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5. Understanding, normativity, and scientific practice

Author

Lewendon-Evans, Harry Edward

Subjects
100
Abstract

Understanding, Normativity, and Scientific Practice Harry Lewendon-Evans PhD Thesis Department of Philosophy Durham University 2018 Recent work in epistemology and philosophy of science has argued that understanding is an important cognitive achievement that philosophers should seek to address for its own sake. This thesis outlines and defends a new account of scientific understanding that analyses the concept of understanding in terms of the concept of normativity. The central claim is that to understand means to grasp something in the light of norms. The thesis is divided into two parts: Part I (chapters one to three) addresses the question of the agency of understanding and Part II (chapters four to five) focuses on the vehicles of scientific understanding. Chapter One begins with an account of understanding drawn from the work of Martin Heidegger, which presents understanding as a practical, normative capacity for making sense of entities. Chapter Two builds on Robert Brandom’s normative inferentialism to argue that conceptual understanding is grounded in inferential rules embedded within norm-governed, social practices. Chapter Three argues that normativity should be located in the intersubjective nature of social practices. The chapters in Part II draw on and extend the account of understanding developed in Part I by focusing on how models and explanations function within scientific practice to facilitate scientific understanding. Chapter Four investigates the nature of model-based understanding. It defends the claim that constructing and using models enables a form of conceptual articulation which facilitates scientific understanding by rendering scientific phenomena intelligible. Chapter Five considers the connection between understanding and explanation through the role of explanatory discourse in scientific practice. I argue that the function of explanations is to sculpt and make explicit the norms of intelligibility required for scientific understanding. This thesis concludes that scientific understanding is an inherently norm-governed phenomenon that is unintelligible without reference to the normative dimension of our social and scientific practices.

Published
2018

13. Systematics of Pochonia

Author

Evans, Harry C., Kirk, Paul M., Ciancio, Aurelio, Series editor, Manzanilla-López, Rosa H., editor, and Lopez-Llorca, Luis V., editor

Published
2017
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18. Exploiting exotic pathogens as mycoherbicides against invasive alien weeds: Japanese knotweed as a case study.

Author

Kurose, Daisuke, Seier, Marion K, and Evans, Harry C

Subjects
BIOLOGICAL weed control, NOXIOUS weeds, INVASIVE plants, JAPANESE knotweed, INTRODUCED species, BIOLOGICAL pest control agents, PEST control, WEED control
Abstract

Plant species have been introduced increasingly into non‐native ranges, where many have become exotic weeds with adverse impacts on native ecosystems, as well as on farming and other livelihoods. In biological control, the classical or inoculative approach is the one most commonly used for the management of invasive alien weeds and is based on the use of co‐evolved natural enemies from the native range to control the invasive weed. Typically, the inundative or mycoherbicide approach targets problematic weeds using local plant pathogens that, in the case of introduced species, have 'jumped' onto the exotic host. The leaf‐spot fungus, Mycosphaerella polygoni‐cuspidati, co‐evolved with its host, Reynoutria (Fallopia) japonica (Japanese knotweed), in Japan and has a unique history of being investigated both as a classical biological control agent and a mycoherbicide against this highly invasive weed in the United Kingdom and North America. Here, we highlight our research on M. polygoni‐cuspidati as part of a biological control programme for Japanese knotweed and review the potential of mycoherbicides using exotic pathogens for the management of invasive alien weeds. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Mobile apps for restorative cognitive rehabilitation of acquired brain injury: registered scoping review

Author

Rossit, Stephanie, Wiatrowska, Wiktoria, Hadwin-Purkayasta, Skye, Evans, Harry, Morse, Helen, Mares, Kathryn, Hancock, Nicola, and Gracey, Fergus

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, cognition, Rehabilitation and Therapy, Medicine and Health Sciences, neuropsychology, Psychology, scoping review, Social and Behavioral Sciences, brain injury, Translational Medical Research, rehabilitation
Abstract

An acquired brain injury (ABI) can result in various cognitive impairments which significantly affect the quality of life of ABI survivors. Access to evidence-based effective rehabilitation is essential to aid recovery. The current COVID-19 pandemic, however, has limited the access to face-to-face rehabilitation services. One of the potential solutions is to deliver cognitive rehabilitation remotely through mobile apps (i.e., software intended to be used on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or a tablet). However, little is known about how apps can help ABI survivors to restore cognitive function. This scoping review aims to: examine the methods used in previous research testing apps for restorative cognitive rehabilitation in ABI; summarize the available research concerning the use of apps for restorative cognitive rehabilitation in ABI; and, identify knowledge gaps regarding the research on the use of apps to restoratively rehabilitate cognition in ABI. Using PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we will consider studies that investigate the use of apps in ABI restorative rehabilitation of cognition focusing on vision, perception, attention, processing speed, memory, language, number processing and executive function, but excluding motor control and mood/emotional processing. We will include both qualitative and quantitative studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Two reviewers will independently screen the titles, abstracts, and full-text papers to decide final inclusion. Any discrepancies will be discussed with a third reviewer.

Published
2022
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29. Deciphering the biology of Cryptophyllachora eurasiatica gen. et sp. nov., an often cryptic pathogen of an allergenic weed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Author

Kiss, Levente, Kovács, Gábor M., Bóka, Károly, Bohár, Gyula, Bohárné, Krisztina Varga, Németh, Márk Z., Takamatsu, Susumu, Shin, Hyeon-Dong, Hayova, Vera, Nischwitz, Claudia, Seier, Marion K., Evans, Harry C., Cannon, Paul F., Ash, Gavin James, Shivas, Roger G., and Müller-Schärer, Heinz

Published
2018
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34. Masters of the manipulator: two new hypocrealean genera, Niveomyces (Cordycipitaceae) and Torrubiellomyces (Ophiocordycipitaceae), parasitic on the zombie ant fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani

Author

Araújo, J.P.M. (João), Lebert, B.M., Vermeulen, S., Brachmann, A., Ohm, R.A., Evans, (Harry C.), de Bekker, C., Araújo, J.P.M. (João), Lebert, B.M., Vermeulen, S., Brachmann, A., Ohm, R.A., Evans, (Harry C.), and de Bekker, C.

Abstract

During surveys in central Florida of the zombie-ant fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani, which manipulates the behavior of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus, two distinct fungal morphotypes were discovered associated with and purportedly parasitic on O. camponoti-floridani. Based on a combination of unique morphology, ecology and phylogenetic placement, we discovered that these morphotypes comprise two novel lineages of fungi. Here, we propose two new genera, Niveomyces and Torrubiellomyces, each including a single species within the families Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae, respectively. We generated de novo draft genomes for both new species and performed morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses. The macromorphology and incidence of both new species, Niveomyces coronatus and Torrubiellomyces zombiae, suggest that these fungi are mycoparasites since their growth is observed exclusively on O. camponoti-floridani mycelium, stalks and ascomata, causing evident degradation of their fungal hosts. This work provides a starting point for more studies into fungal interactions between mycopathogens and entomopathogens, which have the potential to contribute towards efforts to battle the global rise of plant and animal mycoses.

Published
2022
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37. Fungal Planet 953 – 18 December 2019

Author

Crous, P.W., Wingfield, M.J., Lombard, L., Roets, F., Swart, W.J., Alvarado, P., Carnegie, A.J., Moreno, G., Luangsaard, J., Thangavel, R., Alexandrova, A.V., Baseia, I.G., Bellanger, J.-M., Bessette, A.E., Bessette, A.R., De la Peña-Lastra, S., García, D., Gené, J., Pham, T.H.G., Heykoop, M., Malysheva, E., Malysheva, V., Martín, M.P., Morozova, O.V., Noisripoom, W., Overton, B.E., Rea, A.E., Sewall, B.J., Smith, M.E., Smyth, C.W., Tasanathai, K., Visagie, C.M., Adamčík, S., Alves, A., Andrade, J.P., Aninat, M.J., Araújo, R.V.B., Bordallo, J.J., Boufleur, T., Baroncelli, R., Barreto, R.W., Bolin, J., Cabero, J., Caboň, M., Cafà, G., Caffot, M.L.H., Cai, L., Carlavilla, J.R., Chávez, R., de Castro, R.R.L., Delgat, L., Deschuyteneer, D., Dios, M.M., Domínguez, L.S., Evans, H.C., Eyssartier, G., Ferreira, B.W., Figueiredo, C.N., Liu, F., Fournier, J., Galli-Terasawa, L.V., Gil-Durán, C., Glienke, C., Gonçalves, M.F.M., Gryta, H., Guarro, J., Himaman, W., Hywel-Jones, N., Iturrieta-González, I., Ivanushkina, N.E., Jargeat, P., Khalid, A.N., Khan, J., Kiran, M., Kiss, L., Kochkina, G.A., Kolařík, M., Kubátová, A., Lodge, D.J., Loizides, M., Luque, D., Manjón, J.L., Marbach, P.A.S., Massola, N.S., Mata, M., Miller, A.N., Mongkolsamrit, S., Moreau, P.-A., Morte, A., Mujic, A., Navarro-Ródenas, A., Németh, M.Z., Nóbrega, T.F., Nováková, A., Olariaga, I., Ozerskaya, S.M., Palma, M.A., Petters-Vandresen, D.A.L., Piontelli, E., Popov, E.S., Rodríguez, A., Requejo, Ó., Rodrigues, A.C.M., Rong, I.H., Roux, J., Seifert, K.A., Silva, B.D.B., Sklenář, F., Smith, J.A., Sousa, J.O., Souza, H.G., De Souza, J.T., Švec, K., Tanchaud, P., Tanney, J.B., Terasawa, F., Thanakitpipattana, D., Torres-Garcia, D., Vaca, I., Vaghefi, N., van Iperen, A.L., Vasilenko, O.V., Verbeken, A., Yilmaz, N., Zamora, J.C., Zapata, M., Jurjević, Ž., Groenewald, J.Z., Crous, Pedro W., van Iperen, Arien L., Groenewald, Johannes Z., Thangavel, Raja, Carnegie, Angus J., Wingfield, Michael J., Roux, Jolanda, Jurjević, Željko, Roets, Francois, Swart, Wijnand J., Smith, Jason A., Lombard, Lorenzo, Moreno, Gabriel, Carlavilla, Juan Ramón, Manjón, José Luis, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Olariaga, Ibai, Giang, Pham Thi Ha, Alexandrova, Alina V., Morozova, Olga V., Rodrigues, Ana C.M., Baseia, Iuri G., Martín, María P., De la Peña-Lastra, Saúl, Alvarado, Pablo, Requejo, Óscar, Tanchaud, Patrice, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Jargeat, Patricia, Gryta, Hervé, Gil-Durán, Carlos, Chávez, Renato, Vaca, Inmaculada, Loizides, Michael, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Zapata, Mario, Palma, María Antonieta, Aninat, María José, Piontelli, Eduardo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Tasanathai, Kanoksri, Noisripoom, Wasana, Hywel-Jones, Nigel, Mongkolsamrit, Suchada, Luangsa-ard, Janet Jennifer, Himaman, Winanda, Garcia, Daniel Torres, Guarro, Josep, Gené, Josepa, Petters-Vandresen, Desirrê Alexia Lourenço, Galli-Terasawa, Lygia Vitória, Terasawa, Francisco, Glienke, Chirlei, Araújo, Ruane V.B., Silva, Bianca D.B., Sousa, Julieth O., Zamora, Juan Carlos, Dios, Maria Martha, Caffot, María Luciana Hernández, Domínguez, Laura S., Kiss, Levente, Vaghefi, Niloofar, Németh, Márk Z., Miller, Andrew N., Fournier, Jacques, Nóbrega, Thaisa F., Ferreira, Bruno W., Barreto, Robert W., Evans, Harry C., Delgat, Lynn, Verbeken, Annemieke, Lodge, D. Jean, Thanakitpipattana, Donnaya, Visagie, Cobus M., Rong, Isabel H., Andrade, Jackeline Pereira, Marbach, Phellippe Arthur Santos, De Souza, Jorge Teodoro, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Deschuyteneer, Daniel, Heykoop, Michel, Mata, Milagro, Rea, Abigail E., Smyth, Christopher W., Overton, Barrie E., Sewall, Brent J., Smith, Matthew E., Mujic, Alija, Bolin, Jason, Bessette, Arleen, Bessette, Alan, Kiran, Munazza, Khalid, Abdul Nasir, Khan, Junaid, Adamčík, Slavomír, Caboň, Miroslav, Liu, Fang, Cai, Lei, Tanney, Joey B., Seifert, Keith A., Baroncelli, Riccardo, Cafà, Giovanni, de Castro, Renata Rebellato Linhares, Boufleur, Thais, Junior, Nelson Sidnei Massola, Yilmaz, Neriman, Nováková, Alena, Švec, Karel, Sklenář, František, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kubátová, Alena, Rodríguez, Antonio, Navarro-Ródenas, Alfonso, Morte, Asunción, Cabero, Julio, Luque, Diego, Gonçalves, Micael F.M., Alves, Artur, Bordallo, Juan Julián, Pham, Thi Ha Giang, Popov, Eugene S., Iturrieta-González, Isabel, García, Dania, Ivanushkina, Nataliya E., Kochkina, Galina A., Vasilenko, Oleg V., and Ozerskaya, Svetlana M.

Subjects
ITS nrDNA barcodes, LSU, Fungal Planet description sheets, systematics, new taxa, Research Article
Abstract

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata. Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max. British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens. Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea. China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii. New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis. Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens. Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Published
2019

39. Phylogenetic-based nomenclatural proposals for Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales) with new combinations in Tolypocladium

Author

Quandt, C. Alisha, Kepler, Ryan M., Gams, Walter, Araújo, João P. M., Ban, Sayaka, Evans, Harry C., Hughes, David, Humber, Richard, Hywel-Jones, Nigel, Li, Zengzhi, Luangsa-ard, J. Jennifer, Rehner, Stephen A., Sanjuan, Tatiana, Sato, Hiroki, Shrestha, Bhushan, Sung, Gi-Ho, Yao, Yi-Jian, Zare, Rasoul, and Spatafora, Joseph W.

Published
2014
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