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O trabalho tem como enfoque enfrentar uma tendência crescente entre os usuários das redes sociais no campo da medicina, em busca de curtidas e likes, muitos ultrapassam os limites éticos e legais, já que recorrem a postagens em contextos profissionais e acadêmicos, em detrimento do dever de sigilo e da confidencialidade, tais preceitos são negligenciados pelos usuários, pois o alvo é a publicação do conteúdo em tempo real. Além disso, procura-se enfrentar um cenário vivenciado pelos acadêmicos de medicina, que utilizam seus smartphones para capturar imagens de pacientes ou até mesmo de cadáver com o objetivo de lançar nas redes sociais. Diante disso, pretende-se, dar luz ao problema, a partir da análise de estudos que apontam que tais práticas podem desencadear um processo de dependência química, na medida em que há liberação de dopamina, um neurotransmissor responsável pela sensação de prazer. Verifica-se, que há uma compreensão desses estudantes da violação de regras éticas e jurídicas, mas são ignoradas pela recompensa gerada em razão das curtidas. Nesse contexto, será apresentado um caso hipotético, a fim de ilustrar o objeto de estudo do presente artigo. Por fim, a pesquisa pretende apresentar a problemática com intuito de conscientizar os estudantes de medicina, em caráter educativo e preventivo, para os riscos envolvidos na adoção desse comportamento, que podem ocasionar sérios prejuízos à saúde mental e à própria formação profissional do aluno.

Background We present the clinical validation of an AI-based framework for automatic ventricular segmentation and quantification, and automatic wall motion classification from cine CMR. Methods The framework was evaluated using two datasets, the SCMR Consensus dataset and a cohort private dataset composed by 146 patients. The automatic segmentation of left ventricle (LV) of SCMR Consensus dataset was evaluated through Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). The ventricular function quantification was assessed by processing both datasets, measuring LV and right ventricle (RV) end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, ejection fraction (EF), and left ventricle mass (LVM). The validation was based on agreement indices, such as the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Automatic wall motion classification was performed using the cohort dataset, and assessed using confusion matrix metrics. Results The comparison between the proposed framework and experts' manual performances on ventricular segmentation and function quantification processes showed high levels of contouring overlap (DSC=0.72), and agreement (ICC > 0.96 and ICC > 0.81 for volumes and EFs of LV and RV, respectively, and ICC > 0.78 for LVM). The automatic wall motion analysis obtained a classification accuracy of 0.77, with a sensitivity value of 1.00, meaning no false negative.. Conclusions The validation results confirmed the proposed framework robustness and generalization capabilities. Moreover, our proposal demonstrated its potential for automatic wall motion classification in clinical practice.

Our paper analyses the characteristics of firms that disclose information about Corporate Social Responsibility, under the guidelines of Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) or other formats. We focus our research into committed reporting proxied by the use of GRI standards (where firms mention at least one GRI indicator) and compare with firms that also disclose some CSR activities but do so in an opportunistic fashion. We collect data from top 500 Portuguese firms that disclose information about CSR. The final data set includes 123 firms that disclose some report concerning CSR. We don’t find a linear association between those characteristics and committed reporting, except for group affiliation. In fact, we extend previous literature to show that multiple configurations, using Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), relate to committed sustainability reporting, providing justification for the mixed results obtained in previous research. Using fsQCA, we argue that committed CSR reporting associates with profitability and group affiliation where the parent company reports for the entire group (cost efficiency), along with external auditing of the report. Once we exclude auditing, committed CSR reporting is strongly influenced by group reporting but also by non-polluting industries settings, where regulation and scrutiny aims the opposite.

Empirically supported interventions in psychological disorders should provide (1) evidence supporting the underlying psychological mechanisms of psychopathology to target in the intervention and (2) evidence supporting the efficacy of the intervention. However, research has been dedicated in a greater extent to efficacy than to the acquisition of empirical support for the theoretical basis of therapies. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) emerges as a new framework to provide empirically based theories about psychological mechanisms that may be targeted in intervention and tested for its efficacy. The current review aims to demonstrate the possible applications of RDoC to design empirically supported interventions for psychological disorders. Two RDoC-inspired interventions are reviewed, and the RDoC framework is broadly explored in terms of its contributions and limitations. From preliminary evidence, RDoC offers many avenues for improving evidence-based interventions in psychology, but some limitations must be anticipated to increase the RDoC applicability to naturalistic settings.

Rheumatic heart disease can result from repeated episodes of acute rheumatic fever, which damages the heart valves and reduces their functionality. Early manifestations of heart valve damage are visible in echocardiography in the form of valve thickening, shape changing and mobility reduction. The quantification of these features is important for a precise diagnosis and it is the main motivation for this work. The first step to make this quantification is to accurately identify and track the anterior mitral leaflet throughout the cardiac cycle. An accurate segmentation and tracking with minimum user interaction is still an open problem in literature due to low image quality, speckle noise, signal dropout and nonrigid deformations. In this work, we propose a novel approach for the identification of the anterior mitral valve leaflet in all frames. The method requires a single user-specified point on the posterior wall of the aorta as input, in the first frame. The echocardiography videos are converted into a new image space, the Virtual M-mode, which samples the original echocardiography image over automatically estimated scanning lines. This new image space not only provides the motion pattern of the posterior wall of the aorta, the anterior wall of the aorta and the posterior wall of the left atrium, but also provides the location of the structures in each frame. The location information is then used to initialize the localized active contours, followed by segmenting the anterior mitral leaflet. Results shown that the new image space has robustly identified the anterior mitral valve leaflet, without any failure. The median modified Hausdorff distance error of the proposed method was 2.3 mm, with a recall of 0.94.

Purpose. This study aimed to assess whether self-reported productivity despite presenteeism may be affected by biomarkers and hormones and how these physiological indicators can interact with each other to explain the presenteeism dimensions. Methods. This pilot study included 180 healthy participants with a mean age of 41.22 years (SD = 13.58), 76.11% of whom were female. The dependent variable included a self-reported measure of productivity loss due to presenteeism: the Stanford Presenteeism Scale 6. This study also includes physiological indicators such as biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood glucose) and hormones (cortisol and TSH thyroid hormone). Results. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that CRP moderated the relationship between cortisol levels and productivity despite presenteeism. Moreover, the increase of TSH moderated the relationship between cortisol, glycemia, and employees’ capacity to complete work tasks while sick. Conclusions. The results highlight TSH’s moderating role in decreasing employees’ capacity to fulfill tasks when these individuals have high levels of glycemia and cortisol in their blood. These findings have practical and theoretical implications based on a fuller understanding of how biomarkers and hormones explain productivity despite presenteeism. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The behavioral and electrophysiological study of the emotional intensity of facial expressions of emotions has relied on image processing techniques termed ‘morphing’ to generate realistic facial stimuli in which emotional intensity can be manipulated. This is achieved by blending neutral and emotional facial displays and treating the percent of morphing between the two stimuli as an objective measure of emotional intensity. Here we argue that the percentage of morphing between stimuli does not provide an objective measure of emotional intensity and present supporting evidence from affective ratings and neural (event-related potential) responses. We show that 50% morphs created from high or moderate arousal stimuli differ in subjective and neural responses in a sensible way: 50% morphs are perceived as having approximately half of the emotional intensity of the original stimuli, but if the original stimuli differed in emotional intensity to begin with, then so will the morphs. We suggest a re-examination of previous studies that used percentage of morphing as a measure of emotional intensity and highlight the value of more careful experimental control of emotional stimuli and inclusion of proper manipulation checks.

Fampridine is the only drug approved for the treatment of walking impairment in multiple sclerosis. Around a third of the patients on treatment obtained an improvement in walking speed during the development phase. The effects are clinically significant, appear soon after the start of the treatment and are long-lasting, but disappear soon after the drug is withdrawn. In the real-world setting, the number of patients with a significant response to the treatment seems to be higher (around 70%). The tolerance is good, with mild to moderate, and transient adverse events. The most commonly reported are insomnia, headache, fatigue, back pain, dizziness, nausea and balance disorders. The main contraindications are a history of seizures, renal impairment and concomitant treatment with OCT2 inhibitors.

When children are confronted with an emotional problem, affective flexibility mobilizes their cognitive and emotional resources to optimally address it. We investigated the contribution of executiv...

Objectives To analyze the frequency and demographic characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Council of Santiago de Compostela (SPAIN). Material and methods The patients diagnosed with MS according to the McDonald 2010 diagnostic criteria were identified within the population of the District of Santiago de Compostela. Several sources were used (records and databases from Hospital, General Practitioners, Private Clinics, and the MS Patients Association). Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the electronic files. Results The incidence of MS between 2010 and 2015 was 8/100 000/year (95% CI: 6-10), and the prevalence on December 31, 2015, was 152/100 000 (95% CI: 127-176). The age-standardized prevalence (using the European Standard Population 2013) was 137 (95% CI: 114-159) and the incidence of 7 (95% CI: 2-12). The female:male ratio was 1.84, the mean age at the first symptom was 32.23 years, the diagnosis was delayed 3.12 years, and the mean EDSS was 2.82. 71.17% had relapsing-remitting MS, 16.55% secondary progressive MS, 7.59% primary progressive MS, and 0.69% progressive relapsing MS. A disease-modifying treatment was established in 62.76% of patients in a mean of 1.96 years after the diagnosis. Conclusions The northwest of Spain is a high-risk area for MS, with frequencies similar to other Atlantic regions and higher than the rest of the country.

In an anonymous 4-person economic game, participants contributed more money to a common project (i.e., cooperated) when required to decide quickly than when forced to delay their decision (Rand, Greene & Nowak, 2012), a pattern consistent with the social heuristics hypothesis proposed by Rand and colleagues. The results of studies using time pressure have been mixed, with some replication attempts observing similar patterns (e.g., Rand et al., 2014) and others observing null effects (e.g., Tinghög et al., 2013; Verkoeijen & Bouwmeester, 2014). This Registered Replication Report (RRR) assessed the size and variability of the effect of time pressure on cooperative decisions by combining 21 separate, preregistered replications of the critical conditions from Study 7 of the original article (Rand et al., 2012). The primary planned analysis used data from all participants who were randomly assigned to conditions and who met the protocol inclusion criteria (an intent-to-treat approach that included the 65.9% of participants in the time-pressure condition and 7.5% in the forced-delay condition who did not adhere to the time constraints), and we observed a difference in contributions of −0.37 percentage points compared with an 8.6 percentage point difference calculated from the original data. Analyzing the data as the original article did, including data only for participants who complied with the time constraints, the RRR observed a 10.37 percentage point difference in contributions compared with a 15.31 percentage point difference in the original study. In combination, the results of the intent-to-treat analysis and the compliant-only analysis are consistent with the presence of selection biases and the absence of a causal effect of time pressure on cooperation.

The current pharmacological treatments for Parkinson’s disease only offer symptomatic relief to the patients and are based on the administration of levodopa and catechol-O-methyltransferase or monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors (IMAO-B). Since the majority of drug candidates fail in pre- and clinical trials, due largely to bioavailability pitfalls, the use of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems has been reported as an interesting tool to increase the stealth capacity of drugs or help drug candidates to surpass biological barriers, among other benefits. Thus, a novel potent, selective, and reversible IMAO-B (chromone C27, IC50 = 670 ± 130 pM) was encapsulated in poly(caprolactone) (PCL) NPs by a nanoprecipitation process. The resulting C27-loaded PEGylated PCL NPs (~213 nm) showed high stability and no cytotoxic effects in neuronal (SH-SY5Y), epithelial (Caco-2), and endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells. An accumulation of PEGylated PCL NPs in the cytoplasm of SH-SY5Y and hCMEC/D3 cells was also observed, and their permeation across Caco-2 and hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers, used as in vitro models of the human intestine and blood-brain barrier, respectively, was demonstrated. PEGylated PCL NPs delivered C27 at concentrations higher than the MAO-B IC50 value, which provides evidence of their relevance to solving the drug discovery pitfalls.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a crucial role in the protection of susceptible organs, by significantly decreasing the absorption/distribution of harmful xenobiotics and, consequently, their toxicity. Therefore, P-gp has been proposed as a potential antidotal pathway, when activated and/or induced. Knowing that xanthones are known to interact with P-gp, the main goal was to study P-gp induction or/and activation by six new oxygenated xanthones (OX 1-6). Furthermore, the potential protection of Caco-2 cells against paraquat cytotoxicity was also assessed. The most promising compound was further tested for its ability to increase P-gp activity ex vivo, using everted intestinal sacs from adult Wistar-Han rats. The oxygenated xanthones interacted with P-gp in vitro, increasing P-gp expression and/or activity 24 h after exposure. Additionally, after a short-incubation period, several xanthones were identified as P-gp activators, as they immediately increased P-gp activity. Moreover, some xanthones decreased PQ cytotoxicity towards Caco-2 cells, an effect prevented under P-gp inhibition. Ex vivo, a significant increase in P-gp activity was observed in the presence of OX6, which was selectively blocked by a model P-gp inhibitor, zosuquidar, confirming the in vitro results. Docking simulations between a validated P-gp model and the tested xanthones predicted these interactions, and these compounds also fitted onto previously described P-gp induction and activation pharmacophores. In conclusion, the in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico results suggest the potential of some of the oxygenated xanthones in the modulation of P-gp, disclosing new perspectives in the therapeutics of intoxications by P-gp substrates.

This work addresses the automatic segmentation of the joint capsule in ultrasound images of the metacarpophalangeal joint using an adapted version of the well known UNet model. These images are used in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases, one of the main causes of impairment and pain in developed countries. The identification of the joint capsule gives important clues about the presence or Rheumatoid Arthritis. This structure can be used to extract metrics to help quantify the disease stage and progression. The solution proposed here has the potential to reduce the burden on the radiologists as well as the subjectivity of the diagnosis by providing quantitative measurements, such as the synovitis area. The proposed approach was compared with two other works present in the literature. Results show that our solution outperforms the two reference methods with 90% of the joint capsules identified with a DICE higher than 0.67.

Rheumatic heart disease remains a major burden in the developing countries. The World Heart Federation proposed guidelines for the echocardiographic detection of the disease, in which the mitral leaflets’ morphology assessment is a key indicator. The drawback is that these guidelines are dependent on the clinician experience. To overcome this limitation, we propose an automatic segmentation of the mitral leaflets using a new method based on convolutional neural network, specifically the UNet architecture. The results indicate a median DICE coefficient of 0.74 in PLAX and 0.79 in A4C for the anterior mitral leaflet segmentation, while median DICE of 0.60 in PLAX and 0.69 A4C are met for the posterior leaflet. A visual evaluation of this segmentation approach by two cardiologists is in line with the numerical results. The false detection due to overestimation and artifacts remains an issue to be addressed in the future.

This study investigated the prospective relationship between preschoolers’ theory of mind (ToM) skills and academic school readiness, while exploring the possible moderator role played by child gender. The participants were 75 children who were assessed at two time points: when enrolled in the second preschool year (T1) and again 4 months before school entry (T2). The results showed an association between children's ToM abilities at T1 (but not at T2) and later academic readiness at T2, but only for girls, even after accounting for child IQ and maternal education. These findings support the idea that girls and boys can differ in how they use their ToM abilities in their daily life and highlight the relevance of further exploring gender-specific effects when investigating children's social cognition and school readiness. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in response to stressful life events varies by country, though research has been limited to comparisons between American and Asian cultures. This study aimed to compare six European countries to investigate cross-cultural differences in the use of cognitive strategies and test if the relationship between specific strategies and psychopathology varies across countries. Data arrays were collected from the Netherlands, Hungary, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Germany (N = 1553) and cross-cultural measures of cognitive emotion regulation using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were included. Measures of depression and anxiety were also included. Results showed significant differences on all the subscales of the CERQ. Most notably, there were differences on strategies that have been linked to symptoms of psychopathology; overall northern European countries (Germany and Netherlands) made less use of strategies such as rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame, when compared to southern and eastern European countries (Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Hungary). The direction of the relationships between specific strategies and symptoms of psychopathology was consistent across countries. Although there were cross-cultural differences in the use of cognitive strategies, the consistent relationship between strategies and psychopathology across countries supports the idea of a trans-cultural approach to treat psychopathology.

Background: Gait disorder is very prevalent in multiple sclerosis. After 15 years of disease progression, 50% of patients need assistive devices for walking. Materials & methods: We performed a multicenter observational study, including multiple sclerosis patients with an Expanded Disability Status Scale score between 4.0 and 7.0, normal kidney function and no previous history of seizures. Results: The study sample comprised 138 patients with average age of 50.3 years median Expanded Disability Status Scale of 6.0. After treatment, a significant reduction was observed in both the Timed 25-Foot Walk test (baseline, 20.3 s; 14 days, 13.2 s; p < 0.001; 3 months, 12.1 s; p < 0.001) and the 12-Item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale score (baseline, 82.3; 14 days, 59.4; p < 0.001; 3 months, 57.2; p < 0.001). Adverse events were recorded in 39.9% of patients.

This research was supported by Grant COMPETE: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-015504 from Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the European program COMPETE (Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors) under the National Strategic Reference Framework (QREN) attributed to the research project titled ‘Children’s socio-emotional-cognitive school readiness: A longitudinal approach to its developmental course during preschool years’ (PTDC/PSI-EDD/114527/2009; also grant SFRH/BPD/100994/2014 assigned to the first author). The authors are very grateful to the students who helped with data collection. Special thanks go to the children and families who participated in the study.

Rheumatic heart disease is responsible for the heart valve damage, caused by repeated episodes of rheumatic fever. The disease commonly inflames and scars the mitral valve of the heart, resulting in thicker, less mobile leaflets, with associated decrease in cardiac efficiency. It is important to measure and quantity the early manifestations of this disease, including variations of the thickness, shape and mobility of the leaflets. These manifestations are visible in an echocardiographic screening process. The first step towards the defined objective is to segment the anterior mitral leaflet throughout the cardiac cycle, enabling the future automatic quantification of mentioned clinical parameters. In this work, a new algorithm for the segmentation of the whole region of the anterior mitral leaflet in the virtual M-mode space is proposed. The algorithm requires a single initialization point on the posterior wall of the aorta, in the first frame of the video. A junction point is then computed, showing the location where the two leaflets connect. This junction point helps to automatically redefine the range of virtual M-mode images required to completely segment the region of the anterior mitral leaflet. The segmented anterior mitral leaflet region in the virtual M-mode space is transferred back to regular image space and its shape refined using localized active contours. Results suggest the suitability of the proposed algorithm for the segmentation of anterior mitral leaflet with a median Dice Similarity Coefficient of 0.63, and with median precision and recall of 58% and 73% respectively.

Typicality, or averageness, is one of the key features that influences face evaluation, but the role of this property in the perception of facial expressions of emotions is still not fully understood. Typical faces are usually considered more pleasant and trustworthy, and neuroimaging results suggest typicality modulates amygdala and fusiform activation, influencing face perception. At the same time, there is evidence that arousal is a key affective feature that modulates neural reactivity to emotional expressions. In this sense, it remains unclear whether the neural effects of typicality depend on altered perceptions of affect from facial expressions or if the effects of typicality and affect independently modulate face processing. The goal of this work was to dissociate the effects of typicality and affective properties, namely valence and arousal, in electrophysiological responses and self-reported ratings across several facial expressions of emotion. Two ERP components relevant for face processing were measured, the N170 and Vertex Positive Potential (VPP), complemented by subjective ratings of typicality, valence, and arousal, in a sample of 30 healthy young adults (21 female). The results point out to a modulation of the electrophysiological responses by arousal, regardless of the typicality or valence properties of the face. These findings suggest that previous findings of neural responses to typicality may be better explained by accounting for the subjective perception of arousal in facial expressions.

Rheumatic heart disease is the serious consequence of repeated episodes of acute rheumatic fever. It is the major cause of heart valve damage resulting in morbidity and mortality. Its early detection is considered vital to control the disease's progression. The key manifestations that are visible in the early stages of this disease are changes in the thickness, shape and mobility of the mitral valve leaflets. Echocardiography based screening is sensitive enough to identify these changes in early stages of the disease. In this work, an automatic approach is proposed to measure, quantify and analyze the thickness of the anterior mitral leaflet, in an echocardiographic video. The shape of the anterior mitral leaflet is simplified via morphological skeletonization and spline modelling to get the central line of the leaflet. To analyze the overall thickness from the tip to its base, the anterior mitral leaflet is divided into four quartiles. In ach quartile the thickness is measured as the length of the line segment resulting from the intersection of the contour with the normal direction of the central point of each quartile. Finally, the thickness is analyzed by measuring the variance per quartile, divided by leaflet position (open, straight and closed). The comparison between the normal and pathological leaflets are also presented, exhibiting statistical significant differences in all quartiles, especially near the tip of the leaflet.

Rheumatic heart disease is the result of damage to the heart valves, more often the mitral valve. The heart valves leaflets get inflamed, scarred and stretched which interrupts the normal blood flow, resulting into serious health condition. Measuring and quantifying clinically relevant features, like thickness, mobility and shape can help to analyze the functionality of the valve, identify early cases of disease and reduce the disease burden. To obtain these features, the first step is to automatically delineate the relevant structures, such as the anterior mitral valve leaflet, throughout the echocardiographic video. In this work, we proposed a near real time method to track the anterior mitral leaflet in ultrasound videos using the parasternal long axis view. The method is semi-automatic, requiring a manual delineation of the anterior mitral leaflet in the first frame of the video. The method uses mathematical morphological techniques to obtain the rough boundaries of the leaflet and are further refined by the localized active contour framework. The mobility of the leaflet was also obtained, providing us the base to analyze the functionality of the valve (opening and closing). The algorithm was tested on 67 videos with 6432 frames. It outperformed with respect to the time consumption (0.4 s/frame), with the extended modified Hausdorff distance error of 3.7 pixels and the improved tracking performance (less failure).

Recently, thioxanthone derivatives were found to protect cells against toxic P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, acting as potent inducers/activators of this efflux pump. The study of new P-gp chiral modulators produced from thioxanthone derivatives could clarify the enantioselectivity of this ABC transporter towards this new class of modulators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the P-gp modulatory ability of four enantiomeric pairs of new synthesized chiral aminated thioxanthones (ATxs) 1–8, studying the influence of the stereochemistry on P-gp induction/ activation in cultured Caco-2 cells. The data displayed that all the tested compounds (at 20 µM) significantly decreased the intracellular accumulation of a P-gp fluorescent substrate (rhodamine 123) when incubated simultaneously for 60 min, demonstrating an increased activity of the efflux, when compared to control cells. Additionally, all of them except ATx 3 (+), caused similar results when the accumulation of the P-gp fluorescent substrate was evaluated after pre-incubating cells with the test compounds for 24 h, significantly reducing the rhodamine 123 intracellular accumulation as a result of a significant increase in P-gp activity. However, ATx 2 (−) was the only derivative that, after 24 h of incubation, significantly increased P-gp expression. These results demonstrated a significantly increased P-gp activity, even without an increase in P-gp expression. Therefore, ATxs 1–8 were shown to behave as P-gp activators. Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in the activity of the protein when comparing the enantiomeric pairs. Nevertheless, ATx 2 (−) modulates P-gp expression differently from its enantiomer, ATx 1 (+). These results disclosed new activators and inducers of P-gp and highlight the existence of enantioselectivity in the induction mechanism. © 2018 by the authors. Acknowledgments: This research was partially supported by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2013 through national funds provided by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the framework of the programme PT2020, the project PTDC/MAR-BIO/4694/2014 (reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016790; Project 3599—Promover a Produção Científica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e a Constituição de Redes Temáticas (3599-PPCDT)) as well as by the project INNOVMAR—Innovation and Sustainability in the Management and Exploitation of Marine Resources (reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000035, within Research Line NOVELMAR), supported by North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The authors also thank Sara Cravo, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, for technical support in chiral HPLC. Renata Silva acknowledges Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for her Post-doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/110201/2015).

There are few studies on parental socialization of positive emotions in adolescents and few instruments that measure these parental reactions. Therefore, we developed a new version of the Emotion Socialization Scale (ESS) for the positive emotion of overjoy. We further provided some evidence of validity and reliability of the Portuguese ESS, featuring overjoy, fear, anger, and sadness. Adolescents (N = 418) answered questionnaires on maternal emotion socialization and maternal rearing practices. Confirmatory factor analysis achieved good (reward, neglect, override, magnify) to acceptable (punish) levels of fit, and scales had good levels of internal consistency, except for punish (all emotions) and neglect (overjoy). Association with maternal rearing practices supported the adaptive role of reward and magnify and the less adaptive role of punish, override, neglect of positive emotion, with some exceptions. This investigation demonstrated the importance of assessing parents’ reactions to adolescents’ positive emotion as these may be important indicators of the parent-adolescent relationship quality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41155-018-0090-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Asymmetry and Kurtosis for Individual Items of ESS by Emotion Socialization Strategy and Emotion (N = 418). (DOCX 20 kb)

Affective flexibility (AF) is the ability to alternate between processing emotional and non-emotional information. This hot executive function has been understudied during early development. The fi...

This research was supported by grants from the FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/16524/2004/254S and under project PEst-OE/PSI/UI0050/2014) and from Neofarmaceutica. We thank all the colleagues that helped collect and score the data used for this article.

Compensation for environmental projects that cause significant environmental impact is an instrument established by Article 36 of Law No. 9.985/2000. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze relevant environmental legislation to the Environmental Compensation instrument in Brazil and use the state of Minas Gerais as a case study. For this we adopted the techniques of bibliographic and documentary research. The result showed that environmental compensation increased in the state of Minas Gerais and can be an important tool to help in environmental conservation through protected areas.