUPH and PANGRAN. Similarly, the rates of fecundity were 111.1±0.9; 188.9±0.6 and 244.4±0.5% respectively for PAN, PANEUPH and PANGRAN. The individual birth weight and weight gain during lactation of the piglets were 58.7±12.4, 75.6±16.2 and 102.5±12 g and 2.4±0.6; 4.1±0.9 and 6.5±1.2 g.d-1 respectively for PAN, PANEUPH, and PANGRAN. In conclusion, the association of P. maximum and E. heterophylla significantly improves ingestion, digestibility, fecundity, birth weight and weaning weight in guinea pigs in comparison to Panicum maximum used as a sole diet.

As espécies eudicotiledôneas sempre foram um desafio no manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja. Essa dificuldade foi aumentada pelo surgimento de plantas de difícil controle com os herbicidas atualmente existentes no mercado. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de buscar alternativas de manejo que diminuam a pressão de seleção devido ao uso contínuo de glifosato na soja Roundup Ready®. O trabalho foi implantado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas cinco coberturas de inverno (parcelas), seis manejos químicos em pré-semeadura da soja (subparcelas) e três manejos químicos em pós-emergência da soja (sub-subparcelas). Nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados mostrou fitotoxicidade visual às plantas de soja. No entanto, as aplicações sequenciais em pós-emergência diminuíram a altura da soja, mas sem impactar negativamente a sua produtividade. Nos tratamentos com cobertura de aveia, trigo ou azevém, qualquer combinação de aplicações em pré e pós-semeadura propiciou controle de buva acima de 90%. De maneira geral, os tratamentos que propiciaram os maiores controles para leiteiro foram as combinações de glifosato + diclosulam e glifosato + sulfentrazone em pré-semeadura. Quando a soja foi semeada em área de pousio de inverno, a produtividade foi em média 8% inferior do que quando semeada em áreas com cobertura de aveia e trigo. De modo geral, os tratamentos que resultaram em maiores produtividades foram aqueles em que se utilizou glifosato + diclosulam ou glifosato + sulfentrazone na pré-semeadura da soja.

The use of fungi in weeds control programs depends upon the conidia production in large scale. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate liquid and solid culture media and the cultivation by biphasic system for the conidia production of Bipolaris euphorbiae Muchovej & Carvalho a specific pathogen of Euphorbia heterophylla. The liquid media were obtained from agro-industrial waste or by-products, and the solid media were prepared with mixtures of grains and grain derivatives. The liquid medium made with sugar cane molasses stood out from the others because it provided great sporulation (23 x 10(4) conidia mL-1 of medium), conidial viability (99.7%), and formation of mycelial fungal biomass (1.26 g 100 mL-1 of medium). On solid media conidial production was markedly higher than in liquid media, especially the medium composed by a blend of sorghum grain (40%) and soybean hulls (60%) where the fungus produced 2.3 x 10(7) conidia g-1 of medium. The cultivation of B. euphorbiae in biphasic system not promoted a significant increase in the production of conidia. The solid media were more effective for the mass production of fungus and mixtures of grains and derivatives were effective for increasing conidia production.

Corn stands out among the cultivars because of its high importance in food, animal feed and raw materials for energy production. The quantity and quality of the harvested grain can be reduced, mainly due to inadequate weed management. Nowadays, weed control is accomplished with the use of herbicides as pre‐emergence and postemergence, applied alone or in a tank mix. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the control of weeds and phytotoxicity of the herbicides that were applied in tank mix or isolated in the corn hybrids, Formula TL® and SYN 7B28. Two experiments were conducted: in the 2012/2013 season (Formula TL®) and 2013/2014 season (SYN 7B28). There was a low initial phytotoxicity of all the tested herbicides in the initial evaluation; however, from 14 days after treatment, it was minimal. The weed control of Ipomoea indivisa, Urochloa plantaginea and Euphorbia heterophylla in both experiments was better, in general, when using the tank mixtures of atrazine + simazine + tembotrione and atrazine + simazine + mesotrione, respectively. The application of atrazine + simazine + tembotrione in the SYN 7B28 hybrids provided, with the exception of the thousand‐grain weight, the best expression of grain yield components, combining a low phytotoxicity and best control of the weeds. The Formula TL® hybrid presented the highest mass of a thousand grains and yield with the application of nicosulfuron + tembotrione. The yield average difference of the herbicide treatments and the unweeded control showed an increase of 27.66 and 34.59% in the grain yield of the corn hybrids, Formula TL® and SYN 7B28, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mature cyathial nectary of Euphorbia heterophylla L. consists of distint secretory and sub-secretory zones. The secretory zone consists of 1-3 layer of palisade-like epidermal cells, supplied by both phloem and xylem. Distinct 'secretory pits' surrounded by thin cuticle are present in the secretory tissue. Enzymes such as succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase were localized. Probable functions of cyathial nectaries and animal visitors are discussed.

The aim of this work was to determine the competitive ability of soybean cultivars in the presence of cobbler's pegs and wild poinsettia in association in different plant proportions. The experiment was conducted in blocks randomized design, four replications. The weeds tested included cobbler's pegs and the wild poinsettia with the soybean cultivars, the ratios of 30: 0; 20:10; 15:15; 10:20 and 00:30 pot-1 crop plants: weed. At 50 days after emergence of the crop and/or weed the plants variables: leaf area (LA) and dry weight of shoot (DM) were evaluated. There was competition between the soybean cultivars in the presence of cobbler's pegs and/or wild poinsettia being adversely affected, irrespective of the proportion of plants, resulting in all cases reduction in LA and DM of the species. Soybean in general showed higher competitiveness than cobbler's pegs and/or wild poinsettia. The wild poinsettia is more aggressive than the cobbler's pegs causing lower production of LA and DM of the soybean cultivars. The interspecific competition caused a greater harm to LA and DM of the species than the intraspecific competition. Basically, is the competition for the same environment resources of the soybean crop with the weeds cobbler's pegs and wild poinsettia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Serjania lethalis leaves and stems on the diaspore germination and seedling growth of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The crude ethanolic extract was prepared from 100 g of dry plant material dissolved in 500 ml of ethanol. The extracts were solubilized in a buffer solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at concentrations of 10.0, 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5 mg mL-1. The effect of these extracts was compared with herbicide oxyfluorfen in bioassays. The ethanolic extracts of S. lethalis leaves and stems inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass and wild poinsettia in a concentration-dependent manner. The reduction in the root length of E. heterophylla seedlings might be attributed to the reduced elongation of metaxylem cells. The phytotoxicity of the extracts ranged according to the receptor species, and for some variables, the inhibitory effect was similar, and even superior, to that of the commercial herbicide. Thus, S. lethalis extracts might be a promising alternative for sustainable weed management.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato etanólico de folhas e caules de Serjania lethalis sobre a germinação dos diásporos e crescimento de plântulas de amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla) e capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli). O extrato bruto etanólico foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de material vegetal seco para 500 mL de etanol. A partir deste, os extratos foram solubilizados em solução tampão e dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) nas concentrações 10,0, 7,5, 5,0 e 2,5 mg mL-1. Nos bioensaios comparou-se o efeito desses extratos com o herbicida oxyfluorfen. Os extratos etanólicos de folhas e caules de S. lethalisexerceram atividade inibitória no processo de germinação e no crescimento das plântulas de capim-arroz e amendoim-bravo, com efeito dependente da concentração. Verificou-se que a redução do crescimento radicular das plântulas de amendoim-bravo pode estar relacionada com a diminuição no alongamento das células do metaxilema. A fitotoxicidade dos extratos variou de acordo com a espécie receptora, sendo que para algumas variáveis o efeito inibitório foi similar e até mesmo superior ao do herbicida comercial. Desta maneira, pode-se dizer que os extratos de S. lethalis podem ser uma alternativa promissora para o manejo sustentável de plantas daninhas.

A espécie fúngica Alternaria euphorbiicola é agente causal de severas necroses de inflorescência, queimas de folhas e cancros da haste em Euphorbia heterophylla (leiteiro ou amendoim-bravo), importante planta daninha responsável por grandes prejuízos à agricultura brasileira. A aplicação de suspensões de esporos do fungo sobre populações da planta hospedeira resulta em rápida produção de necrose dos tecidos das plantas (24 a 48 horas após aplicação). Essas observações levaram à conjectura de que o fungo possa produzir fitotoxinas in vitro capazes de causar lesão às plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar preliminarmente a produção in vitro de fitotoxinas por A. euphorbiicola sob diferentes condições de cultivo. Os resultados mostraram que a composição do meio de cultura e as condições de cultivo influenciaram a fitotoxicidade de filtrados de cultura, tendo o cultivo sob agitação e na ausência de luz favorecido a produção de metabólitos fitotóxicos pelo fungo. O filtrado da cultura em meio de Jenkins-Prior modificado, crescida sob agitação, no escuro e a 28 ºC, apresentou a maior atividade fitotóxica, tendo produzido extensas necroses foliares e desfolha em plantas de E. heterophylla. Esse filtrado de cultura foi submetido a extração seguida por fracionamento guiado por bioensaios. Uma fração cromatográfica constituída majoritariamente por ácidos graxos de cadeia longa produziu halos cloróticos e necrose de folhas, assim como observado após a inoculação de E. heterophylla com o fungo. Esses resultados sugerem a participação de ácidos graxos no processo infeccioso na associação A. euphorbiicola x E. heterophylla.The fungal species Alternaria euphorbiicola was identified as causal agent of inflorescence necrosis, leaf blight, and stem cancer in Euphorbia heterophylla (wild poinsettia), a major weed responsible for great agricultural losses in Brazil. The application of spore suspensions of the fungus on specimens of the host plant resulted in production of disseminated necrosis at short time intervals (24 to 48 hours) after application. These observations led to the hypothesis that the fungus could produce phytotoxins capable of causing damage to the plant. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro production of phytotoxins by A. euphorbiicola under different growth conditions. The results showed that the culture medium and growth conditions influenced the phytotoxicity of the culture filtrates. Growing the fungus under agitation in the dark resulted in higher production of phytotoxic metabolites. The filtrate from the culture formed in modified Jenkins-Prior medium, under agitation, at 28 ºC in the dark showed the highest phytotoxic activity. This filtrate produced foliar necrosis and defoliation in E. heterophylla and was subjected to extraction followed by bioassay-guided fractionation. A chromatographic fraction consisting mainly of long-chain fatty acids produced bleached lesions and necrosis of the leaves, the same symptoms observed after inoculation of the fungus in the host plant. These results suggest the involvement of these phytotoxic fatty acids in the process of tissue invasion of E. heterophylla by A. euphorbiicola.

Apesar do ciclo efetivamente rápido do feijoeiro, a habilidade no uso dos nutrientes adicionados por ocasião do plantio e cobertura pode ser prejudicada pela presença de determinadas espécies de plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da competição entre três cultivares de feijão (IPR Colibri, IPR Eldorado e Pérola) e seis espécies de plantas daninhas (Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Amaranthus spinosus, Commelina benghalensis e Brachiaria plantaginea) no acúmulo de N, P e K pelas plantas e na eficiência nutricional do feijoeiro. O experimento foi realizado em condições controladas de temperatura e umidade, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O período de convivência entre os cultivares de feijão e as plantas daninhas foi de 45 dias após emergência da cultura. Os cultivares de feijão apresentaram reduzido acúmulo relativo de N, P e K quando estavam em competição, sendo o sistema radicular o principal órgão afetado negativamente. O cultivar IPR Colibri foi o que menos tolerou a competição com plantas daninhas e E. heterophylla foi a espécie com menor poder de competição, enquanto A. spinosus e B. plantaginea foram as mais competitivas com a cultura do feijão. A eficiência nutricional do feijoeiro variou conforme o genótipo de feijão e a espécie infestante.Although the common bean has an effectively rapid cycle, its ability to use nutrients added during planting and cover can be affected by the presence of certain weed species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of competition between three bean cultivars (IPR Colibri, IPR Eldorado, and Pérola) and six weed species (Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Amaranthus spinosus, Commelina benghalensis and Brachiaria plantaginea) on accumulation of N, P, and K by the plants, and on the nutritional efficiency of the bean plant. The experiment was conducted under controlled temperature and humidity conditions in a randomized block design with four replications. The period of coexistence between the bean cultivars and the weeds was 45 days after crop emergence. The bean cultivars showed reduced relative accumulation of N, P, and K when under competition, with the root system being the main organ affected negatively. IPR Colibri tolerated competition with the weeds the least. E. heterophylla presented the lowest competitive power, while A. spinosus and B. plantaginea were the most competitive against the bean. The nutritional efficiency of the bean plants varied according to the bean genotype and the weed.

A competição por nutrientes varia com as espécies envolvidas e pode determinar o sucesso de plantas cultivadas em detrimento das espécies daninhas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da competição entre três cultivares de milho (híbrido DKB 390 YG, variedade AL 25 e híbrido SHS 4080) e seis espécies de plantas daninhas (Bidenspilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Brachiaria brizantha, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria plantaginea e Euphorbia heterophylla) no acúmulo e na alocação de nutrientes pelas plantas, determinando-se também o potencial dessas espécies em ciclar nutrientes. O experimento foi realizado em condições controladas de temperatura e umidade, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O período de convivência entre os cultivares de milho e as plantas daninhas foi de 60 dias após emergência do milho. Os cultivares de milho apresentaram reduzida capacidade de acumular nutrientes quando em competição. O conteúdo relativo das espécies infestantes foi severamente reduzido em função dessa convivência. A capacidade de acumular nutrientes aparentemente não representa vantagem competitiva para as espécies infestantes. O cultivar AL 25 foi o que menos tolerou a competição, e B. brizantha e C. benghalensis foram as espécies com maior capacidade competitiva. B. brizantha e C. echinatus, livre da convivência com o milho, apresentaram elevado potencial em ciclar nutrientes.Competition for nutrients varies with the species involved and can determine the success of plants grown at the expense of weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of competition among three cultivars of maize (hybrid DKB 390 YG, variety AL 25, and hybrid SHS 4080) and six weed species (Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Brachiaria brizantha, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria plantaginea and Euphorbia heterophylla) on the accumulation and allocation of nutrients by plants, also determining the potential of these species in nutrient cycling. The experiment was conducted under controlled temperature and humidity, in a randomized block design with four replications. The period of coexistence between corn and weeds was 60 days after corn emergence. The maize cultivars showed reduced ability to accumulate nutrients when in competition. The relative content of weed species was severely reduced as a result ofthis coexistence. The ability to accumulate nutrients apparently does not represent a competitive advantage forthe infesting species. Cultivar AL 25 was the species that tolerated the competition the least and B. brizantha and C. benghalensis showed greater competitive ability. B. brizantha and C. echinatus, free from coexistence with the corn, had high potential for nutrient cycling.