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OBJECTIVE A carefully selected subset of civilian cranial gunshot wound (CGSW) patients may be treated with simple wound closure (SWC) as a proactive therapy, but the appropriate clinical scenario for using this strategy is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare SWC and surgery patients in terms of their neurological outcomes and complications, including infections, seizures, and reoperations. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective review of the prospectively maintained institutional traumatic brain injury and trauma registries. Included were adults who sustained an acute CGSW defined as suspected or confirmed dural penetration. Excluded were nonfirearm penetrating injuries, patients with an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3, patients with an initial GCS score of 4 and nonreactive pupils, and patients who died within 48 hours of presentation. RESULTS A total of 67 patients were included; 17 (25.4%) were treated with SWC and 50 (74.6%) were treated with surgery. The SWC group had a lower incidence of radiographic mass effect (3/17 [17.6%] SWC vs 31/50 [62%] surgery; absolute difference 44.4, 95% CI −71.9 to 16.8; p = 0.002) and lower incidence of involvement of the frontal sinus (0/17 [0%] SWC vs 14/50 [28%] surgery; absolute difference 28, 95% CI −50.4 to 5.6; p = 0.01). There were no differences in the frequency of Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended scores ≥ 5 between the SWC and surgery groups at 30 days (4/11 [36.4%] SWC vs 12/35 [34.3%] surgery; OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.3–4.5; p > 0.99), 60 days (2/7 [28.6%] SWC vs 8/26 [30.8%] surgery; OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.3–3.4; p > 0.99), and 90 days (3/8 [37.5%] SWC vs 12/26 [46.2%] surgery; OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.1–3.6; p > 0.99). There were no differences in the incidence of infections (1/17 [5.9%] SWC vs 6/50 [12%] surgery; OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.1–4.1; p = 0.67), CSF fistulas (2/11 [11.6%] SWC vs 3/50 [6%] surgery; OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.3–13.7; p = 0.60), seizures (3/17 [17.6%] SWC vs 9/50 [18%] surgery; OR 1, 95% CI 0.2–4.1; p > 0.99), and reoperations (3/17 [17.6%] SWC vs 4/50 [8%] surgery; OR 2.5, 95% CI 0.5–12.4; p = 0.36) between the SWC and surgery groups. CONCLUSIONS There were important clinically relevant differences between the SWC and surgery groups. SWC can be considered a safe and efficacious proactive therapy in a carefully selected subset of civilian CGSW patients.

Background Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), possibly due to reperfusion, after evacuation of a cranial chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a known phenomenon. However, it is sparingly reported and not well understood. Methods An illustrative case series is presented. A literature review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines to identify all previously reported cases. Results A total of 48 cases were analyzed. Males were 85.4% of the population, and the mean age was 67.5 years. Pre-existing head trauma and hypertension were the most common comorbidities. Headache was a presenting symptom in 60.4% of cases. Midline shift was explicitly stated in 54.2% of cases. Initial burr hole alone was performed 75.0% of the time, whereas craniotomy alone was performed in 16.7% of cases. Any initial craniotomy patients were associated with a modified Rankin Scale score of 5 (P = 0.03). The IPH was located in the cerebral hemisphere in 62.5% of cases and more likely to occur ipsilateral to a unilateral cSDH (P = 0.02). The IPH occurred a mean 1.9 days after surgery, and 50.0% occurred within 24 hours of initial intervention. The median modified Rankin Scale at discharge was 2. The mortality rate was 25%. Lastly, a multifactorial reperfusion pathophysiology was proposed. Conclusion IPH after cSDH evacuation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition, regulating blood pressure, controlling the amount and rate of extra-axial fluid drained, and a meticulous surgical technique are critical to optimize the care of patients with cSDH and reduce the rate of postoperative IPH.

Determining the appropriate surgical indications for obtunded octogenarians with traumatic acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) has been challenging. We sought to determine which easily available data would be useful adjuncts to assist in early and quick decision-making.We performed a single-center, retrospective review of patients aged ≥80 years with confirmed traumatic aSDH who had undergone emergent surgery. The clinical measurements included the Karnofsky performance scale score, Charlson comorbidity index, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and abbreviated injury score. The radiographic measurements included the Rotterdam computed tomography score, aSDH thickness, midline shift, and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). The neurologic outcomes were defined using the extended Glasgow outcome scale-extended (GOS-E) at hospital discharge and 3-month follow-up. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to compare the ONSD with all clinical, radiographic, and outcome variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the discharge and 3-month GOS-E scores between all clinical and radiographic variables.A total of 17 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 82.5 ± 1.6 years (range, 80-85 years), and the mean GCS score was 11.2 ± 4.1 (range, 4-15). The mean discharge and 3-month GOS-E scores were 3.4 ± 2.6 (range, 1-8) and 2.3 ± 2.1 (range, 1-7), respectively. We found significant negative correlations between the ONSD and the GCS score (r = -0.62; P0.01) and the ONSD and discharge GOS-E score (r = -0.49; P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between the abbreviated injury score and the discharge GOS-E score (P = 0.05).Octogenarians sustaining aSDH and requiring emergent surgery have poor outcomes. More data are needed to determine whether the ONSD can be a useful adjunct tool to predict the efficacy of emergent surgery.

Background Elective endovascular treatment (EVT) of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) is a commonly used treatment modality. However, the appropriate post-procedure management is not well-defined. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective review of all adults undergoing EVT of UIA performed between January 1, 2010, and March 31, 2020. Patients with any current intracranial hemorrhage or clinical symptoms severe enough to warrant emergent intervention were excluded. Results Sixty-seven UIA were treated on 58 patients. The mean dome diameter was 6.6 mm (2-20, ±3.9), the most common parent vessel was the internal carotid artery (43.2%, 29/67), and sole flow diverter stents were the most common device used (46.2%, 31/67). Post-treatment, 43.2% (29/67) patients went to the neurocritical care unit (NCCU). The mean NCCU length of stay (LOS) was 1.07 days (range 1-4, ±0.5), and 96.6% (28/29) only spent one day in the NCCU. There were no (0%, 0/67) anesthesia-related procedural complications. One (1.5%, 1/67) intra-procedural complication was an aneurysm rupture during attempted coiling. There were five (7.4%, 5/67) post-procedural complications: two (3.0%, 2/67) groin hematomas, two (3.0%, 2/67) permanent neurologic events (left lower extremity hypoesthesia and left upper extremity hemiparesis), and one (1.5%, 1/67) temporary neurologic event (aphasia). Post-procedural complications were associated with longer hospital LOS (p=0.02), but not with longer NCCU LOS. No acute management changes occurred for the five patients that developed post-procedural complications. There were no (0%, 0/67) 30-day readmissions. Conclusion The overall incidence of post-procedure complications was low. In the future, a possible viable way to reduce hospital costs may involve utilizing a hospital unit that could closely monitor patients but only for a short period of time post-procedure.

Civilian cranial gunshot wounds are common injuries associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Simple wound closure has been previously proposed as an alternative treatment option for a small subset of patients, but the exact outcomes of this strategy are not well-defined. The objective of this paper was to describe the scientific literature reporting simple wound closure of civilian cranial gunshot wounds, its effect on short-term and long-term neurologic outcomes, and rates of seizures and infections. A systematic literature review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The strength of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Seventeen studies were found that met inclusion criteria. There was very low strength of evidence that patients treated with simple wound closure can achieve good short and long-term neurologic outcomes. There was very low strength of evidence that simple wound closure has a higher incidence of mortality compared to operative intervention, especially in patients with initial low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. There was very low strength of evidence that patients treated with simple wound closure have a small risk of subsequently developing infections or seizures. In conclusion, under most circumstances, neurosurgical operative intervention should be viewed as the optimal treatment for salvageable civilian cranial gunshot wound patients. However, our literature review showed that simple wound closure is safe and viable. More data are needed to determine the appropriate clinical scenario for using this alternative option.

In this review, we provide an overview of the current research and treatment of all types of traumatic brain injury (TBI) before illustrating the need for improved care specific to mild TBI patients. Contemporary issues pertaining to acute care of mild TBI including prognostication, neurosurgical intervention, repeat radiographic imaging, reversal of antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications, and cost savings initiatives are reviewed. Lastly, the effect of COVID-19 on TBI is addressed.

OBJECTIVEA recent retrospective study of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in pediatric patients showed similar outcomes in those with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3 and those with a score of 4 and reported a favorable long-term outcome in 11.9% of patients. Using decision tree analysis, authors of that study provided criteria to identify patients with a potentially favorable outcome. The authors of the present study sought to validate the previously described decision tree and further inform understanding of the outcomes of children with a GCS score 3 or 4 by using data from multiple institutions and machine learning methods to identify important predictors of outcome.METHODSClinical, radiographic, and outcome data on pediatric TBI patients (age < 18 years) were prospectively collected as part of an institutional TBI registry. Patients with a GCS score of 3 or 4 were selected, and the previously published prediction model was evaluated using this data set. Next, a combined data set that included data from two institutions was used to create a new, more statistically robust model using binomial recursive partitioning to create a decision tree.RESULTSForty-five patients from the institutional TBI registry were included in the present study, as were 67 patients from the previously published data set, for a total of 112 patients in the combined analysis. The previously published prediction model for survival was externally validated and performed only modestly (AUC 0.68, 95% CI 0.47, 0.89). In the combined data set, pupillary response and age were the only predictors retained in the decision tree. Ninety-six percent of patients with bilaterally nonreactive pupils had a poor outcome. If the pupillary response was normal in at least one eye, the outcome subsequently depended on age: 72% of children between 5 months and 6 years old had a favorable outcome, whereas 100% of children younger than 5 months old and 77% of those older than 6 years had poor outcomes. The overall accuracy of the combined prediction model was 90.2% with a sensitivity of 68.4% and specificity of 93.6%.CONCLUSIONSA previously published survival model for severe TBI in children with a low GCS score was externally validated. With a larger data set, however, a simplified and more robust model was developed, and the variables most predictive of outcome were age and pupillary response.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common, and the frequency of patients taking oral anticoagulants is increasing. However the optimal initial triage, management, and long term care plans of hemorrhagic TBI patients taking oral anticoagulants is not clear. Objectives: To determine the usage pattern of reversal agents for hemorrhagic TBI patients taking oral anticoagulants, and examine their characteristics and outcomes as compared to hemorrhagic TBI patients not taking these medications. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study. Included were adults with trauma categorization and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) between April 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Patient age, type of ICH, initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, oral anticoagulant prescribed pre-injury, anticoagulation reversal agent given, and hospital discharge disposition were recorded. Results: For the entire sample size (n=111), the mean age and GCS were 71.6 years old and 13.8, respectively. Compared to patients not taking oral anticoagulants, patients taking oral anticoagulants were older (76.7 years old versus 69.1; p

Pneumorrhachis (PR) is the presence of free air within the spinal canal. It is generally benign and improves with conservative management. Case reports and a literature review exist documenting the existence and potential pathogenesis of this phenomenon, but no evidence-based guidelines exist documenting what treatment, if any, is indicated for this condition. We present a case of a 21-year-old male who developed PR after a preceding upper respiratory tract infection. His symptoms improved with expectant management and administration of high-flow oxygen. The purpose of this case report is to add to the scarce existing literature reporting this condition and to provide a short review of literature detailing the pathogenesis of PR.

Introduction Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common but its management is variable. Objectives To describe the acute natural history of isolated hemorrhagic mild TBI. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of 661 patients. Inclusion criteria were consecutive patients with hemorrhagic mild TBI. Exclusion criteria were any other acute traumatic injury and significant comorbidities. Variables recorded included neurosurgical intervention and timing, mortality, emergency room disposition, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, repeat computed tomography head (CTH) indications and results, neurologic exam, age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and hemorrhage type. Results Overall intervention and unexpected delayed intervention rates were 9.4% and 1.5%, respectively. The mortality rate was 2.4%. A 10-year age increase had 26% greater odds of intervention (95% CI, 9.6-45%; P

Rosai-Dorfman disease is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder, and multiple intracranial involvement in disseminated disease is exceedingly rare. We present a case of a 52 year-old female who presented with intractable headaches and a history of Rosai-Dorfman disease unresponsive to chemo- and radiation therapies. She was found to have new multiple intracranial masses that were treated with surgical excision. Pathology confirmed a diagnosis of intracranial Rosai-Dorfman. The disease presentation, radiographic appearance, histology, treatment, and prognosis are briefly reviewed.

Traumatic intracranial aneurysms are rare lesions that occur after blunt or primarily penetrating mechanisms. These are extremely fragile vessel injuries associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially after rupture. Disease natural history, surveillance strategies, and management are based on small case series. Here we present a case of a 29-year-old male with a large epidural hematoma after blunt trauma, who underwent emergent surgical intervention. Three months postoperatively, he presented with unusual cerebral bleeding. Clinical suspicion prompted a conventional angiogram, which diagnosed a ruptured cortical traumatic intracranial aneurysm. The patient was urgently treated by surgical clipping with a good outcome.

Pituitary carcinomas are defined as pituitary tumors with craniospinal and/or systemic metastasis. These are rare and highly aggressive lesions. We present an unusual case of a 52-year-old male who had a pituitary adenoma removed via craniotomy. The tumor recurred three years post-op near the surgical tract, and slowly enlarged before removal two years later. Technically, this lesion was defined as a pituitary carcinoma, even though the histology and clinical course were atypical. There is no standardized grading system for pituitary tumors and ideal criteria should correlate clinically. Treatment for pituitary carcinoma is multimodal and largely empiric. We believe this case illustrates that current definitions of pituitary carcinoma are incomplete.

A 19-year-old Caucasian male presented with complaints of headaches and syncope. Suspicion of hydrocephalus prompted computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which revealed pineal and suprasellar prominences with diffuse, thick, nodular subependymal enhancement of the lateral and third ventricles. Based on imaging, the differential diagnosis consisted primarily of malignancy, such as lymphoma, with inflammatory and infectious etiologies not excluded. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were non-specific, and neuroendoscopic tissue biopsy histologically confirmed the diagnosis of pure germinoma. The patient was treated with radiation, and follow-up MRIs at one, three, six, and 12 months demonstrated progressive resolution of tumor burden with marked clinical improvement. Germinomas are rare germ cell tumors that are more frequently diagnosed in Asian countries. They uncommonly seed into the lateral ventricles, and only two other cases have been described with diffuse subependymal involvement. Unlike other malignant germ cell tumors, germinomas have marker negative CSF samples that are important in the normal diagnostic workup of diffuse subependymal lesions. Histopathologic correlation is required for definitive diagnosis in the United States and can be achieved with endoscopic tissue sampling. Germinomas are highly radio- and chemotherapy sensitive and have a fair prognosis with modern therapeutic techniques. Germinoma should be considered with simultaneous midline and diffuse ventricular lesions.

Background/purpose Adhesive barriers secure medical devices to skin. Laboratory adhesion models are not predictive of in vivo performance. The objectives of these studies were to validate a novel peel force device, and to investigate relationships between barrier formulations, barrier width, subjective discomfort during barrier removal, and substrates. Methods Three hydrocolloid barrier formulations in three widths were adhered to ethylene/methyl acrylate film (EMA), VITRO-SKIN® and human abdominal skin. Peel force was measured using a MTS Insight™ and a cyberDERM Inc. Mini Peel Tester (CMPT). Subjects reported their discomfort. Results Peel forces were highly correlated between devices and highly dependent on substrate. Data suggested a weak direct association between peel force in vivo and discomfort. The 0.5″-wide barriers had the most precise peel forces measurements in vivo. A weak negative relationship between normalized peel force and barrier width on human skin was found. There was a strong positive relationship between peel force in vivo and on EMA, whereas no correlation was observed with VITRO-SKIN®. Conclusion The CMPT correlates with a standard instrument and can advantageously investigate adhesion in vivo. Barrier width and substrate impact the reliability and predictability of peel force measurements.

WNK1 (with no lysine (K)) is a widely expressed serine/threonine protein kinase. The role of this kinase was first described in the kidney where it dynamically controls ion channels that regulate changes in cell volume. WNK1, through intermediates oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), phosphorylates the inwardly directed Na(+)-K+-Cl(-)--cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and the outwardly directed K(+)-Cl(-)-cotransporter 2 (KCC2), activating and deactivating these channels, respectively. WNK1, NKCC1 and KCC2 are also expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Growing evidence implicates WNK1 playing a critical role in pathologic nervous system signaling where changes in intracellular ion concentration in response to γ-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) can activate otherwise silent pathways. This review will focus on current research about WNK1, its downstream effectors and role in GABA signaling. Future perspectives include investigating WNK1 expression in the CNS after spinal cord injury (SCI), where altered neuronal signaling could underlie pathological states such as neuropathic pain (NP).