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International audience; Working from a database of over 1,700 printed circulars, this article explores the significance of the commercial innovations that took place during the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth. Studying the chronology of the introduction of printed circulars and their use in mercantile practices, we demonstrate that commercial innovation can be interpreted as the mobilization of new tools and old practices to solve the traditional problems of long-distance trade, in a context where circulars were used to communicate information on trade houses, to search for new commercial partners, and to display one's socioprofessional identity.

Les négociants de Marseille sont étroitement associés à la croissance commerciale du port au xviiie siècle. Ils se différencient des marchands ordinaires par la polyvalence de leurs activités. Ce sont à la fois des commerçants en gros, des armateurs, des assureurs et des banquiers, originaires ou non de Marseille. À côté de quelques trajectoires isolées figurent de puissantes dynasties comme celle des Roux. Héritière en 1728 de la puissante maison Bruny, la maison Roux reste active jusqu’en 1843, sous différentes raisons sociales et avec une grande cohésion familiale. La Méditerranée demeure au cœur de leurs affaires, mais les Îles françaises d’Amérique et l’espace européen composent également les champs de leurs opérations. À l’instar des grandes maisons de négoce, celle des frères Roux travaille en réseau. Leur correspondance entretenue avec des personnes de toute confiance montre les liens étroits établis avec les grandes places marchandes européennes de Londres à Amsterdam, en passant par Paris, Saint-Malo, Lyon mais surtout Cadix, qui a le monopole des relations de l’Espagne avec les empires américains. Aussi, à coté de marchandises nationales, à commencer par les draps de Languedoc destinés au marché levantin, les « fruits et trésors des Indes », comme les piastres et la cochenille, sont au cœur de spéculations où se croisent techniques commerciales et bancaires. Ils travaillent soit en compte propre, soit en association, soit encore en qualité de commissionnaires ou consignataires d’autres armateurs. The merchants of Marseille are closely associated with the commercial growth of the port in the 18th century. They differed from ordinary merchants in the versatility of their activities. They were at the same time wholesalers, shipowners, insurers and bankers, whether or not they came from Marseille. Alongside a few isolated trajectories are powerful dynasties such as the Roux dynasty. Heiress in 1728 to the powerful house of Bruny, the Roux house continued its activities until 1843, under different company names and with great family cohesion. The Mediterranean remains at the heart of their business, but the French Islands of America and the European area also make up the fields of their operations. Following the example of the major trading houses, the Roux brothers' company works as a network. Their correspondence with people they trust shows the close links they have established with the major European trading centres from London to Amsterdam, via Paris, Saint-Malo, Lyon and above all Cadiz, which has a monopoly on Spain's relations with the American empires. Also, alongside national merchandise, starting with Languedoc sheets destined for the Levantine market, the "fruits and treasures of the Indies", such as piastres and cochineal, are at the heart of speculation where commercial and banking techniques intersect. They work either on their own account, or in association, or as commission agents or consignees for other shipowners.

International audience; The merchants of Marseille are closely associated with the commercial growth of the port in the 18th century. They differed from ordinary merchants in the versatility of their activities. They were at the same time wholesalers, shipowners, insurers and bankers, whether or not they came from Marseille. Alongside a few isolated trajectories are powerful dynasties such as the Roux dynasty. Heiress in 1728 to the powerful house of Bruny, the Roux house continued its activities until 1843, under different company names and with great family cohesion. The Mediterranean remains at the heart of their business, but the French Islands of America and the European area also make up the fields of their operations. Following the example of the major trading houses, the Roux brothers' company works as a network. Their correspondence with people they trust shows the close links they have established with the major European trading centres from London to Amsterdam, via Paris, Saint-Malo, Lyon and above all Cadiz, which has a monopoly on Spain's relations with the American empires. Also, alongside national merchandise, starting with Languedoc sheets destined for the Levantine market, the "fruits and treasures of the Indies", such as piastres and cochineal, are at the heart of speculation where commercial and banking techniques intersect. They work either on their own account, or in association, or as commission agents or consignees for other shipowners.; Les négociants de Marseille sont étroitement associés à la croissance commerciale du port au xviiie siècle. Ils se différencient des marchands ordinaires par la polyvalence de leurs activités. Ce sont à la fois des commerçants en gros, des armateurs, des assureurs et des banquiers, originaires ou non de Marseille. À côté de quelques trajectoires isolées figurent de puissantes dynasties comme celle des Roux. Héritière en 1728 de la puissante maison Bruny, la maison Roux reste active jusqu’en 1843, sous différentes raisons sociales et avec une grande cohésion familiale. La Méditerranée demeure au cœur de leurs affaires, mais les Îles françaises d’Amérique et l’espace européen composent également les champs de leurs opérations. À l’instar des grandes maisons de négoce, celle des frères Roux travaille en réseau. Leur correspondance entretenue avec des personnes de toute confiance montre les liens étroits établis avec les grandes places marchandes européennes de Londres à Amsterdam, en passant par Paris, Saint-Malo, Lyon mais surtout Cadix, qui a le monopole des relations de l’Espagne avec les empires américains. Aussi, à coté de marchandises nationales, à commencer par les draps de Languedoc destinés au marché levantin, les « fruits et trésors des Indes », comme les piastres et la cochenille, sont au cœur de spéculations où se croisent techniques commerciales et bancaires. Ils travaillent soit en compte propre, soit en association, soit encore en qualité de commissionnaires ou consignataires d’autres armateurs.

The United Kingdom has played a prominent role in the Common Fisheries Policy&mdash, by contributing to fisheries activities and also by participating in the design of the fisheries policy. Brexit is certain to have significant repercussions for European fisheries activities and their management. This study analyses the views held by companies linked to the fisheries sector in Galicia (fishing, wholesale trade, canned fish, aquaculture, and fish processing), one of the European regions most affected by Brexit given that more than 80% of the Spanish fishing fleet working on UK waters is located in this region. We adopt a quantitative methodology based on the Pearson&rsquo, s chi-squared test, the likelihood ratio, and the Fisher&rsquo, s exact test for analyzing opinions about various topics. Results indicate that companies engaged in marine fisheries or trade in fishing goods hold a mostly negative view of Brexit&rsquo, s effects. In total, 30% of those surveyed anticipate that Brexit will have negative consequences for EU workers in UK fishery companies, a slightly higher percentage of these respondents expect the United Kingdom&rsquo, s exit from the EU to depress Spain&rsquo, s foreign trade, over half of those surveyed perceived Brexit as resulting in the adverse scenario of reduced access to fisheries&rsquo, resources and were in favor of reformulating the current system of total allowable catches (TACs) and quotas among the remaining post-Brexit member states. Most respondents also agreed that Brexit will have negative repercussions on vessels of the Galician fleet operating under the British flag. Our statistical analysis identifies a significant relationship between negative attitudes and the firm&rsquo, s size for fisheries&rsquo, sectors as a whole, however, no relation between those attitudes and firm size or turnover is identified when the particular fishing companies&rsquo, perceptions are evaluated.

[ES] El comercio de productos alimenticios en la Unión Europea está sujeto a un conjunto muy rígido de normas tendentes a garantizar la seguridad alimentaria, fundamentalmente en su aspecto de sanidad para la población, pero sin olvidar el de abastecimiento. Esta normativa afecta en todas las fases de la cadena alimentaria obligando a los operadores a establecer sistemas de control que garanticen el cumplimiento de la misma y que inciden directamente en la eficiencia del proceso global de comercialización y, también, en el precio final de los productos comercializados. En un mercado globalizado y altamente competitivo la capacidad de respuesta de los distintos operadores queda condicionada por la eficiencia en los procesos logísticos desarrollados. El presente trabajo final de máster tiene como objeto estudiar el funcionamiento de la gestión logística y de la calidad en los procesos de comercialización de cítricos en el mercado Centroeuropeo, analizar su eficiencia y proponer sistemas de gestión que la mejoren garantizando un suministro fiable y de calidad de dichos productos cumpliendo la normativa vigente de seguridad alimentaria., [EN] The trade of food products in the European Union is subject to a very rigid set of rules aimed at guaranteeing food security, fundamentally in terms of health for the population, but without forgetting the supply. This regulation affects all phases of the food chain, forcing operators to establish control systems that guarantee compliance with the regulation and that directly affect the efficiency of the global marketing process and, also, the final price of the products. marketed. In a globalized and highly competitive market, the response capacity of the different operators is conditioned by the efficiency of the logistics processes developed. The purpose of this final master's degree project is to study the operation of logistics and quality management in citrus fruit marketing processes in the Central European market, analyze its efficiency and propose management systems that improve it, guaranteeing a reliable and quality supply. of said products complying with current regulations on food safety.

This article analyses the textile trade using an international, multilateral and multifibre approach. Its main contribution is to present new data on international textile trade in 1913, which reveals how, within European countries, there was a clear dominance of German exports, followed closely by those from France and Britain. The scenario that emerges is quite different to that obtained from an analysis of intercontinental trade, where British hegemony was still very evident in 1913. The fact that, when looking only at the intra-European textile trade, Britain lags behind Germany and is almost on par with France, indicates that we are dealing with very different markets to those emerging on aggregate data, in which analysis can be reduced to a single country., Este artículo analiza el comercio textil, bajo un enfoque internacional, multilateral y multifibra. Su principal aportación consiste en presentar una nueva serie de datos sobre el comercio textil internacional en 1913. El análisis de estos datos muestra cómo entre países europeos, durante la Primera Globalización, se produjo un claro dominio de las exportaciones alemanas, seguidas muy de cerca por Francia y el Reino Unido. Ello constituye un escenario absolutamente distinto del que se obtendría del análisis del comercio intercontinental, donde la hegemonía británica todavía era muy importante en 1913. El hecho de que para el comercio textil intraeuropeo, el Reino Unido se sitúe por detrás de Alemania y casi a la par con Francia, indica que estamos ante unos mercados muy diferentes de los que emergen con los datos mundiales agregados, donde reduciendo el análisis a un solo país se explica casi todo.

Este trabajo intenta estudiar la historia del consulado de las naciones flamenca y alemana en la Sevilla moderna, especialmente su proceso de construcción. Este objetivo es posible gracias al uso de diversas fuentes documentales, sobre los protocolos notariales del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Sevilla. Así, podemos ver cómo nació a comienzos del siglo XVII, creció durante el reinado de Felipe IV y alcanzó su momento álgido en tiempos de Carlos II; siempre luchando por los privilegios sociales y económicos que eran tan apreciados en la sociedad europea de la Edad Moderna. This paper aims to study the story of the Consulate of the Flemish and German Nations in Early Modern Seville, especially the process of its formation. This objective is possible by using diverse documental typologies, above all the notarial of the Historic Archive of the Province of Seville. So we can see how this institution was born in the beginnings of the 17th century, grew up during the reign of Philip IV and reached its best moment in times of Charles II; always fighting for the social and economic privileges that were so appreciated in the Early Modern European society. Este trabajo se ha realizado gracias al programa Juan de la Cierva, del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, exp. JCI-2011-11153, adscrito a la Universidad de Huelva.

Este trabajo intenta estudiar la historia del consulado de las naciones flamenca y alemana en la Sevilla moderna, especialmente su proceso de construcción. Este objetivo es posible gracias al uso de diversas fuentes documentales, sobre los protocolos notariales del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Sevilla. Así, podemos ver cómo nació a comienzos del siglo XVII, creció durante el reinado de Felipe IV y alcanzó su momento álgido en tiempos de Carlos II; siempre luchando por los privilegios sociales y económicos que eran tan apreciados en la sociedad europea de la Edad Moderna. This paper aims to study the story of the Consulate of the Flemish and German Nations in Early Modern Seville, especially the process of its formation. This objective is possible by using diverse documental typologies, above all the notarial of the Historic Archive of the Province of Seville. So we can see how this institution was born in the beginnings of the 17th century, grew up during the reign of Philip IV and reached its best moment in times of Charles II; always fighting for the social and economic privileges that were so appreciated in the Early Modern European society. Este trabajo se ha realizado gracias al programa Juan de la Cierva, del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, exp. JCI-2011-11153, adscrito a la Universidad de Huelva.

While the financial crisis of 2008-2009 led to the great collapse of international trade, the European debt crisis in 2010-2013 did not have such a drastic impact on trade. The collapse has been studied a lot in recent empirical literature, but the European debt crisis has not been investigated thoroughly yet. This paper looks into the impact of economic growth in European exporters and in their export destination markets on export performance as reflected in total export growth and growth in various export margins. Our findings point to an important role for both demand and supply side factors.

The importance of international trade cannot be neglected as it represents an important channel of wealth creation in the actual globalised world. Thus, the present writer aims to identify how the commercial flows have changed after the adoption of Euro and once the financial crisis has burst. Furthermore the main factors that influence trade are researched by using the gravitational econometric model and employing panel data for 14 EU member countries. The results show that the intensity of commercial exchanges are highly influenced by the level of development (GDP) of the country and the amount of FDI that are attracted, while the use of a common currency appears to be not too significant. At the same time, indicators are more sensible during the crisis period than the stable one, hence even small changes in independent variables can lead to higher decrease in trade. Key words: European trade, liberalization, competitiveness, financial crisis, contagion, Euro, gravitational model.

This article investigates whether European integration has led to increased trade and specialization among the member countries of the European Union. We find an increasing trend in the internal trade among the EU15 countries and that trade with new member countries is also increasing. The export of most EU15 countries is nearly evenly distributed on goods. Furthermore, we characterise European trade to see the driving factors behind this trade. Foreign trade in varieties of different quality dominates the trade between European countries as a consequence of the rising standards of living generated by the European integration. This trade is relatively high among large economies and economies in close proximity to each other. Finally, we see that the increase in trade in varieties of different quality is relatively larger among poor countries than among rich countries.